Exam 1 Psyc Adult Development and Aging

A cohort refers to a group of individuals who share a common characteristic or experience during a specific time period. In this case, the correct answer is "all adults born between 1970 and 1975" because they share the characteristic of being born within a specific time frame. This group can be considered a cohort because they would have experienced similar historical events, cultural influences, and societal changes during their formative years.

When participants were shown a photo of their loved one and asked to think about pleasant interactions with them, regions of the brain that are rich in dopamine receptors were activated. Dopamine is a neurotransmitter associated with pleasure, reward, and motivation. Activation of dopamine receptors in these regions suggests that thinking about pleasurable events with a loved one can trigger feelings of pleasure and reward in the brain.

The theory of the social clock suggests that there are certain societal expectations or norms regarding the timing of major life events. Losing both parents in your 20s goes against the expected order of events and can cause significant emotional and personal upheaval. This event can disrupt the individual's sense of stability and support, leading to a higher level of personal difficulty compared to the other options.

Dr. Mendez's explanation of people beginning with a large pool of potential mates and gradually eliminating those who do not fit their specifications aligns with the filter theory of mate selection. The filter theory suggests that individuals use a series of filters, such as demographic characteristics, values, and interests, to narrow down their potential pool of mates. This process allows individuals to gradually filter out those who are not compatible with their preferences and ultimately select a partner who meets their specific criteria.

In explaining adult development, psychologists must consider both changes with age and continuities. This means that they need to examine how individuals change as they grow older, as well as identify the aspects of their behavior or characteristics that remain consistent over time. By understanding both changes and continuities, psychologists can gain a comprehensive understanding of how adults develop and how different factors may influence their development. Focusing solely on either changes or continuities would provide an incomplete picture of adult development.

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Based on research, we would expect Nona to rank her mother's mother the highest because studies have shown that individuals tend to have a closer bond and spend more time with their maternal grandparents compared to their paternal grandparents. This could be due to factors such as maternal grandparents being more involved in childcare or living closer to the family.

The correct answer is a loss of fitness (e.g., aerobic capacity) beginning in the 30s and 40s and continuing into old age. This is an example of a potential shared, "age-graded" change in adulthood because it refers to a decline in physical fitness that typically occurs as individuals age. It is a common experience that many people face as they get older, and it is influenced by biological factors and lifestyle choices. This decline in aerobic capacity is a gradual process that often starts in the 30s and 40s and continues throughout old age.

Normative age-graded influences refer to experiences that are commonly associated with a specific age group and are considered typical or expected for most adults. These influences can include milestones such as starting school, getting a job, or retiring, as well as biological changes like puberty or menopause. They are called "normative" because they are considered normal or standard for a particular age, and "age-graded" because they are linked to specific age periods.

The significant increase in openness to new experiences between the ages of 30 and 50 suggests a developmental change. This implies that as individuals grow older, they tend to become more open and receptive to new experiences. This change is likely influenced by various factors such as personal growth, life experiences, and maturity. It is important to note that this change is observed within the same group of subjects over time, indicating a developmental pattern rather than a cohort difference or nature-nurture dichotomy.

According to the shared experiential/social clock model, the death of your father when you are 60 years old would likely create the least stress and disruption. This is because it aligns with the expected timing of parental death, as parents are typically expected to pass away before their children. Retirement because of ill health at age 50, being fired from your job when you are 40 years old, and becoming a parent for the first time when you are 16 years old would likely deviate from the expected timing, causing more stress and disruption.

Secondary aging refers to changes in the body that are influenced by external factors such as lifestyle choices, environmental factors, and health habits, rather than being solely attributed to the natural aging process (primary aging). In this scenario, when a change in the body is linked to age but is actually caused by environmental influences or health habits, it is an example of secondary aging. This suggests that external factors can have a significant impact on the aging process and can accelerate or decelerate certain changes typically associated with aging.

