Forestry Exam 2 Wvu

The statement "Animals have no affect upon soil formation" is incorrect. Animals play a crucial role in soil formation through various processes. They contribute to soil fertility by depositing organic matter through their waste and dead bodies, which enriches the soil with nutrients. Animals also aid in the breakdown of organic matter, increasing decomposition rates and promoting soil structure. Additionally, their burrowing activities help in soil aeration and water infiltration. Therefore, animals have a significant impact on soil formation.

The A horizon, also known as the topsoil, refers to the uppermost layer of soil that is rich in organic matter and nutrients. This layer is crucial for plant growth and supports various biological activities. It is typically darker in color and contains decomposed plant materials. Therefore, the statement that the A horizon is also called the topsoil is true.

An artesian well is a type of well that taps into a confined aquifer, which is under pressure. This pressure causes the water to rise to the surface without the need for a pump. Therefore, it can be said that an artesian well is indeed a deep well under pressure, making the statement "True" the correct answer.

Limestone is a type of sedimentary rock that is composed primarily of calcium carbonate. It is known to be soluble in water due to its chemical composition. Over time, water can dissolve and erode the limestone, creating caves and other formations. The presence of many caves in West Virginia serves as evidence that limestone is indeed soluble in water. Therefore, the correct answer is true.

West Virginia does have natural lakes.

The statement is true because it states that the average annual precipitation for WV is about 43 inches per year. This means that over the course of a year, the state of WV receives an average of 43 inches of rainfall.

Soil texture refers to the size of soil particles, which can vary from large to small. This affects the soil's ability to hold water and nutrients, as well as its overall fertility. Therefore, the statement "Soil texture is the term that refers to the size of soil particles" is true.

The "A" horizon refers to the top layer of soil, also known as the topsoil. This layer is rich in organic matter and nutrients, making it an ideal habitat for soil organisms such as bacteria, fungi, earthworms, and insects. These organisms play a crucial role in breaking down organic matter, releasing nutrients, and improving soil structure. Therefore, it is correct to say that the "A" horizon is the zone of maximum concentration of soil organisms and biotic activity.

The statement is suggesting that "mull" refers to something that is more basic and where bacteria is primary. This implies that mull is a term used in a specific context, possibly in a scientific or ecological context, to describe a certain type of environment or condition. The answer "True" indicates that the statement is correct and mull does indeed mean more basic and where bacteria is primary.

Residual soil refers to the soil that remains in its original location, without being transported by wind, water, or other natural processes. This type of soil is formed through weathering and decomposition of the underlying rock or parent material. It is typically found in areas with stable geological conditions and can vary in composition depending on the characteristics of the parent material. Therefore, the statement "A soil that remains where it was formed is called a residual soil" is true.

Hardwoods are known as leafed trees because they are characterized by having broad leaves that are typically shed annually. This distinguishes them from softwoods, which are typically coniferous trees with needle-like leaves or scale-like leaves that are evergreen. Some examples of hardwood trees include oak, maple, and cherry.

Man is the primary enemy of soils because human activities such as deforestation, overgrazing, urbanization, and industrialization can lead to soil erosion, degradation, and pollution. These activities often involve clearing vegetation, which reduces the soil's ability to retain water and nutrients. Additionally, improper agricultural practices such as excessive use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides can harm soil health. Therefore, human actions have a significant impact on soil quality and can be considered the primary enemy of soils.

Loess and dunes are indeed two types of soils that can be carried by wind. Loess is a fine-grained, wind-blown sediment that is typically composed of silt-sized particles. It is often found in areas where glaciers have deposited large amounts of sediment. Dunes, on the other hand, are mounds or ridges of sand that are formed by the wind's action. They are commonly found in desert regions and coastal areas. Therefore, the statement "Two soils carried by wind are loess and dunes" is true.

The PH value is used to measure the acidity or basicity of a substance. It is a numerical scale ranging from 0 to 14, where 0 indicates a highly acidic substance, 7 indicates neutrality, and 14 indicates a highly basic substance. Therefore, the PH value is used to quantify and represent the acidity or basicity of a substance.

Softwoods are known as needle trees because they are typically evergreen trees that have needle-like leaves instead of broad leaves. This characteristic distinguishes them from hardwoods, which have broad leaves. Softwoods are commonly used for construction, furniture, and paper production due to their strength, light weight, and easy workability. Therefore, the statement that softwoods are also known as needle trees is true.

The Zone of Saturation refers to the area underground where the spaces between soil particles are completely filled with water. In order to have a water well, it is necessary to drill or dig deep enough to reach this zone where water is present. Therefore, the correct answer is Saturation.

