FMGE Past Questions - Psm

The first noticed case of a disease is known as the index case. This term is used to identify the initial individual who becomes infected and is responsible for the subsequent spread of the disease to others. The index case is crucial in understanding the origin and transmission of the disease, as well as in implementing control measures to prevent further spread.

Cohort studies are associated with relative risk. A cohort study is a type of observational study where a group of individuals with a common characteristic or exposure are followed over a period of time to determine the occurrence of outcomes or diseases. Relative risk is a measure of the strength of association between an exposure and an outcome in a cohort study. It compares the risk of developing the outcome in the exposed group to the risk in the unexposed group. Therefore, cohort studies are directly related to the concept of relative risk.

A cohort study is a type of observational study that follows a group of individuals over time to determine the relationship between an exposure (such as a risk factor or treatment) and an outcome (such as a disease or health condition). The main measure of association used in cohort studies is the relative risk, which compares the risk of developing the outcome in the exposed group to the risk in the unexposed group. Therefore, the correct answer is relative risk.

Relative risk is a measure of the strength of association between an exposure and a disease. It compares the incidence of the disease among those who are exposed to a certain factor with the incidence among those who are not exposed. By calculating the ratio of the incidence of disease amongst exposed individuals to the incidence of disease amongst non-exposed individuals, we can determine the relative risk. This helps us understand the extent to which the exposure increases the likelihood of developing the disease compared to not being exposed.

Cohort studies are a type of observational study that follow a group of individuals over a period of time to determine the relationship between a suspected risk factor and the development of a disease. They can be either retrospective (looking back at past data) or prospective (collecting data going forward). Cohort studies are considered the most reliable means of showing an association between a risk factor and disease because they allow for the calculation of exposure rates and odds ratios. Therefore, the statement "odds ratio can be calculated" is incorrect, as odds ratios can be calculated in cohort studies.

Sentinel surveillance is a method used to detect missed cases. It involves monitoring a specific group of individuals or locations that are representative of a larger population. By focusing on this group, any missed cases that may have been overlooked by other surveillance methods can be identified. This allows for a more accurate understanding of the true prevalence of a disease or condition within the population.

Herd immunity is the resistance to the spread of a contagious disease within a population that occurs when a large proportion of individuals are immune to the disease, either through vaccination or previous infection. Diphtheria, polio, and measles are all diseases that can be prevented through vaccination, and achieving herd immunity for these diseases is an important public health goal. Tetanus, on the other hand, is not a contagious disease and is caused by a bacterial infection rather than a virus. Therefore, herd immunity does not apply to tetanus.

Primordial prevention refers to the prevention of risk factors themselves, rather than preventing the development of diseases caused by those risk factors. In the context of CAD (coronary artery disease), primordial prevention would involve promoting healthy lifestyles and behaviors from an early age to prevent the development of risk factors such as high blood pressure, high cholesterol, and obesity. This approach aims to create a healthy environment and promote healthy behaviors to prevent the occurrence of risk factors in the first place.

Specificity of a diagnostic test refers to its ability to correctly identify individuals who do not have the condition or disease being tested for. In other words, it measures the proportion of true negative results among all individuals who do not have the condition. A true negative result means that the test correctly identifies a person as not having the condition when they actually do not have it. Therefore, the correct answer is "True negative".

Prevalence is a measure that quantifies the proportion of individuals in a population who have a specific condition or disease at a given point in time. It is calculated by dividing the number of individuals with the condition by the total population. A ratio, on the other hand, compares two quantities and is expressed as a fraction or a division of one quantity by another. In this context, prevalence can be seen as a ratio because it compares the number of individuals with the condition to the total population.