Nursing Informatics Certification Exam Prep Test

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  • 1/60 Questions

     WWW means _________.

    • World wide web
    • World war web
    • World wide war
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About This Quiz

Are you preparing for the Nursing Informatics Certification Exam? This advancement in technology makes it possible to integrate patient information for support. Do you know how to ensure that the documentation is perfect? Do take up the quiz and get to learn more about the system. All the best and have as much practice as you need to understand it!

Nursing Informatics Certification Exam Prep Test - Quiz

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  • 2. 

    The physical components of a computer is referred to as

    • Hardware

    • Software

    • Peopleware

    • Electronic

    Correct Answer
    A. Hardware
    Explanation
    The physical components of a computer, such as the motherboard, processor, memory, and storage devices, are collectively referred to as hardware. Hardware is tangible and can be seen and touched. It is responsible for executing and processing the instructions provided by software. While software refers to the programs and applications that run on the computer, peopleware refers to the human users and their interactions with the computer system. "Electronic" is not an appropriate term to describe the physical components of a computer.

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  • 3. 

    What is the most commonly used input device?

    • Keyboard and mouse

    • Keyboard and scanner

    • Scanner and mouse

    • Scanner and keyboard

    Correct Answer
    A. Keyboard and mouse
    Explanation
    The most commonly used input device is the keyboard and mouse. These two devices are essential for interacting with a computer system. The keyboard allows users to input text and commands, while the mouse enables users to navigate and interact with graphical user interfaces. Together, they form the primary means of input for most computer users, making them the most commonly used input devices.

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  • 4. 

    A class of computers that contains features of both analog and digital computer.

    • Digital

    • Analog

    • Hybrid

    • Electronic

    Correct Answer
    A. Hybrid
    Explanation
    A hybrid computer is a class of computers that combines the features of both analog and digital computers. Analog computers are capable of processing continuous data and performing complex calculations, while digital computers process discrete data and perform logical operations. A hybrid computer combines the speed and accuracy of digital computers with the ability to process real-world, continuous data like analog computers. It is designed to handle both numerical and non-numerical data efficiently, making it suitable for applications that require both types of processing capabilities.

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  • 5. 

    Computer programs that makes the computer work

    • Hardware

    • Software

    • Peopleware

    • Electronic

    Correct Answer
    A. Software
    Explanation
    Software refers to the programs and operating systems that run on a computer, enabling it to perform various tasks and functions. It is responsible for instructing the hardware components of a computer to carry out specific operations. Without software, the hardware would not be able to function or perform any tasks. Therefore, software is essential for making a computer work effectively and efficiently.

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  • 6. 

    It is referred as the brain of the computer.

    • Output device

    • Memory

    • Input device

    • CPU

    • Process

    Correct Answer
    A. CPU
    Explanation
    The CPU (Central Processing Unit) is often referred to as the brain of the computer because it is responsible for executing instructions and performing calculations. It controls and coordinates all the activities of the computer system, including processing data, managing memory, and interacting with input and output devices. Without the CPU, a computer would not be able to function properly as it is the main component that carries out the majority of the computer's processing tasks. Therefore, the CPU is commonly associated with being the "brain" of the computer.

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  • 7. 

    The working memory that is used for primary storage is referred to as

    • RAM

    • ROM

    • CPU

    • ALU

    • MU

    Correct Answer
    A. RAM
    Explanation
    RAM stands for Random Access Memory. It is a type of computer memory that is used for primary storage. RAM is a volatile memory, meaning that its contents are lost when the power is turned off. It is used by the computer to store data that is currently being used or processed. Unlike ROM (Read-Only Memory) which is non-volatile and contains permanent instructions for the computer, RAM allows for quick access and retrieval of data, making it ideal for primary storage. CPU (Central Processing Unit) is the main component that performs most of the processing inside a computer, ALU (Arithmetic Logic Unit) is a subunit of the CPU that performs arithmetic and logical operations, and MU (Memory Unit) is a general term for any type of computer memory.

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  • 8. 

    A program that allows users to access resources from the web is referred to as

    • MS Word

    • Photoshop

    • MS Access

    • Web browser

    Correct Answer
    A. Web browser
    Explanation
    A web browser is a program that allows users to access resources from the web. It is used to navigate and view websites, download files, and interact with web-based applications. MS Word, Photoshop, and MS Access are not web browsers as they are software applications used for word processing, image editing, and database management respectively.

