Quiz On Immunology Organized By Microbiology Deptt., Y. C. College Lakhandur, Dist- Bhandara.
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Department of Microbiology.
Questions and Answers
- 1.
Immunity would be most likely acquired through which of the following processes?
- A.
Vaccination
- B.
Drinking Colostrum
- C.
Natural Birth
- D.
Infection with disease causing organism followed by recovery.
Correct Answer
D. Infection with disease causing organism followed by recovery.Explanation
Infection with a disease-causing organism followed by recovery is the most likely process to acquire immunity. When a person is infected with a pathogen, their immune system responds by producing specific antibodies to fight off the infection. Once the person recovers, their immune system retains memory of the pathogen, allowing for a faster and stronger response if they are exposed to the same pathogen in the future. This process is known as natural immunity and is a natural defense mechanism of the body. Vaccination also works on a similar principle by introducing a weakened or inactivated form of the pathogen to stimulate an immune response and provide immunity without causing the disease. Drinking colostrum, which is the first milk produced by a mother after giving birth, can provide some passive immunity to newborns but is not a process of acquiring long-term immunity.Rate this question:
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- 2.
Which of the following convey the longest lasting immunity to an infectious agent?
- A.
Naturally acquired passive immunity
- B.
Artificially acquired passive immunity
- C.
Naturally acquired active immunity
- D.
All of these
- E.
None of these
Correct Answer
C. Naturally acquired active immunityExplanation
Naturally acquired active immunity provides the longest lasting immunity to an infectious agent. This type of immunity occurs when a person's immune system responds to a natural infection, such as getting sick with a disease, and develops antibodies to fight off the infection. These antibodies remain in the body even after the infection is cleared, providing long-term protection against future infections from the same agent. This is in contrast to passive immunity, where antibodies are obtained from an external source and provide temporary protection.Rate this question:
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- 3.
Which of the following substances will not stimulate an immune response unless they are bound to a larger molecule?
- A.
Antigen
- B.
Virus
- C.
Hapten
- D.
Miligen
- E.
Antibody
Correct Answer
C. HaptenExplanation
Haptens are small molecules that are unable to stimulate an immune response on their own. However, when they bind to a larger molecule, such as a protein, they can become immunogenic and trigger an immune response. This is because haptens are too small to be recognized by immune cells directly, but when attached to a larger molecule, they can be presented to immune cells, leading to the activation of an immune response. Therefore, haptens require conjugation to larger molecules to elicit an immune response.Rate this question:
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- 4.
B and T cells are produced by stem cells that are formed in:
- A.
Bone Marrow
- B.
The Liver
- C.
The Circulatory System
- D.
The Spleen
- E.
The Lymph Nodes
Correct Answer
A. Bone MarrowExplanation
B and T cells are produced by stem cells that are formed in the bone marrow. The bone marrow is a soft, spongy tissue found in the center of bones. It is responsible for the production of various types of blood cells, including B and T cells. B cells are responsible for producing antibodies that help in fighting off infections, while T cells play a role in cell-mediated immunity and directly attack infected or cancerous cells. Therefore, the bone marrow is the correct answer as it is the primary site of B and T cell production.Rate this question:
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- 5.
B cells mature in the……….. while T cells mature in the..........
- A.
Thymus/bone marrow and gut associated lymphoid tissue (GALT)
- B.
Spleen/bone marrow and GALT
- C.
Bone marrow and GALT/Thymus
- D.
Liver/Kidneys
Correct Answer
C. Bone marrow and GALT/ThymusExplanation
B cells mature in the bone marrow and gut associated lymphoid tissue (GALT), while T cells mature in the thymus.Rate this question:
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- 6.
Which of the following immune cells/molecules are most effective at destroying intracellular pathogens?
- A.
T helper cells
- B.
B cells
- C.
Antibodies
- D.
Complement
- E.
