Microbiology, Bacterial Metabolism
Questions and Answers
- 1.
What is metabolism?
Explanation
Metabolism refers to all the chemical processes that occur in a cell. It includes both the breakdown of molecules to release energy (catabolism) and the synthesis of new molecules (anabolism). These processes are essential for maintaining the cell's functions, such as growth, reproduction, and energy production. Therefore, the statement "All chemistry that happens in a cell" accurately describes the concept of metabolism.Rate this question:
- 2.
How to Microbes grow?
Explanation
Microbes grow by bringing in nutrients into their cells, undergoing catabolic reactions to break down these nutrients, performing biosynthesis to create building blocks, polymerizing macromolecules, and using these macromolecules to assemble organelles.Rate this question:
- 3.
Polymerization of macromolecules. (LIST)
Explanation
The correct answer includes lipids, CHO (carbohydrates), proteins, and nucleic acids. These are all macromolecules that can undergo polymerization. Lipids are large molecules composed of fatty acids and glycerol, carbohydrates are polymers of sugar molecules, proteins are made up of amino acids, and nucleic acids are composed of nucleotides. Polymerization is the process of joining monomers together to form a polymer, and all of these macromolecules can undergo this process.Rate this question:
- 4.
All bichemical reactions in a cell = catabolism.
- A.
True
- B.
False
Correct Answer
B. FalseExplanation
It equals metabolism.Rate this question:
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- 5.
What provides energy and building blocks for anabolism?
- A.
Catabolism
- B.
Metabolism
- C.
Breaking down of enzymes
Correct Answer
A. CatabolismExplanation
Catabolism is the process of breaking down complex molecules into simpler ones, releasing energy in the process. This energy can be utilized by anabolism, which is the process of building complex molecules from simpler ones. Therefore, catabolism provides both the energy and the building blocks required for anabolism. Metabolism refers to the overall chemical reactions in the body, which includes both catabolism and anabolism. Breaking down of enzymes is not directly related to providing energy and building blocks for anabolism.Rate this question:
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- 6.
What uses energy and building blocks to build large molecules
Correct Answer
anabolismExplanation
Anabolism is the process in which energy and building blocks are utilized to construct larger molecules. This process involves the synthesis of complex molecules such as proteins, nucleic acids, and carbohydrates from simpler components. Through anabolism, cells are able to grow and repair tissues, as well as store energy for future use. This process is essential for the maintenance and growth of living organisms.Rate this question:
- 7.
How many chemical reactions are in E.coli?
- A.
1,000
- B.
7,000
- C.
10,000
- D.
2,000
Correct Answer
D. 2,000Explanation
The correct answer is 2,000. This suggests that there are 2,000 chemical reactions in E.coli.Rate this question:
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- 8.
Catabolism provide what for anabolism?
- A.
Building blocks and enzymes
- B.
Enzymes and protien synthesis
- C.
Building blocks and energy
Correct Answer
C. Building blocks and energyExplanation
Catabolism provides building blocks and energy for anabolism. During catabolic reactions, complex molecules are broken down into simpler ones, releasing energy. This energy is then used in anabolic reactions, where simpler molecules are combined to form complex ones. Additionally, catabolism also generates building blocks, such as amino acids and nucleotides, which are essential for the synthesis of proteins, DNA, and other macromolecules during anabolism.Rate this question:
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- 9.
Dephosporation put things on a cell
- A.
True
- B.
False
Correct Answer
B. FalseExplanation
phosporationRate this question:
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- 10.
What is a sequence of enzymatically catalyzed chemical reactions in a cell.
Correct Answer
A metabolic pathway.Explanation
A metabolic pathway refers to a sequence of enzymatically catalyzed chemical reactions in a cell. It is a series of interconnected biochemical reactions that occur within a cell or organism to convert one molecule into another. These pathways are crucial for various cellular processes such as energy production, biosynthesis of molecules, and the breakdown of nutrients. Overall, a metabolic pathway enables the efficient utilization and transformation of molecules within a cell.Rate this question:
- 11.
RNA can act as enzymes
- A.
True
- B.