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  • 9. 

    What datatype that is appropriate entries in a form of amount or money?

    • Currency

    • Character

    • Text

    • Logical

    Correct Answer
    A. Currency
    Explanation
    The appropriate datatype for entries in a form of amount or money is currency. This datatype is specifically designed to handle numerical values representing currency and provides built-in functionality for handling decimal places and formatting. Using the currency datatype ensures that calculations involving money are accurate and consistent.

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  • 10. 

    The computer that provides resources to a network is called

    • Networking

    • Network

    • topology

    • Server

    Correct Answer
    A. Server
    Explanation
    A server is a computer that provides resources to a network. It is responsible for managing and distributing network resources such as files, data, and applications to other computers or devices on the network. Servers are designed to handle multiple requests from clients and ensure efficient communication and sharing of resources within the network.

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  • 11. 

     In MS Access, a database can have 1 or more tables.

    • True

    • False

    • Non of the choices

    Correct Answer
    A. True
    Explanation
    In MS Access, a database can have multiple tables. This allows for the organization and storage of different types of data within the same database. Tables are used to store and manage data in a structured manner, making it easier to retrieve and manipulate information. By allowing multiple tables in a database, MS Access provides flexibility and scalability for handling complex data requirements.

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  • 12. 

    ______ are raw facts that are without meaning.

    • Data

    • Database

    • Tables

    • Information

    Correct Answer
    A. Data
    Explanation
    Data refers to raw facts or figures that lack any meaningful interpretation or context. It is the basic building block of information and is typically unprocessed and unorganized. Data becomes meaningful when it is processed, analyzed, and interpreted to generate useful information. Therefore, data can be considered as raw facts without any inherent meaning until it is processed and transformed into meaningful information.

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  • 13. 

    A ___________ is a computer system that supports some aspect of the human decision-making process.

    • Transaction Systems

    • Decision support systems

    • Physiologic monitoring systems

    • Management information systems

    Correct Answer
    A. Decision support systems
    Explanation
    A decision support system is a computer system that supports some aspect of the human decision-making process. It provides users with the tools and information necessary to analyze complex problems and make informed decisions. Unlike transaction systems, which are focused on processing and recording transactions, decision support systems are designed to assist in decision-making by providing data analysis, modeling, and simulation capabilities. Physiologic monitoring systems are used to monitor and analyze physiological parameters, while management information systems are designed to support operational activities and provide information for managerial decision-making.

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  • 14. 

    ____________ are widely used in hospital patient care units, in surgery and more commonly in private homes.

    • Transaction Systems

    • Decision support systems

    • Physiologic monitoring systems

    • Management information systems

    Correct Answer
    A. Physiologic monitoring systems
    Explanation
    Physiologic monitoring systems are widely used in hospital patient care units, in surgery, and more commonly in private homes. These systems are designed to monitor and record various physiological parameters of patients, such as heart rate, blood pressure, oxygen saturation, and temperature. They provide real-time data to healthcare professionals, allowing them to closely monitor the patient's condition and make informed decisions regarding their care. Additionally, these systems can be used by individuals at home to monitor their own health and detect any abnormalities or changes that may require medical attention.

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  • 15. 

    A type of hardware that is used to output the results processed by the computer is called

    • Input device

    • Output device

    • Storage

    • Process

    Correct Answer
    A. Output device
    Explanation
    An output device is a type of hardware that is used to display or transmit the results processed by the computer. It allows the computer to communicate or present information to the user or other devices. Examples of output devices include monitors, printers, speakers, and projectors. These devices convert the processed data into a readable or usable form for the user or other devices.

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  • 16. 

    CD-ROM, Hard drive, USB disk and diskettes are types of

    • Input device

    • Output device

    • Process

    • Storage media

    Correct Answer
    A. Storage media
    Explanation
    CD-ROM, hard drive, USB disk, and diskettes are all types of storage media. Storage media refers to devices or materials used to store and retrieve data. CD-ROMs are optical discs that can store large amounts of data, hard drives are magnetic storage devices commonly used in computers, USB disks are portable storage devices that use flash memory, and diskettes are magnetic storage devices that were commonly used in the past. Therefore, all of these options fall under the category of storage media.

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  • 17. 

