Introduction To The History And Science Of Psychology/ Practice Multiple-choice

A testable prediction for a study is known as a hypothesis. A hypothesis is a statement that suggests a relationship between variables and can be tested through research and experimentation. It is an educated guess or prediction about what the researcher expects to find in their study. Hypotheses are important in scientific research as they provide a framework for conducting experiments and collecting data to either support or refute the hypothesis.

John B. Watson was a psychologist who supported the behaviorism viewpoint. Behaviorism focuses on the study of overt or observable behavior, placing emphasis on the process of learning through rewards, consequences, and observation learning. It suggests that behavior can be understood and predicted by studying the environmental factors that influence it, rather than focusing on internal mental processes or unconscious motives.

A case study is a study that focuses on a single individual. It involves in-depth analysis and investigation of a particular person, group, or situation. This approach allows researchers to gather detailed information and gain a comprehensive understanding of the specific case being studied. By examining a single individual, researchers can explore unique circumstances, behaviors, and experiences that may not be apparent in larger group studies. This method is particularly useful in fields such as psychology, sociology, and medicine, where individual cases can provide valuable insights and contribute to the overall body of knowledge.

In this scenario, the researcher is interested in testing the effect of lecturing on a student's AP Psychology score. The independent variable refers to the variable that is manipulated or controlled by the researcher, which in this case is the lecturing. Therefore, the correct answer is the independent variable.

The population in this study refers to the group of individuals that the researcher is interested in studying. In this case, the researcher is specifically interested in former AP students, as they are the ones who have taken an AP course in the past. Therefore, former AP students are considered the population for this study.

The dependent variable in this experiment is the student's test score. It is the variable that Dr. Morgan is interested in measuring and determining whether it is affected by drinking a protein shake before the test. The dependent variable is the outcome or result that is being studied and is expected to change based on the independent variable, which in this case would be drinking a protein shake.

Debriefing refers to the process of providing participants with a comprehensive explanation after the completion of an experiment. It involves giving them detailed information about the purpose, procedures, and outcomes of the study. This allows participants to understand the study's objectives and ensures transparency. Debriefing also provides an opportunity for participants to ask questions, express concerns, and receive any necessary support or clarification. It is essential for ethical research practices and upholds participants' right to be fully informed about their involvement in the study.

Hindsight bias refers to the tendency to believe, after an event has occurred, that one would have predicted or expected the outcome. It involves the belief that the researcher knew the outcome all along, even though this may not have been the case. This bias can lead to an overestimation of one's own ability to predict or understand events, and can impact the interpretation of research findings.

A correlational research design is used to examine the relationships between variables in order to make predictions. This means that researchers use this design to analyze how two or more variables are related to each other, without manipulating or controlling any variables. By studying these relationships, researchers can make predictions about how changes in one variable may affect another variable. This design is particularly useful when studying complex phenomena where it may not be ethical or feasible to manipulate variables.

Operational definitions are the precise definitions on how each variable in an experiment will be used. This means that they provide clear and specific explanations of how the variables will be measured, manipulated, or observed in the context of the experiment. Operational definitions are important because they ensure that the variables are measured consistently and accurately, allowing for reliable and valid results to be obtained. By providing a standardized framework for defining variables, operational definitions help to establish the reliability and replicability of scientific experiments.

Structuralism is the correct answer because it was a school of psychology that focused on analyzing the structure of the mind through introspection. Introspection involved self-observation and reporting of one's own thoughts and experiences. Structuralists aimed to break down consciousness into its basic elements and understand how these elements interacted to form the overall experience. This approach was pioneered by Wilhelm Wundt and Edward Titchener in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.

This psychologist is using a longitudinal study. A longitudinal study involves observing and collecting data from the same group of individuals over an extended period of time. In this case, the psychologist is studying the effects of parenting on independence by following a group of children for 20 years. By tracking the changes and outcomes of the children over this long period, the psychologist can gain valuable insights into how parenting influences independence.

Empiricism is the correct answer because it refers to the belief that knowledge is gained through direct observation or experimentation. This perspective emphasizes the importance of sensory experience and evidence in acquiring knowledge. It contrasts with other options such as structuralism, functionalism, correlational studies, and surveys, which focus on different approaches to understanding the mind and behavior.

Random sampling is a process that involves selecting individuals from a population in a way that gives each person an equal chance of being chosen for a study. This method ensures that the sample is representative of the population and reduces the potential for bias. By giving everyone in the population a chance to be included, random sampling helps to ensure that the results of the study can be generalized to the larger population with a certain level of confidence.

Rene Descartes believed and supported interactive dualism as the idea that the mind and body are different but do interact and influence one another. Dualism is the philosophical concept that separates the mind and body into two distinct entities. Descartes argued that the mind, or consciousness, is a non-physical substance that exists separately from the physical body. He believed that the mind and body interacted through the pineal gland, which allowed for communication between the two. Descartes' theory of interactive dualism had a significant influence on the development of modern psychology and the understanding of the mind-body relationship.

Behavior-genetics is the perspective that focuses on the debate and influence of nature vs. nurture. This perspective examines how both genetic factors (nature) and environmental factors (nurture) contribute to the development of behavior and personality. It seeks to understand the interplay between genetics and the environment in shaping human traits and characteristics. By studying twins, adoptees, and families, behavior-genetic researchers aim to determine the relative contributions of genetic and environmental factors to individual differences in behavior and psychological traits.

Dr. Monroe did not consider that the amount of sleep a student received the night before a test could potentially impact the dependent variable. This oversight suggests that the lack of sleep could be a confounding variable in the study. A confounding variable is an extraneous factor that is not accounted for in the research design but can influence the relationship between the independent and dependent variables. In this case, the amount of sleep could be a confounding variable that affects the test performance of the students, making it difficult to determine the true effect of the independent variable on the dependent variable.

Correlational studies examine the relationship between variables, but they cannot determine causation. This means that even if a strong correlation is found between two variables, it does not mean that one variable causes the other. Other factors, known as confounding variables, could be influencing the relationship. Therefore, while correlational studies can provide valuable information about associations between variables, they cannot establish cause-and-effect relationships.

The false consensus effect refers to the tendency for individuals to overestimate the extent to which others share their beliefs, attitudes, and behaviors. In this case, the researcher believes that most people would agree with him that smoking is dangerous, indicating that he may be experiencing the false consensus effect by assuming that his own beliefs are widely shared by others.

Jimmy is assigned to the experimental group because he is part of an experiment that will be held for comparison. In an experiment, the independent variable is administered to the experimental group to measure its effects. The control group, on the other hand, does not receive the independent variable and is used as a baseline for comparison. Since Jimmy is not being administered the independent variable, he cannot be part of the control group. Manipulation group, confounding group, and applied group are not commonly used terms in experimental research, so they are not relevant to this question.