False
Correct Answer
A. TrueExplanation
RNA can act as enzymes, which are known as ribozymes. Ribozymes are RNA molecules that can catalyze specific biochemical reactions without the need for protein assistance. They can perform various functions, such as cleaving RNA molecules, joining RNA molecules together, and even synthesizing new RNA molecules. This ability of RNA to catalyze chemical reactions supports the hypothesis that RNA may have played a crucial role in the early evolution of life on Earth, before the emergence of protein-based enzymes. Therefore, the statement that RNA can act as enzymes is true.Rate this question:
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- 12.
The turnover number for enzymes is generally 1-1,000 molecules per second
- A.
True
- B.
False
Correct Answer
B. FalseExplanation
1-10,000.Rate this question:
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- 13.
Oxidoreductase Oxidation
- A.
Transfer fuctional groups
- B.
Reduction reactions
- C.
Synthesis nucleic acids
Correct Answer
B. Reduction reactionsExplanation
The correct answer is reduction reactions. Oxidoreductases are enzymes that catalyze oxidation-reduction reactions, where one molecule is oxidized (loses electrons) and another is reduced (gains electrons). This process involves the transfer of functional groups and plays a crucial role in various biological processes, such as energy production, metabolism, and detoxification. However, the given question is incomplete and difficult to interpret.Rate this question:
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- 14.
Transferase
- A.
Rearrangement of atoms
- B.
Hydrolysis
- C.
Transfer functional groups
Correct Answer
C. Transfer functional groupsExplanation
Transferase enzymes are a class of enzymes that facilitate the transfer of functional groups from one molecule to another. This transfer of functional groups can involve various chemical reactions, such as rearrangement of atoms or hydrolysis. Therefore, the answer "transfer functional groups" accurately describes the main function of transferase enzymes.Rate this question:
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- 15.
Hyrdolase
- A.
Joining of molecules, uses ATP
- B.
Removal of atoms without hydrolysis
- C.
Hydrolysis
Correct Answer
C. HydrolysisExplanation
Hydrolysis is the correct answer because it involves the breaking down of molecules by the addition of water. This process is essential for various biological reactions, such as digestion and cellular metabolism. Hydrolysis reactions often require the input of ATP (adenosine triphosphate) as an energy source to drive the reaction forward. In contrast, the other options mentioned, such as joining of molecules and removal of atoms without hydrolysis, do not accurately describe the process of hydrolysis.Rate this question:
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- 16.
Lyase
- A.
Rearrangement of atoms
- B.
Removal of atoms without hydrolysis
- C.
Synthesizes nucleic acids
Correct Answer
B. Removal of atoms without hydrolysisExplanation
Lyase is an enzyme that catalyzes the removal of atoms from a molecule without the involvement of hydrolysis. This means that it breaks chemical bonds within a molecule, causing a rearrangement of atoms and resulting in the formation of new products. Unlike hydrolysis, which involves the addition of water molecules to break bonds, lyase acts by directly removing atoms. It is important in various metabolic processes and can play a role in the synthesis or degradation of molecules such as nucleic acids.Rate this question:
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- 17.
Isomerase
- A.
Hydrolysis
- B.
Reduction reactions
- C.
Rearrangment of atoms
Correct Answer
C. Rearrangment of atomsExplanation
Rearrangement of atoms refers to the process in which the arrangement of atoms within a molecule is altered, resulting in the formation of a different molecule or isomer. Isomerase enzymes are known for catalyzing such rearrangement reactions. Hydrolysis and reduction reactions, on the other hand, involve the breaking of chemical bonds and the addition of hydrogen atoms, respectively, but they do not necessarily involve the rearrangement of atoms within a molecule. Therefore, the correct answer is rearrangement of atoms.Rate this question:
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- 18.
Polymerase
- A.
Transfer functional groups
- B.
Sythesized nucleic acids
- C.
Hydrolysis
Correct Answer
B. Sythesized nucleic acidsExplanation
Polymerase is an enzyme that is responsible for synthesizing nucleic acids. It catalyzes the formation of phosphodiester bonds between nucleotides, leading to the synthesis of DNA or RNA molecules. The enzyme transfers functional groups, such as phosphate groups, from nucleotides to the growing nucleic acid chain. This process involves the hydrolysis of high-energy phosphate bonds, providing the necessary energy for nucleotide polymerization. Therefore, the correct answer is that polymerase synthesizes nucleic acids.Rate this question:
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- 19.
