1.
1- La frecuencia de recepción de ondas será mayor cuando lleva al extremo azul del espectro, e inversamente si la fuente luminosa se aleja de nosotros, y corresponderá al extremo rojo del espectro. Esto se llama:
Correct Answer
C.
Efecto Doppler
Explanation
The correct answer is "Efecto Doppler". The explanation for this is that the Doppler effect refers to the change in frequency or wavelength of a wave as observed by an observer moving relative to the source of the wave. In the context of light, when a source of light moves towards an observer, the frequency of the light waves increases, causing a shift towards the blue end of the spectrum (known as blue shift). Conversely, when a source of light moves away from an observer, the frequency of the light waves decreases, causing a shift towards the red end of the spectrum (known as red shift).
2.
2- En el Big Bang en los primeros minutos protones y neutrones estaban bastante fríos como para empezar a unirse y formar núcleos mayores, cada protón se acompañó de un neutrón formando deuterio:
Correct Answer
D.
que es isótopo del Hidrogeno
Explanation
The correct answer is "que es isótopo del Hidrogeno". The explanation is that deuterium is an isotope of hydrogen. Isotopes are atoms of the same element that have different numbers of neutrons in their nuclei. Deuterium has one proton and one neutron in its nucleus, while regular hydrogen (also known as protium) has just one proton. Deuterium is often used in nuclear reactions and as a tracer in scientific studies.
3.
3- ¿Qué teoría sostiene que el universo empezaría a contraerse elevando su temperatura, las galaxias se agruparían, etc.?
Correct Answer
A. Teoría del Big Crunch
Explanation
The correct answer is "TeorÃa del Big Crunch." This theory suggests that the universe would eventually start to contract, causing its temperature to rise and galaxies to come together. The Big Crunch theory is a proposed scenario for the ultimate fate of the universe, in which it collapses back in on itself. This is in contrast to the Big Bang theory, which proposes that the universe began with a massive explosion and has been expanding ever since. The other options, "TeorÃa de la generación espontánea" and "TeorÃa cuántica," are unrelated to the question and are not relevant explanations for the scenario described.
4.
4- La teoría alternativa sobre el origen del universo propuesta por Fred Hoyle se conoce como:
Correct Answer
C. Teoría del estado estacionario
Explanation
The correct answer is "TeorÃa del estado estacionario." This theory, proposed by Fred Hoyle, suggests that the universe has no beginning or end and has always existed in a steady state. It argues against the Big Bang theory, which proposes that the universe originated from a singularity. The theory of the steady state suggests that new matter is continuously being created to maintain a constant density in the expanding universe.
5.
5- Indique quien elaboró la siguiente idea: “Es posible comprobar la falsedad de algunas teorías pero nunca su verdad definitiva”
Correct Answer
A.
Popper
Explanation
The idea that "It is possible to prove the falsity of some theories but never their definitive truth" aligns with the philosophy of Karl Popper. Popper argued that scientific theories can only be tested and falsified through empirical evidence, but they can never be proven definitively true. This concept is known as falsificationism, and it distinguishes Popper's philosophy of science from other theories proposed by Kuhn, Copernicus, and Galileo.
6.
6- Hace cuanto aproximadamente ocurrió el Big Bang
Correct Answer
B. 20.000 millones de años
Explanation
The correct answer is 20.000 millones de años. This answer states that the Big Bang occurred approximately 20,000 million years ago. The Big Bang is the scientific theory that explains the origin of the universe, and it is believed to have occurred around 13.8 billion years ago. Therefore, 20,000 million years is a reasonable approximation of the age of the Big Bang.
7.
7- El Big Bang:
Correct Answer
C. Es una teoría.
Explanation
The correct answer is "Es una teorÃa." This is because the Big Bang theory is a scientific explanation for the origin of the universe. It is based on extensive evidence and has been widely accepted by the scientific community. It proposes that the universe began from a singularity and has been expanding ever since.
8.
