1.
Bacteria associated with infection of IV catheters and prosthetic devices?
Correct Answer
D. StapHylococci eoidermidis
Explanation
S.pneumoniae - lancet-shaped ( meningitis , otitis media, pneumonia, sinusitis )
Streotococcus mutans ( carries, endocarditis )
Staphylococci aureus ( abscess, pneumonia, toxic shock, food posining, MRSA, endocarditis , osteomylitis )
2.
All are Non-spore forming bacteria except?
Correct Answer
B. Clostridum
Explanation
actinomyces - sulfur granules
3.
Waterhouse-friderichsen syndrome caused by?
Correct Answer
A. Neisseria meningitidis
Explanation
Neisseria gonorrhoeae - urethritis , PID , vaginal discharge , septic arthritis
E.coli- ( UTI , traveler diarrhea, dysentry )
H.pylori - ( gastritis, peptic ulcer )
Salmonella flagella ( typhoid fever )
4.
Bloody diarrhea ?
Correct Answer
B. Shigella
Explanation
E.coli ( traveler diarrhea )
Vibrio cholerae ( watery diarrhea )
bacteriodes ( periodontits )
5.
Herpangina and Hand-foot-and-mouth disease caused by?
Correct Answer
C. Coxsackie A virus
Explanation
Echovirus - aseptic meningitis
Rhinovirus - common cold
Coxsackie B virus - oleurodynia, myocarditis, pericarditis
6.
Paramyxovirus cause ?
Correct Answer
E. All of these
Explanation
Parainfluenza ( croup, bronchiolitis , common cold )
RSV ( bronchiolitis , pneumonia )
mumps ( parotitis , orchitis , deafness
7.
Reyes syndrome caused by?
Correct Answer
B. Influenza
Explanation
HPV ( Warts )
retrovirus ( HTLV - adult T-cell leukemia )
adenovirus ( pharyngitis, conjuctivitis )
8.
Hepatitis B caused by?
Correct Answer
C. Hepadnavirus
Explanation
Picornavirus- Hep A
Flavivirus - hep C
Delta virus - hep D
9.
________ is the micro-organism most commonly found on the surface of tongue
Correct Answer
streptococcus salivarius
Explanation
Streptococcus salivarius is the correct answer because it is a type of bacteria that is commonly found on the surface of the tongue. It is a normal part of the oral microbiota and is considered beneficial for oral health. Streptococcus salivarius helps to maintain a healthy balance of bacteria in the mouth and can help prevent the colonization of harmful bacteria. Therefore, it is the most commonly found microorganism on the surface of the tongue.
10.
Eggshell calcification occur in
Correct Answer
Silicosis
Explanation
Eggshell calcification refers to the deposition of calcium in the form of a thin layer on the surface of structures, resembling the shell of an egg. Silicosis is a lung disease caused by inhaling silica dust, usually from occupations such as mining, construction, and sandblasting. In silicosis, the lungs become inflamed and scarred due to the deposition of silica particles. The inflammation and scarring can lead to the formation of eggshell calcifications in the lung tissue. Therefore, eggshell calcification is a characteristic finding in silicosis.
11.
Calcinosis occur in
Correct Answer
sclerodema and dermamyositis
Explanation
Calcinosis is a condition characterized by the deposition of calcium salts in soft tissues. It commonly occurs in scleroderma and dermatomyositis. Scleroderma is an autoimmune disease that affects the skin and connective tissues, causing them to become hard and thick. Dermatomyositis is an inflammatory disease that affects the muscles and skin. Both conditions can lead to the formation of calcium deposits in the affected tissues, causing pain, stiffness, and limited mobility. Therefore, the correct answer is scleroderma and dermatomyositis.
12.
Hemosiderin detected histologicaly by
Correct Answer
prussian blue stain
Explanation
Hemosiderin is a pigment that indicates the presence of iron in tissues. It can be detected histologically using the Prussian blue stain. This stain specifically reacts with iron, causing hemosiderin to appear blue under a microscope. Therefore, the Prussian blue stain is the appropriate method for identifying hemosiderin in tissue samples.
13.
Primary mediator of anaphylaxis
Correct Answer
histamine
Explanation
Histamine is the primary mediator of anaphylaxis. Anaphylaxis is a severe allergic reaction that occurs when the immune system overreacts to an allergen. Histamine is released by mast cells and basophils in response to allergens, and it triggers a cascade of immune and inflammatory responses. Histamine causes blood vessels to dilate, leading to a drop in blood pressure and increased permeability of blood vessels, which can result in swelling and hives. It also stimulates the production of mucus and causes bronchoconstriction, leading to difficulty in breathing. Overall, histamine plays a crucial role in the development and progression of anaphylaxis.