Ligase
- A.
Rearrangement of atoms
- B.
Removal of atoms without hydrolysis
- C.
Joining molecules, uses ATP
Correct Answer
C. Joining molecules, uses ATPExplanation
Ligase is an enzyme that is responsible for joining molecules together. It does this by forming covalent bonds between the molecules. One important aspect of ligase activity is the use of ATP as a source of energy for the reaction. This energy is required to drive the formation of the covalent bond between the molecules. Ligase does not rearrange atoms or remove atoms without hydrolysis, but rather it specifically catalyzes the joining of molecules.Rate this question:
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- 20.
Enzymes can be denatured by
Correct Answer
temperature and pHExplanation
Enzymes can be denatured by temperature and pH because both factors can disrupt the enzyme's structure and alter its active site. High temperatures can break the weak bonds that maintain the enzyme's shape, causing it to unfold and lose its function. Similarly, extreme pH levels can affect the charges on the amino acids in the enzyme, leading to a change in its shape and loss of activity. Therefore, controlling temperature and pH is crucial to maintaining the stability and functionality of enzymes.Rate this question:
- 21.
Each bacterial species has an optimal temperature.
- A.
True
- B.
False
Correct Answer
A. TrueExplanation
Each bacterial species has an optimal temperature refers to the fact that different bacterial species thrive best at specific temperature ranges. This is because temperature affects their metabolic processes and overall growth. Bacteria have adapted to survive and reproduce within certain temperature limits, and deviations from their optimal temperature can hinder their growth or even lead to their death. Therefore, it is true that each bacterial species has an optimal temperature.Rate this question:
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- 22.
Each fungal bacteria species has an optimal pH.
- A.
True
- B.
False
Correct Answer
B. FalseExplanation
Each Bacterial Species.Rate this question:
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- 23.
What enzymes are NOT protiens
Correct Answer
RibozymesExplanation
Ribozymes are RNA molecules that can catalyze specific biochemical reactions. Unlike enzymes, which are typically proteins, ribozymes are composed of RNA instead. This makes ribozymes unique as they have the ability to catalyze reactions without the need for protein components. Therefore, ribozymes are an example of enzymes that are not proteins.Rate this question:
- 24.
Ribozymes
Correct Answer
RNA that cuts and splices RNAExplanation
Ribozymes are RNA molecules that possess enzymatic activity, allowing them to cut and splice RNA molecules. Unlike traditional enzymes, which are typically proteins, ribozymes are made up of RNA and can catalyze specific chemical reactions. They are involved in various cellular processes, such as RNA processing and gene regulation. This makes the given answer, "RNA that cuts and splices RNA," an accurate description of ribozymes.Rate this question:
- 25.
Oxidation = gain of electrons
- A.
True
- B.
False
Correct Answer
B. FalseExplanation
Reduction = gain of electronsRate this question:
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- 26.
In biological systems, the electrons are often associated with oxygen atoms, biological oxidations are often dehyrogentions
- A.
True
- B.
False
Correct Answer
B. FalseExplanation
the electrons are often associate with HYDROGEN atomsRate this question:
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- 27.
Protons and electrons removed
Correct Answer
dehydrogenationExplanation
Dehydrogenation is a chemical reaction that involves the removal of hydrogen atoms from a molecule. In this process, protons (positively charged particles) and electrons (negatively charged particles) are removed from the molecule, resulting in the formation of a double bond between two carbon atoms. This reaction is commonly used in various industrial processes, such as the production of plastics and the synthesis of organic compounds. Therefore, dehydrogenation is the most suitable explanation for the given statement.Rate this question:
- 28.
If protons and electrols added
Correct Answer
hydrogenation - 29.
Where do the H+ go?
Correct Answer
to pyridine nucleotidesExplanation
The H+ ions go to pyridine nucleotides.Rate this question:
- 30.
NAD/NAD(P) + H + = NADPH This drives steps in these pathways
- A.
True
- B.