T cytolytic cells
Correct Answer
E. T cytolytic cellsExplanation
T cytolytic cells, also known as cytotoxic T cells or killer T cells, are immune cells that are most effective at destroying intracellular pathogens. These cells recognize infected cells by binding to antigens presented on their surface and release cytotoxic substances, such as perforin and granzymes, to induce cell death. This allows them to directly kill infected cells and eliminate the intracellular pathogens. T helper cells, B cells, antibodies, and complement play important roles in the immune response, but they are not as effective at directly destroying intracellular pathogens as T cytolytic cells.Rate this question:
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- 7.
A living microbe with reduced virulence that is used for vaccination is considered:
- A.
A toxoid
- B.
Dormant
- C.
Virulent
- D.
Attenuated
- E.
Denatured
Correct Answer
D. AttenuatedExplanation
Attenuated refers to a living microbe that has been weakened or altered in a way that it still retains its ability to stimulate an immune response but has reduced virulence, meaning it causes less severe or no disease symptoms. This weakened microbe is used in vaccines to induce an immune response without causing illness. Therefore, the correct answer is "Attenuated".Rate this question:
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- 8.
B cells that produce and release large amounts of antibody are called:
- A.
Memory cells
- B.
Basophils
- C.
Plasma cells
- D.
Killer cells
- E.
Neutrophils
Correct Answer
C. Plasma cellsExplanation
Plasma cells are B cells that have been activated and differentiated to produce and release large amounts of antibodies. They are responsible for the humoral immune response and play a crucial role in defending the body against pathogens. Memory cells, on the other hand, are long-lived B cells that are capable of quickly producing antibodies upon re-exposure to a specific antigen. Basophils, killer cells, and neutrophils are different types of immune cells with distinct functions in the immune system, but they are not directly involved in the production and release of antibodies.Rate this question:
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- 9.
The specificity of an antibody is due to
- A.
Its valence
- B.
The heavy chains
- C.
The Fc portion of the molecule
- D.
The variable portion of the heavy and light chain
Correct Answer
D. The variable portion of the heavy and light chainExplanation
The specificity of an antibody is due to the variable portion of the heavy and light chain. This is because the variable region contains antigen-binding sites that can recognize and bind to specific antigens. The heavy chains and Fc portion of the molecule do not directly contribute to the specificity of the antibody. The valence of an antibody refers to the number of antigen-binding sites it possesses, but it does not determine the specificity. Therefore, the variable portion of the heavy and light chain is responsible for the specificity of an antibody.Rate this question:
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- 10.
In agglutination reactions, the antigen is a……… in precipitation reactions, the antigen is a……………
- A.
Whole cell/soluble molecule
- B.
Soluble molecule/whole cell
- C.
Protein/carbohydrates
- D.
Bacterium/virus
- E.
Protein/Antibody
Correct Answer
A. Whole cell/soluble moleculeExplanation
In agglutination reactions, the antigen is a whole cell or a soluble molecule. This means that the antigen can be either a complete cell or a molecule that is able to dissolve in a liquid. Agglutination reactions involve the clumping together of antigens and antibodies, and this clumping can occur with whole cells or soluble molecules. In precipitation reactions, on the other hand, the antigen is a soluble molecule. This means that the antigen is a molecule that can dissolve in a liquid, but it is not a complete cell. Precipitation reactions involve the formation of a solid precipitate when antigens and antibodies react together.Rate this question:
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- 11.
B Cells are activated by
- A.
Complement
- B.
Antibody
- C.
Interferon
- D.
Memory cells
- E.
Antigen
Correct Answer
E. AntigenExplanation
B cells are a type of white blood cell that plays a crucial role in the immune response. They are primarily activated by antigens, which are foreign substances that trigger an immune response. When antigens enter the body, B cells recognize and bind to them using their specific antigen receptors. This binding activates the B cells, leading to their proliferation and differentiation into antibody-producing plasma cells. Therefore, antigens are the primary activators of B cells in the immune response.Rate this question:
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- 12.
Fusion between a plasma cell and a tumor cell creates a
- A.
Myeloma
- B.
Natural killer cell
- C.
Lymphoblast
- D.
Lymphoma
- E.
