1.
According to Piaget's theory of Cognitive Development, at what age do children develop the ability for deferred imitation?
Correct Answer
C. 18-24 months
Explanation
According to Piaget's theory of Cognitive Development, children develop the ability for deferred imitation at the age of 18-24 months. Deferred imitation refers to the ability to imitate actions or behaviors that were observed in the past. It is a significant milestone in cognitive development as it demonstrates the child's ability to remember and reproduce actions after a delay, indicating the development of their memory and mental representation skills. This ability allows children to learn from observing others and is an important aspect of their social and cognitive development.
2.
During Piaget's Sensorimotor stage, what is the ability to flexibly alter existing schemas into new schemas called?
Correct Answer
A. Accommodation
Explanation
During Piaget's Sensorimotor stage, the ability to flexibly alter existing schemas into new schemas is called accommodation. This refers to the process of adjusting one's cognitive structures to incorporate new information or experiences that do not fit into existing schemas. It involves modifying or creating new schemas to better understand and interact with the environment. Accommodation allows individuals to adapt their thinking and problem-solving abilities to better match the demands of their surroundings.
3.
According to Piaget's theory of Cognitive Development, as part of a child's development of object permanence, what does perseverance error refer to?
Correct Answer
D. The mistake of looking in the place the object was previously found
Explanation
Perseverance error refers to the mistake of looking in the place where the object was previously found. This error occurs when a child is unable to understand that an object can still exist even if it is not within their immediate sight. According to Piaget's theory of Cognitive Development, this error is a part of a child's development of object permanence, which is the understanding that objects continue to exist even when they are out of sight.
4.
According to Freud's theory of Psychosexual Development, during which stage is children's developmental focus on gender identity and morality?
Correct Answer
B. pHallic (3-6 years)
Explanation
During the phallic stage of Freud's theory of Psychosexual Development, children's developmental focus is on gender identity and morality. This is the stage where children become aware of their own gender and start to develop a sense of right and wrong. They also begin to develop a strong attachment to their opposite-sex parent and may experience feelings of rivalry with their same-sex parent. This stage is crucial for the formation of their gender identity and moral values.
5.
Which of the following is NOT regarded as an important area of personality development in the first 3 months of life?
Correct Answer
B. Developing gender identity
Explanation
In the first 3 months of life, developing gender identity is not regarded as an important area of personality development. During this period, infants are still in the early stages of cognitive and social development, and their understanding of gender is limited. Gender identity typically begins to develop around the age of 2 or 3, as children start to recognize and identify with their own gender. Therefore, it is not a significant focus in the first few months of life.
6.
According to Piaget's theory of Cognitive Development, during which stage do children develop animistic conceptions?
Correct Answer
B. Preoperational stage
Explanation
According to Piaget's theory of Cognitive Development, children develop animistic conceptions during the preoperational stage. This stage typically occurs between the ages of 2 and 7. In this stage, children start to use language and symbols to represent objects and ideas, but they still struggle with logical thinking. Animistic thinking is a characteristic of this stage, where children attribute human-like qualities and intentions to inanimate objects or natural phenomena. They may believe that objects have thoughts, feelings, or intentions, which reflects their egocentric perspective and inability to differentiate between reality and imagination.
7.
According to Piaget's theory of Cognitive Development, during which stage do children develop the capacity for conservation?
Correct Answer
C. Concrete Operational
Explanation
According to Piaget's theory of Cognitive Development, children develop the capacity for conservation during the Concrete Operational stage. This stage typically occurs between the ages of 7 and 11. During this stage, children become capable of logical thinking and are able to understand that the quantity or amount of something remains the same even if its appearance or arrangement changes. They can conserve, or understand that the amount of liquid or mass remains the same despite changes in shape or size of the container. This is a significant milestone in a child's cognitive development.
8.
"Play is for children what work is for adults." Which of the following is NOT an important developmental outcome of the play?
Correct Answer
C. Overcoming negativism (e.g., reducing noncompliance to adult requests)
Explanation
Play is an essential part of a child's development and can contribute to various developmental outcomes. Cognitive mastery refers to the development of cognitive skills such as understanding concepts like reversibility and conservation. Emotional development and regulation involve learning to manage and express emotions in socially acceptable ways. Language development includes the ability to use and understand language, including giving labels. However, overcoming negativism, which refers to reducing noncompliance to adult requests, is not typically considered a developmental outcome of play.
9.
Which theory of human lifespan development emphasizes the influence of genetics and biological factors?
Correct Answer
A. Maturationist theory
Explanation
The Maturationist theory of human lifespan development emphasizes the predominant influence of genetics and biological factors in shaping an individual's development. It posits that development is primarily driven by genetically programmed processes, unfolding in a predetermined sequence, with less emphasis on environmental factors. This theory suggests that an individual will reach specific developmental milestones based on their biological maturation, regardless of external influences.
10.
Which of the following is NOT a major theoretical perspective in lifespan development psychology?
Correct Answer
A. Societal perspective
Explanation
The societal perspective is not a major theoretical perspective in lifespan development psychology. This perspective focuses on the influence of social and cultural factors on individual development. It examines how societal norms, values, and institutions shape individuals' behavior and development over time. However, the major theoretical perspectives in lifespan development psychology are the psychoanalytic perspective, cognitive perspective, and humanistic perspective, which focus on different aspects of human development, such as unconscious processes, cognitive abilities, and personal growth and self-actualization.
11.
At what age does the process of synaptic pruning occur most intensively in the human brain?
Correct Answer
D. Adolescence
Explanation
During adolescence, the process of synaptic pruning occurs most intensively in the human brain. Synaptic pruning is the elimination of unnecessary or unused synaptic connections between neurons. This process helps to refine and strengthen the neural connections that are important for learning and development. During adolescence, the brain undergoes significant changes and reorganization, and synaptic pruning plays a crucial role in shaping the brain's neural circuitry and optimizing its efficiency.
12.
According to Erik Erikson's theory of psychosocial development, what is the primary conflict during the stage of adolescence?
Correct Answer
C. Identity vs. Role Confusion
Explanation
During the stage of adolescence, individuals experience the primary conflict of identity vs. role confusion according to Erik Erikson's theory of psychosocial development. This stage is characterized by the search for a sense of self and personal identity. Adolescents explore different roles, values, and beliefs in order to establish a clear and coherent identity. They may face confusion and uncertainty as they try to understand their place in society and form a stable sense of self. This conflict is crucial for adolescents to develop a strong and secure identity.