14.
Primary mediator of asthma
Correct Answer
Luekotriene
Explanation
Leukotrienes are a type of inflammatory mediators that play a crucial role in asthma. They are produced by immune cells such as mast cells and eosinophils in response to allergens or irritants. Leukotrienes cause bronchoconstriction, inflammation, and mucus production in the airways, leading to the characteristic symptoms of asthma, including wheezing, coughing, and shortness of breath. Therefore, leukotrienes are considered the primary mediators of asthma.
15.
_____ cells are major dentric cells of gingival epithelium
Correct Answer
Langerhans cells
Explanation
Langerhans cells are major dendritic cells of the gingival epithelium. These cells are a type of antigen-presenting cell that play a crucial role in the immune response by capturing antigens and presenting them to T cells. Langerhans cells are found in the skin and mucosal tissues, including the gingiva. They are responsible for initiating immune responses against pathogens that enter the oral cavity, helping to protect the gingival tissues from infection and inflammation.
16.
_____ and _____ are only antibody that activate complement system
Correct Answer
IgM IgG
Explanation
IgM and IgG are the only antibodies that can activate the complement system. The complement system is a part of the immune system that helps in the destruction of pathogens. IgM is the first antibody produced during an immune response, and it can activate the complement system by binding to antigens on the surface of pathogens. IgG, on the other hand, is the most abundant antibody in the bloodstream and can also activate the complement system by binding to antigens. Together, IgM and IgG play a crucial role in the activation of the complement system and the elimination of pathogens.
17.
Dengue fever caused by?
Correct Answer
Arbovirus
Explanation
Dengue fever is caused by a group of viruses known as arboviruses. Arboviruses are transmitted to humans through the bite of infected mosquitoes, particularly the Aedes species. These viruses replicate in the mosquito's salivary glands and are then transmitted to humans when the mosquito bites and feeds on their blood. The most common arbovirus causing dengue fever is the dengue virus itself, which belongs to the Flaviviridae family. Other arboviruses that can cause dengue-like symptoms include Zika virus and chikungunya virus.
18.
Only double standard RNA virus is ?
Correct Answer
Reovirus
Explanation
Reovirus is the only double-stranded RNA virus. Double-stranded RNA viruses have their genetic material in the form of double-stranded RNA, which is different from other types of viruses that have either single-stranded RNA or DNA as their genetic material. Reovirus is a non-enveloped virus that infects mammals, including humans, and can cause respiratory and gastrointestinal infections. Its unique double-stranded RNA structure allows it to replicate and transcribe its genetic material efficiently within the host cell.
19.
Trisomy 18
Correct Answer
Edward syndrome
Explanation
Edward syndrome, also known as Trisomy 18, is a genetic disorder caused by the presence of an extra copy of chromosome 18. This condition is characterized by a variety of physical abnormalities and developmental delays. Babies born with Edward syndrome often have low birth weight, heart defects, clenched fists, and overlapping fingers. They may also experience intellectual disability and have a shortened lifespan. The correct answer, Edward syndrome, refers to this specific genetic disorder and is synonymous with Trisomy 18.
20.
XO
Correct Answer
Turner syndrome
21.
Most common fatal genetic disease in white children?
Correct Answer
Cystic fibrosis
Explanation
Cystic fibrosis is the most common fatal genetic disease in white children. It is a hereditary condition that affects the lungs and digestive system, causing thick, sticky mucus to build up in these areas. This mucus can clog the airways and lead to frequent lung infections and difficulty breathing. In the digestive system, it can interfere with the body's ability to absorb nutrients from food. Although cystic fibrosis is not curable, medical advancements have improved the quality of life and life expectancy for those affected.
22.
Right sided CHF result in _______ edema
Correct Answer
Peripheral
Explanation
Right sided CHF, or right-sided congestive heart failure, occurs when the right side of the heart is unable to pump blood effectively. This can lead to fluid accumulation in the body, particularly in the peripheral areas such as the legs, ankles, and feet. This type of edema is known as peripheral edema. It is caused by increased pressure in the veins and capillaries, which forces fluid out into the surrounding tissues. Peripheral edema is a common symptom of right-sided CHF and can cause swelling, discomfort, and difficulty moving.