The explanation for the given correct answer is that "mor" is a Latin root word meaning "more" and "acid" refers to a substance with a low pH level. The statement suggests that "mor" indicates an increase in acidity. Additionally, "funus" is a Latin word meaning "funeral" or "burial," and the statement implies that it is a secondary factor in this context. Therefore, the answer "True" indicates that "mor" signifies more acid and "funus" is primary.

The statement "Average yearly precipitation is about 43 inches" is true. This means that, on average, the amount of rainfall received in a year is approximately 43 inches.

The statement is false because the three soils mentioned, alluvial, lacustrine, and colluvial, are not carried by water. Alluvial soil is formed by the deposition of sediment carried by rivers and streams, lacustrine soil is formed in lakes, and colluvial soil is formed by the accumulation of material at the base of slopes. These soils are not specifically carried by water, but rather formed through different geological processes.

A watershed refers to the land surface areas where water is collected and then drained through a network of streams. It is a geographical concept that defines the boundaries of an area that contributes to the water flow, such as rivers, lakes, or even underground aquifers. Watersheds are important for managing water resources and understanding the impact of human activities on the quality and quantity of water in a specific region.

A "beaver meadow" is a type of wetland that is created by beavers. These meadows are formed when beavers build dams across streams or rivers, causing the water to flood the surrounding area. Over time, the flooded area accumulates sediment and organic matter, resulting in the formation of alluvial soil. Therefore, it can be concluded that a "beaver meadow" is indeed made up of alluvial soil.

Shale is the correct answer because when shale rock weathers, it breaks down into tiny particles, resulting in the formation of clay soils. Shale is a fine-grained sedimentary rock composed of clay minerals, making it the most likely rock type to produce clay soils through weathering processes.

This statement is false because organic material in soil can come from sources other than the decay of plant materials. Organic material can also come from the decomposition of animal waste, dead animals, and other organic matter. Additionally, organic material can be added to soil through the application of compost or other organic amendments. Therefore, the statement that organic material in soil comes only from the decay of plant materials is incorrect.

Coniferous forests actually produce soils that are very acidic, which is not suitable for agriculture. The needles and fallen leaves of coniferous trees decompose slowly and release organic acids, such as tannins, which acidify the soil. This acidity makes it difficult for most crops to grow and thrive. Therefore, the statement is false.

The Zone of saturation refers to the area below the water table where all the pore spaces in the soil or rock are filled with water. This zone is saturated with water, and any additional water added to it will cause the water table to rise.

This statement is false because wind and water are not the only two natural forces that cause the breakdown of rock. Other natural forces, such as temperature changes, ice, and biological activity, can also contribute to the breakdown of rock.

The major portion of freshwater in the world is not found as a liquid. Freshwater exists in various forms such as ice caps, glaciers, and underground aquifers. While liquid freshwater in the form of rivers, lakes, and streams is significant, it does not make up the majority of the world's freshwater reserves. Therefore, the statement is false.

The given statement is false because it states that when WV was first settled, the forest was about 20% conifers and 80% deciduous. This implies that the forest composition has remained the same since the settlement, which is highly unlikely. Forests undergo natural changes over time due to various factors such as climate, natural disturbances, and human activities. Therefore, the forest composition in WV would have likely changed since it was first settled.

Water is most dense at 4 degrees Celsius. This is because as water cools down from higher temperatures, its molecules start to move slower and come closer together. However, below 4 degrees Celsius, the water molecules start to form a lattice structure, which causes the water to expand and become less dense. Therefore, 4 degrees Celsius is the temperature at which water reaches its maximum density.

The water cycle involves various processes through which water moves and circulates on Earth. One of these processes is runoff, which refers to the movement of water over the surface of the land. During runoff, water flows downhill, often carrying sediment and other materials with it. This movement of water can lead to erosion, as it wears away the land and transports particles to other locations. Therefore, runoff is the part of the water cycle that is responsible for erosion.

A good soil contains about 25% air and 5% organic material. This is because air in the soil is necessary for the roots of plants to respire and for the soil to drain properly. Additionally, organic material in the soil provides essential nutrients for plant growth and helps improve soil structure and water-holding capacity. Therefore, a soil with these proportions of air and organic material is considered to be healthy and conducive for plant growth.

The statement suggests that Pickens is in a "rain shadow" because it receives an average of 27 inches of rain per year. However, a rain shadow refers to an area that receives significantly less rainfall due to being on the leeward side of a mountain range. Since the statement does not mention any mountain range or geographical feature that could create a rain shadow, it is incorrect to say that Pickens is in a rain shadow. Therefore, the correct answer is False.

West Virginia is ranked as the 3rd most forested state. This means that out of all the states in the United States, West Virginia has the third highest percentage of land covered by forests.