African-American baby boomers give more assistance of all types to their parents compared to their white counterparts because of their personal beliefs about parent-child obligation. This suggests that African-American individuals may have a stronger sense of responsibility towards their parents and a cultural expectation to provide support and care for them. These personal beliefs about familial obligations may drive African-American baby boomers to offer more assistance to their parents than their white counterparts.

The given answer suggests that gay and lesbian adults experience more violence over their lifetimes compared to their heterosexual siblings. This implies that they are more likely to be subjected to violence due to their sexual orientation. This finding highlights the challenges and discrimination faced by the LGBTQ+ community, which can have a significant impact on their overall well-being and safety.

A longitudinal research design involves studying the same group of individuals over an extended period of time. In this scenario, the researcher starts studying a group of 20-year-olds and continues to follow them for a few years. This aligns with a longitudinal design as it allows the researcher to observe changes and developments within the same group over time.

Adults with secure attachment tend to have a positive and confident attitude towards life's challenges. They are not easily threatened or discouraged by difficult situations, but rather see them as opportunities for growth and learning. They approach challenges with a healthy skepticism, being open to new experiences and perspectives. This secure attachment style allows them to navigate life's challenges with resilience and optimism.

Gottman's research suggests that if the positive aspects of a couple's relationship outweigh the negative aspects, they are likely to still be together four years later. This means that the overall balance of positive interactions and experiences in the relationship is a strong predictor of its long-term success.

The term used to describe large social environments where development takes place is "cultures". Cultures refer to the shared beliefs, values, customs, and behaviors of a particular group or society. These cultural environments greatly influence the development and socialization of individuals within them, shaping their attitudes, behaviors, and worldview.

ADL stands for Activities of Daily Living, which are the basic tasks necessary for taking care of oneself. These activities include tasks such as bathing, dressing, eating, and using the toilet. In this case, after breaking her ribs, Kathleen is having trouble with ADLs, so an example of an ADL would be bathing. This means that Kathleen is having difficulty performing this basic task due to her injury.

Justine's preference for spending time with a smaller group of close friends or family as she approaches 50 aligns with the socioemotional selectivity theory. This theory suggests that as individuals age, they prioritize emotional satisfaction and seek meaningful social interactions rather than seeking out new or diverse social experiences. Justine's desire to spend time with a smaller group indicates a focus on maintaining close relationships and deriving emotional fulfillment from these connections, which is consistent with the socioemotional selectivity theory.

Based on existing research, we can conclude that Wayne has more interaction with his grandchildren than his widowed brother has with his grandchildren. This conclusion is based on the information provided in the question, which states that Wayne is a married 71-year-old grandfather. Being married suggests that Wayne may have a spouse who can also be involved in interacting with the grandchildren, whereas the widowed brother may not have a partner to share this responsibility. Additionally, the question does not provide any information about the widowed brother's level of interaction with his grandchildren, whereas it implies that Wayne has some level of interaction.

Sensorineural hearing loss is the correct answer because it refers to the gradual loss of hearing caused by damage to the auditory nerves or inner ear structures. This type of hearing loss is commonly associated with aging and wear and tear on the sensory cells in the inner ear. Presbyopia is a condition that affects near vision and is unrelated to hearing loss. Loud-soft discrimination deficits and tone deafness are not accurate terms for describing the gradual loss of hearing.

John's development being influenced by the economy and political system suggests that it is influenced by the broader cultural context in which he lives. This aligns with Bronfenbrenner's concept of the macrosystem, which refers to the larger social and cultural influences that shape an individual's development. The macrosystem encompasses factors such as the economy, political system, societal norms, and cultural values, all of which can have a significant impact on an individual's development.

Exposure to sunlight, X-rays, and food can lead to a normal chemical process in the body that creates atoms or molecules with unpaired electrons. These reactive species are known as free radicals.

Alex's scenario best exemplifies plasticity because despite the adverse effects of her biological mother's drug use during pregnancy, she was able to overcome these challenges and thrive in a loving and supportive environment. Plasticity refers to the ability of individuals to adapt and change in response to their environment and experiences. In this case, Alex's positive outcomes demonstrate the potential for resilience and growth, even in the face of early adversity.