8- El neo-darwinismo se basa en los aportes de la sistemática, la genética y:
Correct Answer
D. La paleontología
Explanation
The correct answer is "La paleontologÃa". El neo-darwinismo se basa en los aportes de la sistemática y la genética para explicar la evolución de las especies. La paleontologÃa también es fundamental en esta teorÃa, ya que estudia los fósiles y proporciona evidencia de organismos extintos que han evolucionado a lo largo del tiempo. La economÃa, la arqueologÃa y la geologÃa no están directamente relacionadas con los aportes del neo-darwinismo.
9.
9- ¿En dónde nos explican los científicos, que se ubican las variaciones que hacen que los seres vivos sean diferentes?
Correct Answer
C. En el ADN.
Explanation
Los cientÃficos explican que las variaciones que hacen que los seres vivos sean diferentes se ubican en el ADN.
10.
10- El transformismo fue una tendencia surgida entre los siglos XVIII y XIX, ¿Cuál es la tendencia contraria?
Correct Answer
B. El fijismo.
Explanation
The correct answer is "El fijismo". The question asks for the opposite trend of transformism, which emerged between the 18th and 19th centuries. Fijismo, or fixism, is the belief that species are unchanging and have remained the same since their creation. This is in contrast to transformism, which proposes that species can change and evolve over time.
11.
11- Marque la correcta
Correct Answer
C. C. La datación es una técnica que utiliza la desintegración radiactiva y permite fechar acontecimientos
Explanation
The correct answer is c. La datación es una técnica que utiliza la desintegración radiactiva y permite fechar acontecimientos. This answer explains that datación is a technique that uses radioactive decay to determine the age of events. It suggests that this technique can be used to determine the age of the Earth.
12.
12- Marque la correcta
Correct Answer
A. A. La ausencia de ozono en la atmosfera primitiva permitía mayor llegada de rayos UV
Explanation
The correct answer is a. La ausencia de ozono en la atmosfera primitiva permitÃa mayor llegada de rayos UV. This explanation suggests that in the early atmosphere, there was no ozone layer to absorb and block ultraviolet (UV) rays from the sun. As a result, more UV rays would have reached the Earth's surface, potentially affecting the development of life and the environment.
13.
13- Marque la opción correcta
Correct Answer
A. A. Darwin es el autor de la Teoría de evolución de las especies
Explanation
The correct answer is a. Darwin is the author of the Theory of Evolution. This is because Charles Darwin is widely recognized as the scientist who proposed the theory of evolution through natural selection, which explains how species change over time. His work, particularly his book "On the Origin of Species," revolutionized the understanding of biology and had a profound impact on the scientific community.
14.
14- Marque la correcta
Correct Answer
A. A. La fotosíntesis permite la obtención de Oxigeno utilizando dióxido de C y agua, transformándolos en hidratos de C y liberando oxigeno
Explanation
The correct answer is a. The explanation for this answer is that photosynthesis is a process by which plants and other organisms convert carbon dioxide and water into carbohydrates and release oxygen as a byproduct. This process occurs in the chloroplasts of plant cells and is essential for the production of oxygen in the atmosphere.
15.
15- Marque la correcta
Correct Answer
A. A. Pasteur comprobó que la materia no viva puede contaminarse con microorganismos
Explanation
Pasteur's experiments demonstrated that non-living matter can become contaminated with microorganisms. This was a significant discovery because it disproved the theory of spontaneous generation, which suggested that living organisms could arise spontaneously from non-living matter. Pasteur's experiments showed that microorganisms were responsible for the spoilage of food and beverages, and that sterilizing the environment could prevent their growth. This paved the way for the development of pasteurization, a process that kills harmful bacteria in food and drink by heating them to a specific temperature.
16.
16- Respecto a Spencer (señale lo incorrecto)
Correct Answer
C. Publico “Principios de Geología” en 1830
Explanation
The statement "Publico ‘Principios de GeologÃa’ en 1830" is incorrect because it was actually Charles Lyell who published "Principles of Geology" in 1830, not Spencer. Spencer was known for his sociological theories and did not publish a book on geology.
17.