Hybridoma
Correct Answer
E. HybridomaExplanation
When a plasma cell and a tumor cell fuse together, they create a hybridoma. A hybridoma is a type of cell that is produced by fusing a specific antibody-producing plasma cell with a tumor cell. This fusion results in a cell that has the ability to continuously produce large amounts of a specific antibody, known as a monoclonal antibody. Hybridomas are commonly used in laboratory research and in the production of therapeutic antibodies for various medical purposes.Rate this question:
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- 13.
Monoclonal antibodies recognize a single:
- A.
Antigen
- B.
Bacterium
- C.
Epitope
- D.
B cell
- E.
Virus
Correct Answer
A. AntigenExplanation
Monoclonal antibodies are designed to recognize and bind to specific molecules called antigens. Antigens are foreign substances that can trigger an immune response in the body. Monoclonal antibodies are produced from a single clone of cells and are highly specific in their recognition of antigens. They can be used for various purposes, such as diagnosing diseases, treating cancer, and studying immune responses. By recognizing a single antigen, monoclonal antibodies can target and neutralize specific pathogens or abnormal cells in the body.Rate this question:
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- 14.
Cell mediated immunity is carried out by………….. while humoral immunity is mainly carried out by………………..
- A.
B cells/T cells
- B.
Epitopes/Antigens
- C.
T cells/B cells
- D.
Antibodies/Antigens
- E.
Antibodies/Phagocytes
Correct Answer
C. T cells/B cellsExplanation
Cell mediated immunity is carried out by T cells while humoral immunity is mainly carried out by B cells. T cells are responsible for directly attacking infected cells and activating other immune cells, while B cells produce antibodies that can neutralize pathogens and mark them for destruction by other immune cells. This division of labor allows the immune system to effectively combat different types of pathogens and provide comprehensive protection against infections.Rate this question:
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- 15.
The ability of the immune system to recognize self antigens versus nonself antigen is an example of:
- A.
Specific immunity
- B.
Tolerance
- C.
Cell mediated immunity
- D.
Antigenic immunity
- E.
Humoral immunity
Correct Answer
B. ToleranceExplanation
Tolerance refers to the ability of the immune system to distinguish between self and nonself antigens. This means that the immune system can recognize and tolerate self antigens, which are the body's own molecules, while mounting a response against nonself antigens, such as pathogens or foreign substances. This is crucial for preventing autoimmune diseases, where the immune system mistakenly attacks the body's own cells and tissues. Tolerance is an important aspect of the immune system's ability to maintain homeostasis and prevent unnecessary immune responses.Rate this question:
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- 16.
Asthma is an example of
- A.
Type I hypersensitivity
- B.
Type II hypersensitivity
- C.
Type III hypersensitivity
- D.
Type VI hypersensitivity
Correct Answer
A. Type I hypersensitivityExplanation
Asthma is an example of Type I hypersensitivity because it involves an immediate allergic response triggered by an allergen. In Type I hypersensitivity, the immune system overreacts to harmless substances such as pollen, dust mites, or pet dander, causing the release of histamine and other chemicals that lead to inflammation and constriction of the airways. This results in symptoms like wheezing, shortness of breath, and coughing. Type II hypersensitivity involves antibody-mediated destruction of cells, Type III hypersensitivity involves immune complex deposition, and Type VI hypersensitivity is not a recognized type of hypersensitivity.Rate this question:
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- 17.
Which of the following is called as antibody mediated cytotoxic hypersensitivity?
- A.
Type I hypersensitivity
- B.
Type II hypersensitivity
- C.
Type III hypersensitivity
- D.
Type VI hypersensitivity
Correct Answer
B. Type II hypersensitivityExplanation
Type II hypersensitivity is called antibody-mediated cytotoxic hypersensitivity. In this type of hypersensitivity, antibodies bind to antigens on the surface of cells, leading to their destruction by various mechanisms such as complement activation or antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity. This type of hypersensitivity is associated with autoimmune diseases, transfusion reactions, and some drug reactions.Rate this question:
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- 18.
Type I hypersensitivity is mediated by
- A.
B cells and IgE
- B.