A sequential research design includes two or more longitudinal comparisons taken at different times. This means that the study involves collecting data from the same group of participants at multiple points in time to track changes and trends over time. This design allows researchers to examine how variables may change or develop over time and can provide valuable insights into the long-term effects or outcomes of certain factors or interventions.

Biologically influenced changes in adulthood occur at varied ages but in a similar sequence. This means that while individuals may experience these changes at different ages, the order in which these changes occur tends to be consistent across adults. In other words, the sequence of biological changes is similar for most adults, even though the timing may vary.

Hip fractures are more commonly diagnosed in women than in men in the United States. This is due to several factors, including the higher prevalence of osteoporosis in women, which weakens the bones and increases the risk of fractures. Additionally, hormonal changes during menopause can further contribute to bone loss in women. These factors combined make women more susceptible to hip fractures compared to men.

Based on the assumption that Shealeen is similar to other adult children, it is expected that she feels emotionally close to her parents. This is because adult children generally maintain a close emotional bond with their parents, even if they may not have much contact or have different opinions from them. The answer suggests that Shealeen's emotional connection with her parents is strong, indicating a close relationship. It does not mention anything about financial support, so we cannot assume whether she has received any or not.

As men age, there are several major changes that occur in the reproductive system. These include a diminished production of sperm, a longer time to achieve an erection, and shrinkage of the testes. However, a major decline in testosterone levels is not a change that typically occurs with age in normal adult men. Testosterone levels may decrease slightly over time, but it is not considered a major change.

As individuals age, it is common for their sleep patterns to change. They tend to experience a reduction in the number of hours of sleep, waking earlier in the morning, and an increase in breathing disturbances. However, one change that is not typically associated with increasing age is fewer daily naps because of less physical activity. While physical activity may decrease with age, it does not necessarily lead to a decrease in daily naps.

Frank's psychological age is lower than many of his peers who live independently with their spouses and children. This means that Frank's level of emotional and mental maturity is not as advanced as others in his age group. This could explain why he struggles to maintain employment and live independently, as he may have difficulty managing stress, making decisions, and adapting to new situations.

The correct answer states that the research on the aging process has established a diversity of current propositions about the aging process, most supported by some empirical evidence. This means that there are multiple theories and ideas about how aging occurs, and many of them have some evidence to support them. It suggests that there is no one single theory that explains the aging process, but rather a range of ideas that are backed up by some level of empirical data.

Most of the research on sexual activity is criticized for focusing solely on the frequency counts of sexual activity. This means that researchers tend to prioritize the quantity of sexual encounters rather than considering other important aspects such as the quality of sexual relations or different types of sexual expression. By solely focusing on frequency counts, researchers may overlook the complexity and diversity of human sexual experiences, potentially leading to an incomplete understanding of sexuality.

According to evolutionary theory, today's members of our species have biological systems that foster the formation and maintenance of social relationships, and this is manifested in a universal "need to belong." This theory suggests that our need to form social connections is a result of natural selection, as it enhances our chances of survival and reproduction. It posits that humans have evolved to have a desire for social interaction and belongingness, which is why individuals seek out and value social relationships.

The decline in neuronal speed with age is the clearest example of primary aging because it directly relates to the natural process of aging in the brain. As individuals get older, their neurons tend to slow down, leading to cognitive changes such as slower reaction times and decreased processing speed. This decline in neuronal speed is considered a primary aging process because it is a normal and inevitable part of aging, rather than being caused by external factors or lifestyle choices.

Bjorklund concluded that heart attacks are just as dangerous for women as for men after examining the evidence regarding cardiovascular disease and gender. This suggests that the severity and potential risks associated with heart attacks are similar for both genders.

Cross-sectional research designs involve studying different age groups at a single point in time. This makes it difficult to separate the effects of age and cohort (birth year) on the variables being studied. Age and cohort effects can be intertwined, meaning that any differences observed between age groups may be due to the specific historical and social context in which each cohort grew up, rather than solely due to the aging process. Therefore, cross-sectional designs may not accurately capture the true effects of age on development.