17- De acuerdo con la Teoría de La evolución Biológica de Lamarck (señale la opción correcta)
Correct Answer
B. Lo que la naturaleza hizo adquirir o perder se conservara en generaciones posteriores
Explanation
According to Lamarck's Theory of Biological Evolution, any changes acquired by an organism during its lifetime, whether it be acquiring or losing certain traits, will be passed on to future generations. This is known as the principle of inheritance of acquired characteristics. Lamarck believed that the environment plays a crucial role in shaping an organism's traits and that these acquired traits can be inherited by offspring. Therefore, the correct answer is "Lo que la naturaleza hizo adquirir o perder se conservara en generaciones posteriores" which translates to "What nature made acquire or lose will be preserved in future generations."
18.
18- Aristóteles fue considerado el padre de la (Señale la opción correcta)
Correct Answer
D. Zoología
Explanation
Aristóteles fue considerado el padre de la ZoologÃa porque realizó importantes estudios y clasificaciones de los animales, sentando las bases para el estudio cientÃfico de la vida animal. Sus obras, como "Historia de los animales" y "Partes de los animales", fueron fundamentales para el desarrollo de la zoologÃa como disciplina. Además, Aristóteles fue el primero en utilizar el método cientÃfico para estudiar y analizar los animales, observando sus caracterÃsticas y comportamientos. Por lo tanto, se le atribuye el tÃtulo de padre de la zoologÃa.
19.
19- El Fijismo o Creacionismo (Señale la opción incorrecta)
Correct Answer
C. Sostiene que las especies evolucionan y se adaptan
Explanation
The correct answer is "Sostiene que las especies evolucionan y se adaptan." This statement is incorrect because Fijismo or Creacionismo denies that species evolve and adapt.
20.
20- Los tres grados de almas que considero Aristóteles eran: (Señale la opción correcta)
Correct Answer
D. Vegetativa, sensitiva e intelectiva
Explanation
Aristotle considered three degrees of souls: vegetative, sensitive, and intellectual. These degrees represent different levels of consciousness and abilities. The vegetative soul is associated with plants and encompasses functions such as growth, nutrition, and reproduction. The sensitive soul is found in animals and includes the ability to perceive and respond to stimuli. The intellectual soul is unique to humans and involves higher cognitive functions such as reasoning and understanding. Therefore, the correct answer is "Vegetativa, sensitiva e intelectiva."
21.
21- ¿El Neodarwinismo surge por el aporte de?
Correct Answer
A. La paleontología, la sistemática y la genética.
Explanation
The correct answer is "La paleontologÃa, la sistemática y la genética." The neodarwinism emerged from the contributions of these three fields. Paleontology provides evidence of the existence of extinct species and their transitional forms, which support the theory of evolution. Systematics helps classify and organize species based on their evolutionary relationships. Genetics provides the mechanism of inheritance and variation, explaining how traits are passed down from one generation to another. Together, these three disciplines contribute to the understanding of evolution and the development of the neodarwinism theory.
22.
22- Darwin se asombró al llegar al Río de la Plata por:
Correct Answer
C. Las especies, las características del rio y la población
Explanation
Darwin se asombró al llegar al RÃo de la Plata por las especies que encontró, las caracterÃsticas del rÃo y la población que habitaba en la zona.
23.
23- ¿El propósito de la expedición del Beagle era?
Correct Answer
D. Completar un estudio cartográfico.
Explanation
The purpose of the Beagle expedition was to complete a cartographic study. This means that the main objective of the expedition was to map and chart different areas of the world. The other options, such as Darwin's academic formation and finding different species, may have been secondary goals or outcomes of the expedition, but the primary purpose was to carry out a cartographic study.
24.
24- La acción Directa indica que las condiciones impuestas por el medio ambiente:
Correct Answer
A. Afectan la organización del cuerpo y sus partes.
Explanation
The correct answer is "Afectan la organización del cuerpo y sus partes." This means that the direct action of the environment affects the organization of the body and its parts. This suggests that the conditions imposed by the environment can have a direct impact on the physical structure and organization of an organism's body.
25.