23.
Left sided CHF result in ________ edema
Correct Answer
Pulmonary
Explanation
Left-sided congestive heart failure (CHF) occurs when the left side of the heart is unable to pump blood effectively. This leads to a backup of blood in the lungs, causing fluid to leak into the lung tissue. This accumulation of fluid in the lungs is known as pulmonary edema. Symptoms of pulmonary edema include shortness of breath, coughing, wheezing, and difficulty breathing. Therefore, the correct answer is "Pulmonary" as left-sided CHF results in pulmonary edema.
24.
Fat embolism occur in
Correct Answer
Long bone fracture
Explanation
Fat embolism occurs in long bone fractures because when a long bone is fractured, the fat from the bone marrow can leak into the bloodstream. This fat can then travel to other parts of the body, such as the lungs, brain, or heart, and cause blockages in the blood vessels. This can lead to serious complications, such as respiratory distress, confusion, or even organ failure. Therefore, long bone fractures are a known risk factor for fat embolism.
25.
Gas embolism occur in?
Correct Answer
Caisson's disease
Explanation
Gas embolism occurs in Caisson's disease. Caisson's disease, also known as decompression sickness, is a condition that can occur when a person ascends too quickly from a high-pressure environment, such as deep-sea diving or working in a pressurized environment like a caisson. The rapid decrease in pressure causes dissolved gases, such as nitrogen, to form bubbles in the bloodstream. These bubbles can then block blood vessels, leading to various symptoms including joint pain, dizziness, and even paralysis or death in severe cases.
26.
Most common cause of secondary hypertension
Correct Answer
renal disease
Explanation
Renal disease is the most common cause of secondary hypertension. The kidneys play a crucial role in regulating blood pressure by controlling the balance of fluids and electrolytes in the body. When the kidneys are affected by a disease or condition, such as chronic kidney disease or renal artery stenosis, they may not be able to effectively regulate blood pressure, leading to hypertension. Additionally, certain renal conditions, like polycystic kidney disease or glomerulonephritis, can directly cause high blood pressure. Therefore, renal disease is a common underlying factor in the development of secondary hypertension.
27.
Becks triad in cardiac temponade include all except
Correct Answer
A. Increase BP
Explanation
Beck's triad is a set of three classic signs associated with cardiac tamponade, a condition where fluid accumulates in the pericardial sac and compresses the heart. The three signs are hypotension (decrease in blood pressure), distension of the jugular veins, and muffled heart sounds. Therefore, the correct answer is "Increase BP" because it is not a part of Beck's triad.
28.
Diagnosis of Rheumatoid fever with
Correct Answer
Jones criteria
Explanation
The Jones criteria is a set of diagnostic criteria used to identify Rheumatic fever. It includes major criteria such as carditis, polyarthritis, chorea, erythema marginatum, and subcutaneous nodules, as well as minor criteria such as fever, arthralgia, elevated acute phase reactants, prolonged PR interval, and previous Rheumatic fever or Rheumatic heart disease. The diagnosis of Rheumatic fever is made when there is evidence of recent streptococcal infection along with the presence of either two major criteria or one major criterion and two minor criteria. Therefore, the Jones criteria is used to diagnose Rheumatic fever.
29.
Cardiac enzymes elevated after MI
Correct Answer
CK MB TnT myoglobin
Explanation
Cardiac enzymes such as CK MB, TnT, and myoglobin are elevated after a myocardial infarction (MI), also known as a heart attack. These enzymes are released into the bloodstream when there is damage to the heart muscle. CK MB is an isoenzyme of creatine kinase that is specific to the heart, while TnT is a component of troponin, a protein found in heart muscle cells. Myoglobin is a protein that transports oxygen and is also released into the bloodstream after heart muscle damage. Therefore, the elevated levels of CK MB, TnT, and myoglobin indicate a recent myocardial infarction.
30.
Pulmonary edema caused by
Correct Answer
Heart failure ARDS
Explanation
Pulmonary edema refers to the accumulation of fluid in the lungs, which can be caused by various factors. In this case, the correct answer suggests that the cause of pulmonary edema is heart failure and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Heart failure occurs when the heart cannot pump blood effectively, leading to fluid backup in the lungs. ARDS, on the other hand, is a severe lung condition that can result from various causes, including infections or injuries. Both heart failure and ARDS can contribute to the development of pulmonary edema by impairing the normal functioning of the lungs and causing fluid accumulation.