    The art and science of creating networks is referred to as

    • Networking

    • Network

    • Topology

    • Server

    Correct Answer
    A. Networking
    Explanation
    The correct answer is "networking" because it is the term used to describe the process of creating networks. Networking involves connecting devices and systems together to enable communication and data sharing. It encompasses both the technical aspects of setting up and configuring networks, as well as the strategic planning and design involved in creating efficient and secure network infrastructures.

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  • 18. 

    Users, manipulators that make the computer work

    • Hardware

    • Software

    • Peopleware

    • Electrons

    Correct Answer
    A. Peopleware
    Explanation
    Peopleware refers to the human aspect of computer systems, including the individuals who design, develop, operate, and use them. It encompasses the knowledge, skills, and expertise of people in utilizing hardware and software effectively to achieve desired outcomes. Peopleware recognizes the importance of human factors, such as communication, collaboration, leadership, and organizational culture, in the successful functioning of computer systems. Therefore, the answer "peopleware" accurately describes the users and manipulators who make the computer work by utilizing hardware and software efficiently.

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  • 19. 

    Processed data is known as

    • data

    • Database

    • tables

    • Information

    Correct Answer
    A. Information
    Explanation
    Processed data refers to the data that has been analyzed, organized, and transformed into a meaningful format. It is the result of applying various operations, calculations, and manipulations to raw data. Once data has been processed, it becomes information that can be used to make decisions, gain insights, or communicate findings. Therefore, the correct answer is information.

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  • 20. 

    A unit of data in the binary numbering system.

    • Hexadecimal

    • Numeral

    • Bits and Bytes

    • None of the choices

    Correct Answer
    A. Bits and Bytes
    Explanation
    Bits and Bytes are units of data in the binary numbering system. A bit is the smallest unit of data and can have a value of either 0 or 1. It is used to represent the most basic form of information in computers. A byte, on the other hand, is a group of 8 bits and is used to represent larger units of data. Therefore, both bits and bytes are essential components in the binary numbering system and are used to store and process information in computers.

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  • 21. 

    For a computer to work, it must have a way of receiving commands.  This is done through the use of

    • Diskettes

    • Printer

    • CPU

    • Input devices

    Correct Answer
    A. Input devices
    Explanation
    In order for a computer to function properly, it needs to be able to receive commands or instructions. This is accomplished through the use of input devices. Input devices such as keyboards, mice, and touchscreens allow users to input commands and interact with the computer. Without input devices, the computer would not be able to receive any instructions and therefore would not be able to perform any tasks. Diskettes, printer, and CPU are not directly responsible for receiving commands from users, making them incorrect options.

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  • 22. 

    A type of storage media that has very high speed and high density that can store large capacity of files.

    • USB disk

    • Diskette

    • CD ROM

    • Hard drive

    Correct Answer
    A. Hard drive
    Explanation
    A hard drive is a type of storage media that offers both high speed and high density. It can store large capacities of files, making it an ideal choice for storing vast amounts of data. Unlike other options listed, such as USB disks, diskettes, and CD ROMs, a hard drive provides faster access to data and can hold much more information due to its larger capacity.

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  • 23. 

    A type of software that is designed to help the user to perform singular or multiple related specific tasks.

    • Network Software

    • Application Software

    • Operating System

    • Internet Software

    Correct Answer
    A. Application Software
    Explanation
    Application software refers to a type of software that is specifically designed to assist users in performing singular or multiple related specific tasks. Unlike operating systems or network software, application software is focused on providing functionality and features that cater to the needs of users in various domains. It can range from productivity tools like word processors and spreadsheets to specialized software for graphic design, video editing, or accounting. Application software is typically user-friendly and intuitive, allowing users to accomplish their tasks efficiently and effectively.

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  • 24. 

    A class of computer that operates on discrete discontinuous  numerical digits using the binary numbering system.

    • Analog

    • Digital

    • Hybrid

    • None of the choices

    Correct Answer
    A. Digital
    Explanation
    A class of computer that operates on discrete discontinuous numerical digits using the binary numbering system is referred to as a digital computer. Digital computers use binary code, which consists of only two digits (0 and 1), to represent and process information. This allows for precise and accurate calculations and data manipulation, making digital computers suitable for a wide range of applications. Analog computers, on the other hand, operate on continuous data and use analog signals to represent and process information. Hybrid computers combine features of both digital and analog computers.