25- Darwin y Wallace sostienen que las especies:
Correct Answer
C. La selección natural dirige y controla la transformación.
Explanation
Darwin y Wallace sostienen que las especies pueden cambiar a lo largo del tiempo debido a la selección natural. La selección natural es el proceso por el cual las caracterÃsticas favorables para la supervivencia y reproducción de una especie se transmiten a las siguientes generaciones, mientras que las caracterÃsticas desfavorables tienden a desaparecer. Esto implica que las especies no son inmutables y pueden experimentar transformaciones a través de la selección natural.
26.
26- La genética y la biología molecular permiten estudiar:
Correct Answer
D. El ADN estableciendo filogenias con base molecular.
Explanation
Genetics and molecular biology allow the study of DNA to establish molecular phylogenies. This means that through these fields, scientists can analyze the DNA of different organisms to determine their evolutionary relationships and trace their ancestry. This process involves comparing DNA sequences and identifying similarities and differences, which can provide valuable insights into the evolutionary history of species.
27.
27- La Anatomía comparada permite:
Correct Answer
D. Vincular y comparar estructuras y órganos de distintas especies tratando de encontrar un parentesco.
Explanation
The correct answer is to link and compare structures and organs of different species in an attempt to find a relationship. Comparative anatomy involves studying the similarities and differences in the anatomical structures of different species to understand their evolutionary relationships and common ancestry. By comparing the structures and organs of different species, scientists can identify similarities that suggest a shared evolutionary history and determine how species are related to each other. This helps in understanding the process of evolution and the diversity of life on Earth.
28.
28- Las barreras que impiden la reproducción entre especies son:
Correct Answer
B. Mecánicas, temporales, ecológicas, geográficas.
Explanation
The correct answer is "Mecánicas, temporales, ecológicas, geográficas." This answer suggests that there are barriers that prevent reproduction between species, and these barriers can be categorized into mechanical, temporal, ecological, and geographical barriers. Mechanical barriers refer to physical differences that prevent mating or fertilization, such as incompatible genitalia. Temporal barriers involve differences in breeding seasons or reproductive timing. Ecological barriers occur when species occupy different habitats or have different ecological requirements. Geographical barriers refer to physical barriers, such as mountains or bodies of water, that prevent individuals from different species from coming into contact with each other.
29.
29- La Geocronología mide y divide los tiempos en:
Correct Answer
A. Intervalos mayores llamados Eras y sus Periodos que son intervalos menores.
Explanation
The correct answer is "Intervalos mayores llamados Eras y sus Periodos que son intervalos menores." This answer explains that geochronology measures and divides time into larger intervals called Eras and smaller intervals called Periods.
30.
30- Las tres formas de selección natural son:
Correct Answer
B. Normalizadora, direccional, disruptiva.
Explanation
The correct answer is "Normalizadora, direccional, disruptiva."
The three forms of natural selection are described as follows:
1) Normalizing selection, also known as stabilizing selection, favors individuals with average traits and reduces the extremes in a population.
2) Directional selection favors individuals with traits at one extreme of the phenotypic range, causing the population to shift in that direction over time.
3) Disruptive selection favors individuals with extreme traits at both ends of the phenotypic range, leading to the formation of two distinct phenotypic groups and potentially resulting in speciation.
31.
31- ¿Qué acontecimiento no marca el paso fundamental hacia el ser humano moderno?
Correct Answer
C. C. Reproducción
Explanation
The correct answer is c. Reproducción. The other options, terrestrialidad (terrestriality), bipedestación (bipedalism), and encefalización (encephalization), all refer to key evolutionary traits that mark the transition towards modern humans. Terrestriality refers to the adaptation to living on land, bipedalism is the ability to walk on two feet, and encephalization refers to the increase in brain size and complexity. Reproduction, on the other hand, is a fundamental biological process that is not unique to humans and does not specifically contribute to the development of modern human characteristics.
32.
32- Entre las ideas que influyeron en Darwin y lo animaron a publicar El origen del hombre se encuentra:
Correct Answer
C. C. El libro, Evidencias del lugar del hombre en la naturaleza de T. Huxley.
Explanation
The correct answer is c. El libro, Evidencias del lugar del hombre en la naturaleza de T. Huxley. This book by T. Huxley provided evidence for the place of humans in nature, which influenced and encouraged Darwin to publish "The Origin of Species." It is likely that the book presented arguments and evidence that supported Darwin's theory of evolution and helped validate his ideas.