31.
Treatment for acute asthmatic attack ?
Correct Answer
B. B2 agonist
Explanation
Epinephrine- chronic ashtmatic attack
32.
Main cause of COPD
Correct Answer
Smoking
Explanation
Smoking is the main cause of COPD. COPD, or Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, is a progressive lung disease that makes it difficult to breathe. Smoking damages the airways and air sacs in the lungs, causing inflammation and narrowing of the air passages. This leads to symptoms such as coughing, wheezing, and shortness of breath. Long-term smoking significantly increases the risk of developing COPD, making it the primary cause of the disease. Quitting smoking is crucial in preventing and managing COPD.
33.
Pink puffer in?
Correct Answer
Emphysema
Explanation
Emphysema is a type of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) characterized by the destruction of the air sacs in the lungs, leading to difficulty in breathing. The term "pink puffer" is often used to describe patients with emphysema because they tend to have a pink complexion due to increased red blood cell production as a compensatory mechanism for low oxygen levels. This nickname distinguishes emphysema from another type of COPD called chronic bronchitis, which is often referred to as "blue bloater" due to the bluish discoloration of the skin caused by low oxygen levels.
34.
Causes of Pan-lobular emphysema
Correct Answer
B. Familial antiproteanase def ( dec alpHa 1 trypsin )
Explanation
Smoking - centri-lobular emphysema
35.
Barrel chest on X-ray ?
Correct Answer
A. EmpHysema
Explanation
Emphysema is a condition characterized by the destruction of the air sacs in the lungs, resulting in the enlargement of the air spaces and loss of lung elasticity. This leads to a barrel-shaped chest on X-ray due to the increased lung volume. The other options, chronic bronchitis, atelectasis, and COPD, may also present with certain changes on X-ray, but the specific finding of a barrel chest is most commonly associated with emphysema.
36.
Blue bloaster in?
Correct Answer
chronic bronchitis
37.
_________ occur in coal worker = black lung disease
Correct Answer
Anthracosis
Explanation
Anthracosis is the correct answer because it is a condition that occurs in coal workers, commonly known as black lung disease. This disease is caused by the inhalation of coal dust over a prolonged period of time, leading to the accumulation of carbon particles in the lungs. The black coloration of the lungs is a characteristic feature of anthracosis. Symptoms of this disease include coughing, shortness of breath, and chest pain.
38.
Pnemoconosis caused by inhalation of cotton particles called?
Correct Answer
Byssinosis
Explanation
Byssinosis is a type of pneumoconiosis caused by the inhalation of cotton particles. It is commonly seen in workers who are exposed to cotton dust, such as textile workers. Inhalation of these particles over time can lead to inflammation and scarring of the lungs, resulting in symptoms like coughing, wheezing, and shortness of breath. Byssinosis is a specific form of pneumoconiosis that is caused by cotton dust, distinguishing it from other types of pneumoconiosis caused by different particulates.
39.
Ferruginous bodies found in?
Correct Answer
asbertosis
40.
Sarcoidosis findings
Correct Answer
E. All of them
Explanation
The correct answer is "All of them" because sarcoidosis is a systemic inflammatory disease that can affect multiple organs and systems in the body. Enlarged hilar lymph nodes are a common finding in sarcoidosis, often seen on chest imaging. Uveitis, inflammation of the uvea (middle layer of the eye), can occur in sarcoidosis and cause symptoms such as eye redness and pain. Polyarthritis, inflammation of multiple joints, can also be seen in sarcoidosis. Hypercalcemia, an elevated level of calcium in the blood, can occur due to increased production of vitamin D by sarcoid granulomas. Therefore, all of these findings can be seen in sarcoidosis.
41.
Lobar penumonia caused by?
Correct Answer
D. Pnemococcus
Explanation
Bronchopenumonia caused by ( staph. aureus, H.inf, Klebsiella, Strep pyogen)
Interstitional penumonia - RSV , adenovirus, mycoplasma, legionella
42.
Most common causes of lung abcess
Correct Answer(s)
A. Alcoholism
C. StapHylococcus
Explanation
Alcoholism is a common cause of lung abscess because excessive alcohol consumption weakens the immune system, making individuals more susceptible to infections. Staphylococcus is also a common cause as it is a bacteria commonly found in the respiratory tract and can cause lung abscess when it enters the lungs. Therefore, individuals who are alcoholics and infected with Staphylococcus are at a higher risk of developing a lung abscess.