False
Correct Answer
A. TrueExplanation
The statement "NAD/NAD(P) + H + = NADPH" is true. NAD and NADP are coenzymes involved in various metabolic pathways, and they can accept and donate electrons in the form of hydride ions (H+). In this reaction, NAD or NADP accepts a hydride ion and gets reduced to NADPH. NADPH is an important molecule in cellular metabolism and serves as a reducing agent in many biosynthetic reactions. Therefore, this reaction drives steps in metabolic pathways, making the given statement true.Rate this question:
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- 31.
The Generation of ATP.. 3 mechanisms. 1. Substrate level phosporylation
Correct Answer
ADP gets high energy PO4- from a metabolic intermediateExplanation
Substrate-level phosphorylation is a mechanism by which ATP is generated during cellular respiration. In this process, ADP (adenosine diphosphate) receives a high-energy phosphate group (PO4-) from a metabolic intermediate. This transfer of phosphate group results in the formation of ATP (adenosine triphosphate), which is the primary energy currency of cells. Substrate-level phosphorylation occurs in the cytoplasm during glycolysis and in the mitochondrial matrix during the Krebs cycle. This mechanism allows for the direct production of ATP without the involvement of an electron transport chain.Rate this question:
- 32.
The Generation of ATP.. 3 mechanisms. 2. Oxidate phosphorylation
Correct Answer
electron transport chain, located in a membrane.Explanation
Oxidative phosphorylation is one of the three mechanisms involved in the generation of ATP. It occurs in the electron transport chain, which is located in a membrane. During oxidative phosphorylation, electrons are transferred through a series of protein complexes in the electron transport chain, and this process leads to the pumping of protons across the membrane. The resulting proton gradient is then used by ATP synthase to produce ATP. Therefore, the correct answer is "electron transport chain, located in a membrane."Rate this question:
- 33.
ATP Synthases
Correct Answer
Prokaryotes in cell membrane, Eukaryotes in mitochondra or chloroplast.Explanation
This answer states that ATP synthases are found in the cell membrane of prokaryotes and in the mitochondria or chloroplasts of eukaryotes. This is accurate because ATP synthases are responsible for producing ATP, the energy currency of cells, and they are located in these specific cellular structures where energy production takes place. Prokaryotes lack mitochondria and chloroplasts, so their ATP synthases are embedded in their cell membranes. On the other hand, eukaryotes have specialized organelles called mitochondria and chloroplasts, which contain ATP synthases to generate ATP.Rate this question:
- 34.
Chemiosmosis is dependent on proton gradient
- A.
True
- B.
False
Correct Answer
A. TrueExplanation
Chemiosmosis is a process in which the movement of protons across a membrane is coupled with the synthesis of ATP. This process occurs in the mitochondria during cellular respiration and in the chloroplasts during photosynthesis. The proton gradient, created by the pumping of protons across the membrane, is essential for the production of ATP through the enzyme ATP synthase. Therefore, chemiosmosis is indeed dependent on a proton gradient.Rate this question:
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- 35.
What is the purpose of the Krebs Cycle?
- A.
Generate ATP
- B.
Break down of sugars
- C.
Grabbing electrons
Correct Answer
C. Grabbing electronsExplanation
The purpose of the Krebs Cycle is to grab electrons. During this cycle, also known as the citric acid cycle, high-energy electrons are extracted from molecules and transferred to carrier molecules. These electrons are then used in the electron transport chain to generate ATP, the main energy currency of cells. The Krebs Cycle also plays a role in breaking down sugars, but its primary purpose is to capture and transfer electrons for energy production.Rate this question:
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- 36.
When pyruvate from glycolysis oxidized and decarboxylated to...?
Correct Answer
Acetyl CoAExplanation
Pyruvate from glycolysis is oxidized and decarboxylated to Acetyl CoA. This process occurs in the mitochondria of the cell and is known as pyruvate decarboxylation. During this process, a carboxyl group is removed from pyruvate, resulting in the formation of Acetyl CoA. Acetyl CoA is an important molecule in cellular respiration as it enters the citric acid cycle to produce ATP, the energy currency of the cell. It is also a precursor for the synthesis of fatty acids and cholesterol.Rate this question:
- 37.