Mast Cells and IgG
- C.
Mast Cells and IgE
- D.
B cells and IgG
Correct Answer
C. Mast Cells and IgEExplanation
Type I hypersensitivity is an allergic reaction that is mediated by mast cells and IgE antibodies. Mast cells are primarily responsible for releasing histamine and other inflammatory mediators when they come into contact with an allergen. IgE antibodies, produced by B cells, bind to mast cells and sensitize them to specific allergens. When the allergen is encountered again, it binds to the IgE antibodies on the mast cells, triggering the release of histamine and causing the allergic response.Rate this question:
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- 19.
T cells called as TDTH mediates
- A.
Type I hypersensitivity
- B.
Type II hypersensitivity
- C.
Type III hypersensitivity
- D.
Type VI hypersensitivity
Correct Answer
D. Type VI hypersensitivity -
- 20.
Killer cells along with IgM mediates
- A.
Type I hypersensitivity
- B.
Type II hypersensitivity
- C.
Type III hypersensitivity
- D.
Type VI hypersensitivity
Correct Answer
B. Type II hypersensitivityExplanation
Killer cells, also known as cytotoxic T cells, play a role in Type II hypersensitivity reactions. In Type II hypersensitivity, the immune system mistakenly targets normal cells or tissues, leading to their destruction. IgM antibodies are involved in this process by binding to antigens on the surface of the target cells, marking them for destruction by killer cells. This immune response can result in various autoimmune diseases and tissue damage. Therefore, the correct answer is Type II hypersensitivity.Rate this question:
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- 21.
Serum sickness is an example of
- A.
Type I hypersensitivity
- B.
Type II hypersensitivity
- C.
Type III hypersensitivity
- D.
Type VI hypersensitivity
Correct Answer
C. Type III hypersensitivityExplanation
Serum sickness is an example of Type III hypersensitivity. Type III hypersensitivity is characterized by the formation of immune complexes that deposit in various tissues, leading to inflammation and tissue damage. In the case of serum sickness, it occurs when a person is exposed to a foreign protein, such as an antibiotic or antiserum, which triggers an immune response. Immune complexes are formed and deposited in tissues, causing symptoms such as fever, rash, joint pain, and organ damage. This immune response is mediated by the activation of complement and the recruitment of inflammatory cells.Rate this question:
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- 22.
Tuberculosis is a classical example for
- A.
Type I hypersensitivity
- B.
Type II hypersensitivity
- C.
Type III hypersensitivity
- D.
Type VI hypersensitivity
Correct Answer
D. Type VI hypersensitivity -
- 23.
Arthus’ reaction is a characteristic reaction for the identification of
- A.
Type I hypersensitivity
- B.
Type II hypersensitivity
- C.
Type III hypersensitivity
- D.
Type VI hypersensitivity
Correct Answer
C. Type III hypersensitivityExplanation
Arthus' reaction is a characteristic reaction for the identification of Type III hypersensitivity. This type of hypersensitivity involves the formation of immune complexes that deposit in tissues, leading to inflammation and tissue damage. Arthus' reaction specifically refers to a localized immune complex-mediated reaction in the skin, which occurs when a person is re-exposed to an antigen that they have previously been sensitized to. This reaction typically results in a localized inflammatory response, with symptoms such as redness, swelling, and pain at the site of exposure.Rate this question:
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- 24.
Type IV hypersensitivity is also called as
- A.
Antibody mediated hypersensitivity
- B.
IgE mediated hypersensitivity
- C.
Cell mediated hypersensitivity
- D.
IgG mediated hypersensitivity
Correct Answer
C. Cell mediated hypersensitivityExplanation
Type IV hypersensitivity is also called cell mediated hypersensitivity because it involves the activation of T cells and the release of cytokines, rather than the involvement of antibodies like in other types of hypersensitivity reactions. In this type of hypersensitivity, T cells recognize antigens presented by antigen-presenting cells and release cytokines, causing inflammation and tissue damage. This type of hypersensitivity is commonly associated with delayed-type hypersensitivity reactions, such as contact dermatitis and tuberculin skin tests.Rate this question:
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- 25.
