Microbiology Immunology Pt 2

1.

A healthy immune response is responsible for?

Explanation
The immune response is responsible for the surveillance of the body to detect any potential threats or abnormalities. It checks for microbes, such as bacteria or viruses, that may enter the body. It also plays a crucial role in the recognition of foreign material, distinguishing between self and non-self. Lastly, the immune response is responsible for the destruction of foreign material, eliminating any harmful substances or pathogens that may pose a threat to the body.

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2.

What is the function of a leukocyte?

Explanation
Leukocytes, also known as white blood cells (WBCs), play a crucial role in the immune system. Their main function is to protect the body against foreign invaders such as bacteria, viruses, and other pathogens. They do this by recognizing and destroying these harmful substances, as well as by producing antibodies to neutralize them. Additionally, leukocytes are involved in the inflammatory response, helping to repair damaged tissues and promote healing. Overall, the function of leukocytes is to maintain the body's defense system and ensure its proper functioning.

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3.

What is the function of a neutrophil?

Explanation
Neutrophils are a type of white blood cell that play a crucial role in the immune system's response to infection. They are the first immune cells to arrive at the site of infection or inflammation, hence being referred to as "first to arrive." Neutrophils are also known as phagocytes because they have the ability to engulf and destroy pathogens through a process called phagocytosis. They are highly effective in eliminating bacteria and other harmful substances, making them an essential component of the body's defense mechanism.

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4.

What is the function of a eosinophil?

Explanation
Eosinophils are a type of white blood cell that play a role in the immune response against parasitic infections and allergic reactions. They release toxic substances that help kill and destroy eukaryotic pathogens, such as parasites, and also contribute to the destruction of eukaryotic cells involved in allergic responses. Therefore, the function of eosinophils is to destroy eukaryotic pathogens and eukaryotes involved in allergic reactions.

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5.

What is the function of a basophil?

Explanation
Basophils are a type of white blood cell that play a role in the immune response. They are known to release chemical mediators, which are substances that can influence the immune system and cause inflammation. These chemical mediators include histamine, heparin, and cytokines. By releasing these chemicals, basophils can help to regulate the immune response and defend against pathogens.

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6.

What is the function of a lymphocyte?

Explanation
Lymphocytes, specifically B and T cells, play a crucial role in the immune system by initiating specific immune responses. B cells are responsible for producing antibodies that can recognize and neutralize pathogens, while T cells help in coordinating the immune response and directly destroying infected cells. This specific immune response is essential for identifying and targeting specific pathogens, providing immunity against future infections.

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7.

What is the function of a monocyte?

Explanation
A monocyte is a type of white blood cell that plays a crucial role in the immune system. It functions as a phagocyte, meaning it is capable of engulfing and destroying foreign particles, such as bacteria, viruses, and cellular debris. This process, known as phagocytosis, helps to eliminate potential threats and maintain the overall health of the body. Monocytes also play a role in presenting antigens to other immune cells, helping to initiate an immune response. Therefore, the correct answer is "Phagocyte, phagocytic."

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8.

What are the characteristics of a leukocyte?

Explanation
The characteristics of a leukocyte include being part of the 2nd line of defense, which refers to the immune response that occurs after the initial barrier defenses have been breached. Leukocytes are also capable of diapedesis, which is the process of squeezing through blood vessel walls to reach infected or damaged tissues. Additionally, leukocytes exhibit chemotaxis, which is the ability to move towards areas of inflammation or infection in response to chemical signals. Therefore, the correct answer includes all of these characteristics: 2nd line of defense, diapedesis, and chemotaxis.

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9.

What is diapedesis?

Explanation
Diapedesis refers to the migration of cells out of blood vessels into the surrounding tissues. This process allows white blood cells, such as neutrophils and monocytes, to leave the bloodstream and enter the site of infection or injury. It is an essential part of the immune response, as it enables immune cells to reach the site of infection and carry out their protective functions. Diapedesis involves the active movement of cells through the endothelial lining of blood vessels, facilitated by the release of certain molecules and the rearrangement of cell junctions.

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10.

What is chemotaxis?

Explanation
Chemotaxis refers to the migration or movement of cells in response to specific chemicals present at the site of injury or infection. This process allows cells to navigate towards or away from chemical signals, aiding in the immune response and tissue repair. Both options mentioned in the answer correctly describe chemotaxis, highlighting the ability of cells to migrate towards chemicals at the injury site or in response to specific chemicals released during infection.

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11.

What does the lymphatic system do?

Explanation
The lymphatic system plays several important roles in the body. It provides an auxiliary route for the return of extracellular fluid to the circulatory system, helping to maintain fluid balance. It also acts as a drain off system for the inflammatory response, removing excess fluid and inflammatory molecules from tissues. Additionally, the lymphatic system is involved in immune function, rendering surveillance, recognition, and protection against foreign material such as bacteria and viruses.

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12.

What is the correct order of the stages of inflammation?

A.

Blood vessels dilate-> Edema swells tissues-> WBCs, microbes collect to form pus-> macrophages and neutrophils engage phagocytosis-> pyrogens induce fever
B.

Edema swells tissues->Blood vessels dilate-> pyrogens induce fever-> WBCs, microbes collect to form pus-> macrophages and neutrophils engage phagocytosis
C.

Blood vessels dilate-> Edema swells tissues-> WBCs, microbes collect to form pus-> macrophages and neutrophils engage phagocytosis
D.

Blood vessels dilate-> Edema swells tissues-> WBCs, microbes collect to form pus-> pyrogens induce fever-> macrophages and neutrophils engage phagocytosis
E.

Edema swells tissues-> Blood vessels dilate-> WBCs, microbes collect to form pus-> macrophages and neutrophils engage phagocytosis-> pyrogens induce fever

Correct Answer
D. Blood vessels dilate-> Edema swells tissues-> WBCs, microbes collect to form pus-> pyrogens induce fever-> macropHages and neutropHils engage pHagocytosis

Explanation
The correct order of the stages of inflammation is as follows: Blood vessels dilate, causing increased blood flow to the affected area. This leads to edema, or swelling of the tissues. As the inflammation progresses, white blood cells (WBCs) and microbes gather at the site, forming pus. Pyrogens, which are substances that induce fever, are released. Finally, macrophages and neutrophils engage in phagocytosis, which is the process of engulfing and destroying foreign particles or pathogens.

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