What are in turn, oxidized and reduced as electrons are passed down the chain?
Correct Answer
A series of carrier molecules.Explanation
As electrons are passed down the chain, a series of carrier molecules undergo oxidation and reduction. This means that the carrier molecules lose or gain electrons, respectively. This process is essential in cellular respiration and photosynthesis, where electrons are transferred from one molecule to another, generating energy. The carrier molecules, such as NADH and FADH2, play a crucial role in transporting these electrons and participating in redox reactions. Hence, the correct answer is a series of carrier molecules.Rate this question:
- 38.
Energy released can be used to produce ATP by..
- A.
Chemiosmosis
- B.
NADH
- C.
ADP
Correct Answer
A. ChemiosmosisExplanation
Chemiosmosis is the process by which energy released during cellular respiration is used to produce ATP. It involves the movement of protons across a membrane, creating a proton gradient. This gradient is then used by ATP synthase to generate ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate. NADH is an electron carrier that is involved in the electron transport chain, which ultimately leads to the establishment of the proton gradient. However, NADH itself does not directly produce ATP. ADP is a precursor molecule that is converted to ATP through the process of chemiosmosis.Rate this question:
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- 39.
When you lose electrons, you are
Correct Answer
oxidized.Explanation
When an atom or molecule loses electrons, it undergoes oxidation. This process involves the loss of negatively charged particles, resulting in a decrease in the overall negative charge of the atom or molecule. Oxidation is a fundamental concept in chemistry and is often associated with the loss of electrons or an increase in oxidation state.Rate this question:
- 40.
What makes 34 ATP's
Correct Answer
Chemiosmotic Generation of ATPExplanation
The chemiosmotic generation of ATP is the process by which ATP is produced in the mitochondria through the flow of protons across the inner mitochondrial membrane. This process involves the electron transport chain and ATP synthase. As electrons are passed along the electron transport chain, protons are pumped out of the mitochondrial matrix and into the intermembrane space, creating a proton gradient. This gradient drives the flow of protons back into the matrix through ATP synthase, which uses the energy from this flow to produce ATP. Overall, this process generates a total of 34 ATP molecules.Rate this question:
- 41.
Catabolism Generate
Correct Answer
12 precursor metabolities, ATP, Reducing powerExplanation
Catabolism is a metabolic process that involves the breakdown of complex molecules into simpler ones, releasing energy in the process. During catabolism, 12 precursor metabolites are generated, which are essential molecules that serve as building blocks for various cellular processes. Additionally, ATP (adenosine triphosphate) is produced, which is the energy currency of the cell. Furthermore, reducing power is generated, which refers to the transfer of electrons from one molecule to another, providing energy for various cellular reactions.Rate this question:
- 42.
Catabolism Central Metabolism
Correct Answer
Glycolysis, Krebs, ETCExplanation
The correct answer is Glycolysis, Krebs, ETC. Glycolysis is the first step in cellular respiration, where glucose is broken down into pyruvate. The Krebs cycle, also known as the citric acid cycle, takes place in the mitochondria and further breaks down pyruvate to produce energy-rich molecules. The electron transport chain (ETC) is the final step in cellular respiration, where electrons from the Krebs cycle are transferred along a series of proteins to generate ATP. These three processes are essential for the catabolism of glucose and the production of energy in cells.Rate this question:
- 43.
Where does Glycolysis happen in a Eukaryote and Prokaryote
- A.
Cytoplasm for both
- B.
Cytoplasm, cell wall
- C.
Cytoplasm and plama membrane
Correct Answer
A. Cytoplasm for bothExplanation
Glycolysis is a metabolic pathway that occurs in the cytoplasm of both eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells. It is the initial step in cellular respiration and involves the breakdown of glucose into pyruvate. The cytoplasm is the fluid-filled region inside the cell where most cellular processes take place. In eukaryotes, which include organisms like plants and animals, the cytoplasm is enclosed within a membrane-bound organelle called the cell nucleus. Prokaryotes, on the other hand, such as bacteria, lack a nucleus and their genetic material is not enclosed within a membrane. However, both types of cells have a cytoplasm where glycolysis occurs.Rate this question:
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- 44.