According to Elder's research, a common characteristic of U.S. adults who were young children during the Great Depression of the 1930's is experiencing negative effects in adulthood. This suggests that the economic hardships and challenges faced during their childhood had lasting impacts on their lives, potentially affecting their mental, physical, and financial well-being in adulthood.

The term "convoy" refers to a group of people traveling together or a group of vehicles traveling in a coordinated manner for protection or support. In the given context, if the list includes both people who are very close and those who are important but not as close, it can be seen as a group or collection of individuals who hold significance in one's life, similar to a convoy. Therefore, "convoy" is the correct answer.

An example of a food desert is a low-income neighborhood with many convenience stores. Convenience stores typically do not offer a wide variety of fresh and healthy food options, making it difficult for residents to access nutritious meals. This lack of access to affordable and nutritious food can contribute to health issues and food insecurity within the community.

As adults age, it is common for them to experience a gradual decline in visual acuity. This means that their ability to see clearly and sharply diminishes over time. The correct answer, 45, suggests that most adults begin to notice a significant loss of visual acuity around this age. It is important to note that this is a generalization and individual experiences may vary. Regular eye exams and proper eye care can help to detect and manage any changes in visual acuity.

The correct answer is "the Hayflick limit". This term refers to the total number of times a cell can divide before it reaches a state of senescence or cell death. It was discovered by Leonard Hayflick and is a characteristic of normal human cells. The Hayflick limit varies between different species, with cells of long-lived species being able to divide more times than cells of short-lived species.

The grandmother effect refers to the evolutionary advantage of having grandmothers who can assist in the care of grandchildren, thus increasing their survival and reproductive success. This concept can be best explained by evolutionary psychology, which focuses on how behavior and mental processes have evolved over time to adapt to our environment and increase our chances of survival and reproduction. This theory recognizes the importance of kinship and the role of grandmothers in enhancing the survival and well-being of their grandchildren, ultimately contributing to the passing on of genes to future generations.

The concept illustrated by the given expectations is "shared experiences." This is because the expectations mentioned in the question highlight the common experiences that individuals in different age groups are expected to go through in U.S. culture. The early 20s are associated with starting families and establishing careers, while 45-year-olds are expected to be launching their children into independence and caring for aging parents. These shared experiences shape the cultural norms and expectations for different age groups in society.

Attrition refers to the loss of participants in a study over time. In this scenario, as the researcher interviews and tests the sample of 65-year-olds every two years for 14 years, some of the subjects may die or drop out of the study. This loss of participants is considered attrition.

Clarence's behavior of being jealous, anxious, and unsure in his relationship with his wife indicates that he has a preoccupied internal model of attachment. This means that he is overly concerned with his partner's feelings and constantly seeks reassurance about their love and affection. This attachment style is characterized by a fear of abandonment and a strong need for validation and attention from their partner.

In late life, siblings tend to become more significant due to various factors. As individuals grow older, they may experience life events such as retirement, loss of a spouse, or declining health, which can lead to increased reliance on siblings for emotional support, companionship, and assistance with daily activities. Siblings may also become more important in late life as they navigate decisions related to inheritance, estate planning, and caregiving for aging parents. Thus, the significance of siblings tends to increase in late life as individuals seek and provide support during this stage of their lives.

Adult children of divorce are as emotionally affected as young children. This suggests that the emotional impact of divorce can have long-lasting effects on individuals, regardless of their age at the time of the divorce. This finding challenges the common belief that young children are more vulnerable to the emotional consequences of divorce compared to adult children. It emphasizes the importance of providing support and understanding to adult children of divorce, as they may also experience emotional distress and struggle with the effects of their parents' divorce.

The situation presented in the question is an example of chronological age. Chronological age refers to a person's age in terms of the number of years they have been alive. In this case, Whitney is celebrating her 21st birthday, which indicates that she has reached the legal drinking age and can order a glass of wine. This demonstrates her chronological age, as it is based on the number of years she has lived.