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  • 25. 

    A system that is used to process predefined transactions and produce predefined reports is referred to as _______.

    • Transaction Systems

    • Decision support systems

    • Physiologic monitoring systems

    • Management information systems

    Correct Answer
    A. Transaction Systems
    Explanation
    A system that is used to process predefined transactions and produce predefined reports is referred to as Transaction Systems. This type of system is specifically designed to handle and process transactions efficiently and accurately. It is focused on executing predefined tasks and generating reports based on these transactions. Decision support systems, physiologic monitoring systems, and management information systems may have different functionalities and purposes, but they are not specifically designed for processing predefined transactions and producing predefined reports like Transaction Systems.

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  • 26. 

    Modem is short for

    • Modulating and demodulating device

    • Model and demodelling device

    • Modelating and demodelating device

    • None of the above

    Correct Answer
    A. Modulating and demodulating device
    Explanation
    A modem is a device that modulates and demodulates signals. Modulation is the process of converting digital data into analog signals for transmission, while demodulation is the process of converting analog signals back into digital data for reception. Therefore, the correct answer is "modulating and demodulating device."

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  • 27. 

    A topology that is connected in a ring fashion and if one computer fails, none of the computers could share resources.

    • Star

    • ring

    • Bus

    • Mesh

    • hybrid

    Correct Answer
    A. ring
    Explanation
    A ring topology is a network configuration where the computers are connected in a circular manner, forming a ring. In this setup, each computer is connected to two other computers, creating a continuous loop. If one computer fails in a ring topology, it breaks the loop and disrupts the entire network. As a result, none of the computers can share resources or communicate with each other. Therefore, the given answer "ring" is correct as it accurately describes a network topology where the failure of one computer affects the entire network.

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  • 28. 

    What type of software that supervises the computer's system resources?

    • Network Software

    • Application Software

    • Operating System

    • Internet Software

    Correct Answer
    A. Operating System
    Explanation
    The correct answer is operating system. The operating system is responsible for managing and supervising the computer's system resources such as memory, CPU, and disk space. It provides a platform for other software applications to run and ensures that all resources are allocated efficiently. Without an operating system, the computer would not be able to function properly. Network software, application software, and internet software are all different types of software that run on top of the operating system.

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  • 29. 

    A type of information systems that provide managers information about their business operations is known as

    • Transaction Systems

    • Decision support systems

    • Physiologic monitoring systems

    • Management information systems

    Correct Answer
    A. Management information systems
    Explanation
    Management information systems are designed to provide managers with information about their business operations. These systems collect, process, and present data in a way that helps managers make informed decisions. Transaction systems are focused on recording and processing business transactions, while decision support systems assist in decision-making processes. Physiologic monitoring systems are used in healthcare to monitor patients' vital signs. Therefore, management information systems are the most appropriate type of information systems for providing managers with information about their business operations.

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  • 30. 

    The type of memory that sotrage is not erased even if computer is turned off is called

    • RAM

    • ROM

    • CPU

    • ALU

    • MU

    Correct Answer
    A. ROM
    Explanation
    ROM stands for Read-Only Memory. It is a type of memory that retains data even when the computer is turned off or loses power. Unlike RAM (Random Access Memory), which is volatile and loses its data when power is cut off, ROM is non-volatile and its contents are permanently stored. This makes ROM ideal for storing important system instructions and firmware that need to be accessed every time the computer is turned on. Therefore, the correct answer is ROM.

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  • 31. 

    Files that contain data that have been captured and stored on a computer using a software program.

    • Data file

    • Executable file

    • Text file

    • Processing file

    Correct Answer
    A. Data file
    Explanation
    The given definition describes files that contain captured and stored data on a computer using a software program. These files are commonly known as data files. Data files can store various types of information such as text, numbers, images, or any other form of data. They are created, accessed, and manipulated by software applications to perform specific tasks or store relevant information.

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  • 32. 

    Computer process is done using what device in the computer.

    • Input device

    • Output device

    • CPU

    • Storage media

    Correct Answer
    A. CPU
    Explanation
    The computer process is performed using the CPU (Central Processing Unit). The CPU is responsible for executing instructions and performing calculations in a computer system. It is often referred to as the "brain" of the computer as it carries out all the necessary computations and controls the overall operation of the system. Input devices, output devices, and storage media are all important components of a computer system, but they do not directly perform the processing tasks that the CPU does.

