Genetics Warm Up 1

Gregor Mendel conducted his genetic experiments using plants with the scientific name Pisum sativum. This plant, commonly known as the pea plant, was ideal for Mendel's experiments due to its easily observable traits and ability to self-fertilize. Mendel's experiments with Pisum sativum allowed him to establish the fundamental principles of inheritance and lay the foundation for modern genetics.

Pollination occurs when pollen grains produced in the male reproductive part of a flower are transferred to the female reproductive part of a flower.

The recessive trait for seed texture in garden peas is "wrinkled". This means that if an individual pea plant has two copies of the allele for wrinkled seeds, it will have wrinkled seeds.

The dominant trait for the position of the flower along the stem of the garden pea is axial.

The ovule is the flower structure that serves as the source of egg cells. It is located within the ovary and contains the female reproductive cells necessary for fertilization and seed development. The ovule is typically composed of the embryo sac, which contains the egg cell, as well as other supporting tissues.

In Mendelian genetics, the predicted ratio of the F2 generation of a round crossed with wrinkled garden pea seeds of the F1 generation is 3:1. This is because the round trait is dominant and the wrinkled trait is recessive. When the F1 generation is crossed, the offspring will inherit one allele from each parent. Since the round trait is dominant, it will mask the presence of the wrinkled trait in heterozygous individuals, resulting in a 3:1 ratio of round to wrinkled seeds in the F2 generation.

The observed ratio of 6,022 yellow garden pea seeds to 2,001 green garden pea seeds is 3.01 : 1.

When a P generation green pod color pea plant is self-pollinated, the F1 generation will have a pod color of green. This is because the green pod color trait is dominant over other pod color traits. Therefore, even if the P generation plant carries a recessive trait for pod color, the dominant green trait will be expressed in the F1 generation.

Pisum sativum plants normally reproduce through self-pollination. Self-pollination occurs when the pollen from the anther of a flower is transferred to the stigma of the same flower or another flower on the same plant. This process ensures that the plants can reproduce without the need for external pollinators such as insects or wind. Self-pollination allows for the plants to maintain genetic consistency and ensures a higher chance of successful reproduction.

Mendel started his research by growing plants that were true-breeding for a trait, meaning they always produced offspring with the same trait when self-pollinated. This allowed him to establish a consistent baseline for his experiments and study the patterns of inheritance more accurately.

Mendel's hypothesis was that each trait was inherited by means of a separate factor, but he did not reason that 3 factors controlled each trait. Instead, he proposed that there were two factors, now known as alleles, for each trait. These alleles could be dominant or recessive, and their combination determined the expression of the trait. Therefore, the correct answer is False.

Gregor Mendel called the offspring of the P generation the "first filial" generation. This is because the P generation refers to the parental generation, and the first filial generation represents the first generation of offspring resulting from the cross between the parents. Mendel used this term to describe the first set of offspring that exhibited a combination of traits from both parents, which he observed in his experiments on inheritance.

Self pollination is the correct answer because Gregor Mendel's experiments involved the controlled fertilization of plants by transferring pollen from the male reproductive organ to the female reproductive organ of the same plant. This technique allowed Mendel to study the inheritance of traits by observing the characteristics of the offspring produced through self pollination.

Gregor Mendel used 7 different characteristics of the garden pea in his genetic experiments.

Cross pollination was used to produce F1 generation offspring in Gregor Mendel's experiments. Cross pollination involves transferring pollen from the male reproductive organ (stamen) of one plant to the female reproductive organ (pistil) of another plant. This technique allows for the combination of genetic material from two different plants, resulting in offspring with a combination of traits from both parent plants. Mendel used cross pollination to study the inheritance of traits in pea plants and observed how these traits were passed down to the next generation.

The term "second filial" refers to the seeds that Gregor Mendel collected from the F1 generation, which he then used for self-pollination. These seeds are called the second filial because they are the offspring of the first filial generation, which is the result of crossing two parental plants with different traits.

In Pisum sativum plants, the technique used for cross-pollination is to remove the anther of one plant. By removing the anther, which is the male reproductive organ that produces pollen, the plant is prevented from self-pollinating. This allows for the transfer of pollen from another plant to the stigma of the first plant, resulting in cross-pollination and the potential for genetic diversity in the offspring.

Self pollination is the correct answer because Gregor Mendel's experiments involved the controlled pollination of pea plants. In self pollination, the pollen from the anther of a flower is transferred to the stigma of the same flower or another flower on the same plant. This technique ensures that the offspring inherit the traits of the parent plant, allowing Mendel to study the inheritance patterns of specific traits in subsequent generations.

Gregor Mendel used 14 different traits of the garden pea in his genetic experiments. These traits included characteristics such as flower color, seed color, seed shape, pod color, pod shape, and plant height. By studying the inheritance patterns of these traits, Mendel was able to establish the basic laws of genetics and lay the foundation for modern understanding of inheritance.

The anther is the correct answer because it is the flower structure that produces and contains the pollen grains, which in turn contain the sperm cells. The sperm cells are necessary for fertilization to occur in plants.