33.
33- Charles Darwin sostenía que:
Correct Answer
B. Hombres y simios tienen un origen común.
Explanation
Charles Darwin sostenÃa que hombres y simios tienen un origen común. Esta idea se basa en su teorÃa de la evolución, en la cual postula que todas las especies comparten un ancestro común y que las diferencias entre ellas han surgido a lo largo del tiempo debido a la selección natural y la adaptación al entorno. Esta teorÃa revolucionaria desafió la creencia tradicional de que los seres humanos eran una creación única y separada de otras especies. En lugar de eso, Darwin propuso que compartimos un linaje evolutivo con los simios, lo cual ha sido respaldado por numerosas evidencias cientÃficas desde entonces.
34.
34- Carl von Linneo creía que El Homo sapiens...
Correct Answer
D. era producto de la creación divina.
Explanation
Carl von Linneo believed that Homo sapiens was a product of divine creation.
35.
35- El proceso de hominización se refiere a:
Correct Answer
D. El proceso de constitución de los seres humanos modernos
Explanation
The correct answer is "El proceso de constitución de los seres humanos modernos". This is because the term "hominización" refers to the process by which modern humans evolved from their primate ancestors. It encompasses the various biological, cultural, and behavioral changes that occurred over millions of years, leading to the development of Homo sapiens as we know them today. The other options mentioned in the question are not directly related to the concept of hominization.
36.
36- ¿Cuál de las siguientes no es una adaptación propia de los homínidos?
Correct Answer
A. Dedo gordo del pie oponible
Explanation
The correct answer is "Dedo gordo del pie oponible" because the opposable big toe is actually a characteristic of hominids. It allows them to grasp and manipulate objects with their feet, which is a trait that distinguishes them from other primates. The other options listed are adaptations that are typical of hominids, such as the vertical insertion of the femur in the pelvis, the larger and rounder skull, and the development of the heel and arch of the foot.
37.
37- ¿Cuál de los siguientes homínidos es el más antiguo?
Correct Answer
B. B. A. afarensis
Explanation
A. afarensis is considered the oldest hominid because it lived around 3.9 to 2.9 million years ago. This species is known for its bipedal locomotion and is believed to be a direct ancestor of modern humans. A. robustus, A. africanus, and Homo habilis are all hominid species that lived after A. afarensis and are not as old.
38.
38- Cuál de las siguientes características no corresponde a los primates
Correct Answer
D. Muchas crías por parto
Explanation
The characteristic that does not correspond to primates is "Muchas crÃas por parto" (Many offspring per birth). Primates typically have a low reproductive rate, with most species giving birth to only one offspring at a time. This is in contrast to other animals, such as rodents or rabbits, which tend to have large litters.
39.
39- Cuál de las siguientes clasificaciones no corresponde a la evolución del homo sapiens.
Correct Answer
B. Coníferas
Explanation
The given classifications are all related to the evolution of Homo sapiens, except for "ConÃferas." Vertebrados refers to organisms with a backbone, which includes humans. Placentarios refers to mammals that give birth to live young, which includes humans. MamÃferos refers to mammals, which includes humans. However, ConÃferas refers to a group of plants that includes pine trees, which is not related to the evolution of Homo sapiens.
40.
40- ¿A qué homínido se le adjudica la fabricación de los choppers?
Correct Answer
B. Homo habilis
Explanation
Homo habilis is credited with the manufacture of choppers. This early human species, which lived around 2.3 to 1.4 million years ago, is known for its tool-making abilities. Choppers are simple stone tools that were used for cutting and chopping tasks. Homo habilis is considered one of the first hominids to have used tools, making them an important species in the development of human technology and culture.
41.
41) Existe una característica que es exclusiva del Homo erectus. Señale de cuál se trata la capacidad o conducta adquirida?
Correct Answer
D. la utilización del fuego
Explanation
The exclusive characteristic of Homo erectus is the utilization of fire. This behavior sets Homo erectus apart from other species as they were the first known hominin to control and use fire for various purposes such as cooking, protection, and warmth. The ability to control fire provided Homo erectus with a significant advantage in terms of survival and adaptation to different environments.