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  • 33. 

    The text in a web document that if clicked would open another document in the internet is called __________.

    • HTML

    • Hyperlink

    • Hypertext

    • URL

    Correct Answer
    A. Hyperlink
    Explanation
    A hyperlink is the text in a web document that, when clicked, opens another document on the internet. It is a clickable link that allows users to navigate between different web pages or websites.

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  • 34. 

    A document, written in HTML,which contains automated links to other documents is referred to as _________.

    • HTML

    • URL

    • Hypertext

    • URL

    Correct Answer
    A. Hypertext
    Explanation
    A document written in HTML that contains automated links to other documents is referred to as hypertext. Hypertext refers to text that contains links to other documents or web pages, allowing users to navigate between different pieces of information by clicking on the links. This feature is a fundamental aspect of HTML and is commonly used to create interconnected web pages on the internet.

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  • 35. 

    A computer program or a set of instruction that, when executed, causes the computer to open or start a pecific computer program or function.

    • Data file

    • Processing file

    • Text file

    • Office file

    Correct Answer
    A. Processing file
    Explanation
    A processing file refers to a computer program or set of instructions that, when executed, triggers the computer to open or start a specific computer program or function. This type of file is responsible for initiating the necessary actions to perform a particular task or operation on the computer. It is different from a data file, text file, or office file, which typically contain information or documents rather than executable instructions.

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  • 36. 

    What can HTML do?

    • Create web pages

    • Send email

    • Transfer files

    • Download files

    Correct Answer
    A. Create web pages
    Explanation
    HTML stands for Hypertext Markup Language and it is the standard markup language for creating web pages. It provides the structure and layout for the content of a webpage, including text, images, links, and other elements. HTML allows developers to define the structure and organization of a webpage, as well as format and style its content. It is the foundation of every web page and is essential for creating and displaying content on the internet.

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  • 37. 

    Windows, Linux and Ubuntu is an example of

    • Application software

    • Network software

    • Operating system

    • None of the above

    Correct Answer
    A. Operating system
    Explanation
    Windows, Linux, and Ubuntu are all examples of operating systems. An operating system is a software that manages computer hardware and software resources and provides common services for computer programs. It acts as an intermediary between the computer hardware and the user, allowing the user to interact with the computer and run applications. Therefore, Windows, Linux, and Ubuntu are all operating systems that provide the necessary functionalities for a computer to function and for users to perform tasks on their devices.

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  • 38. 

    A  __________ is a set of cooperative interconnected computers for the purpose of information exchange.

    • Networking

    • Network

    • topology

    • Server

    Correct Answer
    A. Network
    Explanation
    A network is a set of cooperative interconnected computers for the purpose of information exchange. This means that multiple computers are connected together in order to share data and resources. Networking allows for communication and collaboration between different devices, enabling users to access information and services from anywhere within the network. It is an essential component of modern technology and plays a crucial role in facilitating the transfer of data and information.

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  • 39. 

    A class of computer that operates on continuous physical or electrical magnitudes, measuring ongoing continuous analog quantities such as voltage, current, temperature and pressure.

    • Analog

    • Digital

    • Hybrid

    • None of the choices

    Correct Answer
    A. Analog
    Explanation
    Analog refers to a class of computers that work with continuous physical or electrical magnitudes, measuring ongoing analog quantities such as voltage, current, temperature, and pressure. These computers do not process discrete or digital data, but instead work with continuous signals. The term "analog" is used to distinguish this class of computers from digital computers, which operate with discrete values. Hybrid and none of the choices are not applicable in this context.

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  • 40. 

    ________ is a matter of the user's freedom to copy, run, distribute, study, change and improve the software.

    • Free software

    • Licensed software

    • System software

    • None of the choices

    Correct Answer
    A. Free software
    Explanation
    Free software is a matter of the user's freedom to copy, run, distribute, study, change, and improve the software. This means that users have the freedom to use the software as they wish, including making modifications and distributing it to others. It is in contrast to licensed software, which typically has restrictions on how it can be used and distributed. System software refers to the software that manages and controls the computer hardware, so it is not directly related to the user's freedom to use and modify software. Therefore, the correct answer is free software.

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  • 41. 

    Is an electronic device capable of handling large arithmetic and logical operations.