All are examples of Type I hypersensitivity except
- A.
Penicillin allergy
- B.
Serum sickness
- C.
Dust sickness
- D.
Pollen allergy
Correct Answer
B. Serum sicknessExplanation
Type I hypersensitivity is an immediate allergic reaction mediated by IgE antibodies. It is characterized by the release of histamine and other inflammatory mediators from mast cells and basophils. Penicillin allergy, dust sickness, and pollen allergy all fall under Type I hypersensitivity as they involve an immune response triggered by specific allergens. However, serum sickness is not a Type I hypersensitivity reaction. It is a Type III hypersensitivity reaction caused by the formation of immune complexes and subsequent inflammation.Rate this question:
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- 26.
Nonspecific host defenses that exist prior to exposure to an antigen is called
- A.
Acquired immunity
- B.
Innate immunity
- C.
Adaptive immunity
- D.
All of these
Correct Answer
B. Innate immunityExplanation
Innate immunity refers to the nonspecific host defenses that are present in the body before exposure to any specific antigen. These defenses include physical barriers like the skin, as well as cellular and molecular components such as phagocytes and antimicrobial proteins. Unlike acquired immunity, which develops after exposure to an antigen, innate immunity is always present and provides a general level of protection against a wide range of pathogens. Therefore, the correct answer is innate immunity.Rate this question:
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- 27.
Innate immunity is also called
- A.
Familial
- B.
Genetic
- C.
Inborn
- D.
All of these
Correct Answer
D. All of theseExplanation
Innate immunity is referred to as "all of these" because it encompasses various aspects. It is called "familial" because certain immune responses can be inherited within families. It is referred to as "genetic" because it is influenced by an individual's genetic makeup. Additionally, it is known as "inborn" because it is present at birth and provides immediate defense against pathogens. Therefore, all of these terms accurately describe innate immunity.Rate this question:
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- 28.
Innate immunity involves all except
- A.
Anatomic barriers
- B.
Phagocytic
- C.
Inflammatory mechanisms
- D.
Antibody production
Correct Answer
D. Antibody productionExplanation
Innate immunity is the body's first line of defense against pathogens and involves various mechanisms to protect against infections. Anatomic barriers, such as the skin and mucous membranes, act as physical barriers to prevent the entry of pathogens. Phagocytic cells, such as macrophages and neutrophils, engulf and destroy invading pathogens. Inflammatory mechanisms, including the release of chemical mediators and recruitment of immune cells, help to eliminate pathogens and promote tissue repair. Antibody production, on the other hand, is a characteristic of adaptive immunity, which is a more specific and targeted response involving the production of antibodies by B cells in response to a specific pathogen.Rate this question:
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- 29.
First line of defence include
- A.
Skin
- B.
Mucus
- C.
Lysozyme secretion
- D.
All of these
Correct Answer
D. All of theseExplanation
The first line of defense includes the skin, mucus, and lysozyme secretion. The skin acts as a physical barrier, preventing pathogens from entering the body. Mucus traps and removes foreign particles and pathogens from the respiratory and digestive tracts. Lysozyme is an enzyme found in various secretions, such as tears and saliva, that can break down bacterial cell walls. All of these mechanisms work together to protect the body from potential infections and pathogens.Rate this question:
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- 30.
Skin prevents pathogen entry
- A.
Dead cells of the skin outer layer prevents pathogen entry
- B.
Skin secretes oil by sebaceous gland that makes surface acidic
- C.
Skin secretes sweat by sudoriferous gland that makes surface acidic idic
- D.
All of these
Correct Answer
D. All of theseExplanation
All of the given statements are correct explanations for how the skin prevents pathogen entry. The dead cells of the skin's outer layer act as a barrier to prevent pathogens from entering the body. The skin also secretes oil through sebaceous glands, which creates an acidic environment on the skin's surface that is unfavorable for pathogen growth. Additionally, sweat produced by sudoriferous glands also contributes to the skin's acidity, further inhibiting pathogen entry.Rate this question:
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