Where does the intermediate step happen in Prok & Euka
Correct Answer
Cytoplasm for bothExplanation
In both prokaryotes and eukaryotes, the intermediate step of cellular respiration occurs in the cytoplasm. The cytoplasm is a gel-like substance that fills the cell and contains various organelles and molecules necessary for cellular processes. During the intermediate step, pyruvate molecules produced from glycolysis are converted into acetyl-CoA, which is then used in the next stage of cellular respiration. Since both prokaryotes and eukaryotes have cytoplasm, this step occurs in the cytoplasm for both types of organisms.Rate this question:
- 45.
Where does the reaction occur for Krebs cycle in Euka and Proka
- A.
Cytoplasm for both
- B.
Mitochondria and cytoplasm
- C.
Mitochondrial matrix and cytoplasm
Correct Answer
C. Mitochondrial matrix and cytoplasmExplanation
The Krebs cycle, also known as the citric acid cycle, is a series of chemical reactions that occur in the mitochondria of eukaryotic cells and the cytoplasm of prokaryotic cells. In eukaryotic cells, the Krebs cycle primarily takes place in the mitochondrial matrix, which is the innermost compartment of the mitochondria. However, some reactions of the cycle also occur in the cytoplasm. In prokaryotic cells, which lack mitochondria, the entire Krebs cycle occurs in the cytoplasm. Therefore, the correct answer is "Mitochondrial matrix and cytoplasm."Rate this question:
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- 46.
Where does ETC occur in Euka and Proka
Correct Answer
Mitochondrial inner membrane and Plasma MembraneExplanation
ETC stands for Electron Transport Chain, which is a series of protein complexes embedded in the mitochondrial inner membrane in eukaryotic cells. This is where the majority of ATP synthesis occurs through oxidative phosphorylation. In prokaryotic cells, the ETC is located in the plasma membrane, which serves a similar function of generating ATP through the transfer of electrons. Therefore, the correct answer is that ETC occurs in both the mitochondrial inner membrane and the plasma membrane.Rate this question:
- 47.
Aerobic respiration is the final electron receptor in the ETC in molecular oxygen
- A.
True
- B.
False
Correct Answer
A. TrueExplanation
Aerobic respiration is the process by which cells use oxygen to produce energy. In this process, the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain (ETC) is molecular oxygen. Oxygen accepts the electrons and combines with hydrogen ions to form water. This is an essential step in the production of ATP, the energy currency of the cell. Therefore, the statement that aerobic respiration is the final electron receptor in the ETC in molecular oxygen is true.Rate this question:
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- 48.
Anaerobie respiration is the first electron acceptor in the ETC is O2, yields less energy than aeriobic respiration because only part of the Krebs cycles operations under anaerobic condtions
- A.
True
- B.
False
Correct Answer
B. FalseExplanation
this is the final electron acceptor in ETC is NOT o2Rate this question:
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- 49.
What does not require oxygen?
Correct Answer
Obligate AnaerobesExplanation
Obligate anaerobes are organisms that do not require oxygen to survive and can even be harmed by its presence. They are able to generate energy through anaerobic respiration, which does not involve the use of oxygen. These organisms have adapted to live in environments with low or no oxygen levels, such as deep-sea sediments or the intestines of animals. Unlike facultative anaerobes, which can switch between aerobic and anaerobic respiration depending on the availability of oxygen, obligate anaerobes solely rely on anaerobic processes for their metabolic needs.Rate this question:
- 50.
Any spoilage of food by microorganisms, Any process that produces alcoholic beverages or acidic dairy products, and any large scale microbial process occuring with or withouth air.
Correct Answer
FermentationExplanation
Fermentation refers to any process that involves the breakdown of organic substances by microorganisms, typically in the absence of oxygen. This can result in the spoilage of food by microorganisms, the production of alcoholic beverages or acidic dairy products, and the occurrence of large-scale microbial processes. Fermentation is a natural and common process used in various industries, such as brewing, winemaking, and food preservation. It is characterized by the conversion of sugars into alcohol, acids, or gases by the action of yeasts, bacteria, or other microorganisms.Rate this question:
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