    • Calculator

    • Atm machine

    • Cash register machine

    • Computer

    Correct Answer
    A. Computer
    Explanation
    A computer is an electronic device that is capable of handling large arithmetic and logical operations. It can perform complex calculations, process vast amounts of data, and execute various tasks simultaneously. Unlike calculators, ATM machines, and cash register machines, computers have a wide range of functionalities and can be programmed to perform a diverse set of tasks. Therefore, a computer is the correct answer as it possesses the capability to handle large arithmetic and logical operations.

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  • 42. 

    The basic building block of any computer networks and can range from simple to complex connection is referred to as

    • Local Area Network

    • Metropolitan area network

    • World wide web

    • Internet

    Correct Answer
    A. Local Area Network
    Explanation
    A local area network (LAN) is a basic building block of computer networks that allows for the connection of devices within a limited geographic area, such as a home, office, or school. LANs can vary in complexity, from simple setups with a few devices to more complex networks with multiple devices and routers. The other options, such as Metropolitan area network, world wide web, and internet, are not specific to the basic building block of computer networks and can encompass larger areas or different aspects of network connectivity.

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  • 43. 

    What data type that outputs for only two results?

    • Currency

    • Character

    • Text

    • Logical

    Correct Answer
    A. Logical
    Explanation
    The correct answer is "logical" because the logical data type outputs only two results, which are typically represented as "true" or "false". This data type is commonly used in programming and is useful for making decisions and performing logical operations.

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  • 44. 

     FTP means

    • Free transfer pass

    • Free transfer protocol

    • File transmission protocol

    • File transmission pass

    Correct Answer
    A. File transmission protocol
    Explanation
    FTP stands for File Transmission Protocol. It is a standard network protocol used for transferring files between a client and a server on a computer network. FTP allows users to upload, download, and manage files on a remote server. It provides a reliable and efficient method for transmitting files over the internet.

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  • 45. 

     If you are to assign a data type of an address of a patient, what would it be?

    • Number

    • character

    • Text

    • Logical

    Correct Answer
    A. Text
    Explanation
    The data type for an address of a patient would be "text" because an address typically consists of alphanumeric characters, including numbers, letters, and special characters. The "text" data type can accommodate a combination of these characters and is commonly used for storing textual information such as addresses.

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  • 46. 

    A set of data elements (values) that is organized using a model of vertical columns (which are identified by their name) and horizontal rows.

    • Database

    • Records

    • Table

    • Fields

    Correct Answer
    A. Table
    Explanation
    A table is a set of data elements that is organized using a model of vertical columns (which are identified by their name) and horizontal rows. In a table, each row represents a record, and each column represents a field. The table structure allows for efficient storage and retrieval of data, as well as the ability to establish relationships between different tables in a database.

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  • 47. 

    ________ is a network topoloy or circuit arrangement in which all the node computers are directly attached to a line.

    • Star

    • ring

    • Bus

    • Mesh

    • Hybrid

    Correct Answer
    A. Bus
    Explanation
    In a bus network topology, all the node computers are directly attached to a single line or bus. Each node can transmit and receive data on this shared bus, allowing for easy communication between nodes. This arrangement is commonly used in local area networks (LANs) and is relatively simple and cost-effective to implement.

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  • 48. 

    A type of computer that is small, special function computer that were introduced in the 1990's.

    • Supercomputers

    • Mainframes

    • Microcomputer

    • Hand-held computer

    Correct Answer
    A. Hand-held computer
    Explanation
    A hand-held computer is a type of computer that is small and has special functions. These computers were introduced in the 1990s. They are designed to be portable and can be held and operated with one hand. Hand-held computers are often used for tasks such as note-taking, scheduling, and accessing information on the go. They are smaller and less powerful than mainframes and supercomputers, but they are more portable and convenient for everyday use.

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  • 49. 

    The computer that access shared resources on the network is referred to as

    • peer

    • Server

    • Client

    • Mainframe

    Correct Answer
    A. Client
    Explanation
    A computer that accesses shared resources on a network is referred to as a client. Clients are the end-user devices that connect to a network and request services or resources from a server. They rely on the server to provide the requested information or perform specific tasks. In this scenario, the client computer is accessing shared resources, indicating that it is the device making the request and not the server or any other type of computer.

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  • Mar 22, 2023
    Quiz Edited by
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