43.
Lesion like millet seed
Correct Answer(s)
Miliary TB
Explanation
Miliary TB is a form of tuberculosis that is characterized by the presence of numerous tiny lesions in various organs, resembling millet seeds. These lesions are caused by the spread of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis bacteria through the bloodstream. Miliary TB can affect multiple organs, including the lungs, liver, spleen, and brain. It can present with symptoms such as fever, weight loss, cough, and difficulty breathing. Diagnosis is typically made through imaging tests, such as chest X-rays or CT scans, which reveal the characteristic millet seed-like lesions. Treatment involves a combination of antibiotics for an extended period to eradicate the infection.
44.
Bird beak appearance on barrium swallow
Correct Answer(s)
achalasia
Explanation
Achalasia is a disorder that affects the esophagus and causes difficulty in swallowing. It occurs when the muscles of the lower esophageal sphincter (LES) do not relax properly, leading to the narrowing of the esophagus and the accumulation of food and liquid. This can result in a bird beak appearance on a barium swallow, which is a radiographic test used to evaluate the swallowing function. The narrowing of the esophagus resembles the shape of a bird's beak, hence the term.
45.
Treatment of achalasia
Correct Answer
E. All of them
Explanation
All of the mentioned treatment options, including myotomy, Botox injection, pneumatic dilation, and Ca channel blocker, are used for the treatment of achalasia. Achalasia is a condition characterized by the inability of the lower esophageal sphincter to relax, leading to difficulty in swallowing. Myotomy involves surgically cutting the muscle fibers of the lower esophageal sphincter to relieve the obstruction. Botox injection temporarily paralyzes the sphincter muscles, allowing easier passage of food. Pneumatic dilation involves stretching the sphincter using a balloon. Ca channel blockers relax the smooth muscles of the esophagus. All of these treatments aim to improve the symptoms and restore normal swallowing function in patients with achalasia.
46.
Treatment of GERD
Correct Answer(s)
B. Antacid
C. PP inhibitor
Explanation
Antacids are a common treatment for GERD (gastroesophageal reflux disease) as they help neutralize stomach acid and provide relief from symptoms such as heartburn. PP inhibitors, also known as proton pump inhibitors, are another effective treatment for GERD. They work by reducing the production of stomach acid, providing long-lasting relief. Ca channel inhibitors, on the other hand, are not commonly used for the treatment of GERD. They are more commonly used to treat conditions such as high blood pressure. Therefore, the correct answer is antacid and PP inhibitor.
47.
Complication of GERD
Correct Answer(s)
barrets esophagus
Explanation
Barrett's esophagus is a complication of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). It occurs when the lining of the esophagus is damaged by stomach acid and is replaced by abnormal cells similar to those found in the intestine. This condition increases the risk of developing esophageal cancer. Regular monitoring and treatment are necessary to manage Barrett's esophagus and prevent further complications.
48.
Zollinger Ellsion triad include all except?
Correct Answer
C. Kidney stone
Explanation
Zollinger-Ellison syndrome is a rare condition characterized by the presence of a gastrin-secreting tumor in the pancreas, known as a gastrinoma. This tumor leads to excessive production of gastric acid, resulting in peptic ulcers. Therefore, peptic ulcer and increased gastric secretion are both features of Zollinger-Ellison syndrome. However, kidney stones are not associated with this syndrome. Therefore, the correct answer is kidney stone.
49.
Causes of peptic ulcer
Correct Answer(s)
A. NSAID
B. Hypersecretion
C. H.pylori
D. Cigrette
Explanation
The given answer lists the causes of peptic ulcers as NSAID use, hypersecretion, H. pylori infection, and cigarette smoking. Peptic ulcers can be caused by the long-term use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) such as aspirin or ibuprofen, which can irritate the lining of the stomach and small intestine. Hypersecretion refers to the excessive production of stomach acid, which can lead to the erosion of the stomach lining. H. pylori is a type of bacteria that can infect the stomach and cause inflammation, leading to the development of ulcers. Cigarette smoking has been shown to increase the risk of peptic ulcers by interfering with the protective mechanisms of the stomach lining.
50.
Cobblestone appearance and transluminal inflammation in
Correct Answer
B. Crohns disease
Explanation
Cholestrolosis - strawberry gallblader