42.
42) Indique cuál de los siguientes investigadores descubrió al llamado Hombre de Java.
Correct Answer
A. Eugene Dubois
Explanation
Eugene Dubois discovered the so-called "Hombre de Java" or "Java Man".
43.
43) Actualmente, al Hombre de Neanderthal se lo ubica en una de las siguientes categorías:
Correct Answer
A. Sub especie del Homo sapiens
Explanation
The correct answer is "Sub especie del Homo sapiens." This means that currently, the Neanderthal Man is classified as a subspecies of Homo sapiens. This suggests that Neanderthals were closely related to modern humans and may have interbred with them. This classification is based on genetic evidence that shows similarities between Neanderthals and modern humans.
44.
44) ¿En cuál de los siguientes sitios realizó los hallazgos de fósiles el antropólogo Emiliano Aguirre?
Correct Answer
D. Sierra de Atapuerca (Burgos)
Explanation
The correct answer is Sierra de Atapuerca (Burgos). This is the location where the anthropologist Emiliano Aguirre made his fossil discoveries.
45.
45) ¿En cuál de los siguientes Períodos, se produce la transición hacia el Homo sapiens?
Correct Answer
A. Pleistoceno
Explanation
The correct answer is Pleistoceno. The Pleistoceno period is known as the Ice Age and is characterized by the appearance and evolution of the Homo sapiens species. This period lasted from about 2.6 million years ago to around 11,700 years ago. During this time, the climate fluctuated between cold glacial periods and warmer interglacial periods, creating diverse environments that likely influenced the development and spread of early humans.
46.
46) El AND mitocondrial presenta determinadas ventajas- Indique cuál es la correcta:
Correct Answer
C. Contiene sólo 40 genes
Explanation
The correct answer is "contiene sólo 40 genes". This is because the statement is indicating that the mitochondrial DNA contains only 40 genes, suggesting that it has a relatively small genome compared to the nuclear DNA.
47.
47) Al método de datación de fósiles utilizado por los biólogos moleculares, se lo conoce con el nombre de:
Correct Answer
A. Reloj molecular
Explanation
The correct answer is "reloj molecular". This is because the question is asking for the name of the dating method used by molecular biologists for fossils. The term "reloj molecular" translates to "molecular clock" in English, which refers to the use of genetic data to estimate the time of divergence between different species. This method relies on the assumption that DNA sequences accumulate mutations at a relatively constant rate over time, allowing scientists to estimate how long ago two species shared a common ancestor.
48.
48) Según el antropólogo Francisco Ayala, aquello que diferencia al humano de los antropoides son: Seleccione una:
Correct Answer
B. El arte, el lenguaje y la cultura
Explanation
According to the anthropologist Francisco Ayala, what differentiates humans from anthropoids are their abilities in art, language, and culture. These three aspects are unique to humans and are not found in anthropoids.
49.
49) Señale cuál de los siguientes investigadores sostuvo la Hipótesis de la Eva mitocondrial:
Correct Answer
C. Rebeca Cann
Explanation
Rebeca Cann is the correct answer because she was one of the researchers who proposed the Mitochondrial Eve hypothesis. This hypothesis suggests that all humans alive today can trace their maternal ancestry back to a single woman who lived in Africa around 200,000 years ago. Cann, along with her colleagues Allan Wilson and Mark Stoneking, conducted genetic research on mitochondrial DNA to support this hypothesis. Their study found that mitochondrial DNA is passed down exclusively from mothers to their offspring, providing evidence for a common maternal ancestor.
50.
50) ¿Cuál es la modificación anatómica que se produce en el hombre moderno para poder articular el lenguaje?
Correct Answer
C. Descenso de la laringe
Explanation
The correct answer is "descenso de la laringe" which translates to "descent of the larynx". This modification in the modern human allows for the articulation of language. As the larynx descends, it creates a longer vocal tract, which enables the production of a wider range of sounds necessary for speech. This anatomical change is crucial for the development and use of language in humans.