Alluvial soil is not carried by gravity, but rather by water. It is formed through the deposition of sediment carried by rivers and streams. The sediment is deposited when the water loses its velocity and cannot carry the particles anymore. Therefore, the correct answer is False.

A tree species that is said to be tolerant is tolerant to shade. This means that it can grow and thrive in areas with limited sunlight or in the presence of other larger trees that may block the sunlight. Tolerant tree species have adaptations that allow them to photosynthesize and obtain sufficient energy even in low light conditions. They are able to allocate resources effectively and adjust their growth patterns to survive and compete for resources in shaded environments.

An artesian well requires a confined aquifer. A confined aquifer is a layer of permeable rock or sediment that is surrounded by impermeable layers, such as clay or shale, which prevent the water from escaping. This creates pressure within the aquifer, causing the water to rise to the surface when a well is drilled into it. Without a confined aquifer, the water would not be under enough pressure to flow to the surface, and an artesian well would not be possible.

The driest part of a slope is called the xeric zone. This term is used to describe an area with very low moisture levels, often due to factors such as high evaporation rates and little rainfall. The xeric zone is characterized by dry and arid conditions, making it challenging for plants and organisms to thrive.

When a prevailing wind blows into the side of a mountain range, orographic lifting occurs. As the wind is forced to rise over the mountain, it is lifted upwards, causing it to cool and condense. This leads to the formation of clouds and precipitation on the windward side of the mountains. This phenomenon is known as orographic rainfall and is responsible for the high amount of rainfall experienced on the windward side of mountain ranges.

The answer states that WV has 125 species of trees. This means that there are 125 different types of trees present in WV.

The earliest forest records for WV were not by the early explorers and surveyors.

A reservoir is a man-made water system that is used to store and manage water. It is typically created by constructing a dam across a river or stream, allowing water to accumulate in a designated area. Reservoirs are important for providing a reliable water supply for various purposes such as drinking water, irrigation, and hydroelectric power generation. They also serve as a means of flood control and recreation.

Spring wildflowers are not shade tolerant. This means that they do not thrive or grow well in shady areas. Instead, they prefer and require direct sunlight to grow and bloom successfully. Therefore, the statement that spring wildflowers are shade tolerant is false.

Sandstone, limestone, and shale are the three principle types of sedimentary rocks found in West Virginia. Sandstone is a sedimentary rock composed mainly of sand-sized minerals or rock grains. Limestone is a sedimentary rock primarily composed of calcium carbonate, formed from the accumulation of organic remains or chemical precipitation. Shale is a fine-grained sedimentary rock composed of clay minerals. These three types of rocks are commonly found in West Virginia due to the geological processes that have occurred in the region over time.

Lake Baikal is considered the oldest, deepest, and largest freshwater accumulation in the world. It is estimated to be around 25 million years old and is known for its incredible depth, reaching over 1,600 meters. Additionally, it holds the largest volume of freshwater, accounting for approximately 20% of the world's unfrozen surface freshwater. Its unique geological and biological features make it a significant natural landmark and a UNESCO World Heritage site.

Eutrophication occurs when the speed of nutrient production in a system increases. This can happen when there is an excess of nutrients, such as nitrogen and phosphorus, in the environment. These excess nutrients can come from sources like agricultural runoff, sewage, and industrial waste. When these nutrients enter a body of water, they can cause an overgrowth of algae and other aquatic plants. As these plants die and decompose, they deplete the oxygen levels in the water, leading to the death of aquatic organisms and disruption of the ecosystem. Speeding up nutrient production exacerbates this process, causing eutrophication to occur more rapidly.

A rainshadow is a phenomenon that occurs when moist air is forced to rise over a mountain range. As the air rises, it cools and condenses, causing precipitation on the windward side of the mountains. However, as the air descends on the leeward side, it warms and dries out, resulting in a rainshadow. This creates a region with significantly less rainfall compared to the windward side of the mountains. Therefore, a rainshadow normally occurs on the downwind side of a mountain range, leading to a small amount of rainfall in that area.

The Zone of aeration is found above the water table. This zone is the region in the soil or rock where the pores are filled with air rather than water. It is the upper part of the unsaturated zone, where water is present but not enough to fill all the pores. The zone of aeration plays a crucial role in controlling the movement of water and nutrients through the soil and is important for plant growth.

Terralta Lake is the correct answer because it is stated in the question that it is the oldest reservoir in WV. This implies that there are other reservoirs in WV, but Terralta Lake is the oldest among them.

Secondary weather conditions are factors that can influence or affect the primary weather conditions. Ocean tides can have an impact on weather patterns, particularly along coastal areas, as they can affect the movement of air and water currents. Pressure is another important secondary weather condition, as changes in atmospheric pressure can indicate the presence of high or low-pressure systems, which can in turn affect weather patterns and conditions.