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2-¿Cuáles de las siguientes estructuras están presentes tanto en una bacteria como en una célula epitelial humana?
A.
A. Ribosomas, lisosomas, ADN.
B.
B. ADN, ribosomas, membrana plasmática.
C.
C. REG, mitocondrias, pared celular.
D.
D. Ribosomas, plásmido, membrana plasmática.
E.
E. Pared celular, membrana plasmática, citoplasma.
Correct Answer
B. B. ADN, ribosomas, membrana plasmática.
Explanation The correct answer is b. ADN, ribosomas, membrana plasmática. This answer is correct because both bacteria and human epithelial cells have DNA (ADN), ribosomes, and a plasma membrane. DNA is the genetic material present in all living cells, ribosomes are responsible for protein synthesis, and the plasma membrane is the outer boundary of the cell that controls the movement of substances in and out of the cell. These structures are common to both bacteria and human epithelial cells.
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3.
3-Acerca del ADN bacteriano, marcar la opción correcta: Seleccione una:
A.
A. Las bacterias no tienen cromosomas.
B.
B. Las bacterias tiene un solo cromosoma circular.
C.
C. Las bacterias tienen varios cromosomas.
D.
D. Los cromosomas bacterianos son lineales.
Correct Answer
B. B. Las bacterias tiene un solo cromosoma circular.
A. Su principal función es la síntesis de proteínas.
B.
B. Son de mayor tamaño en células eucariotas que en procariotas.
C.
C. Están presentes en células procariotas y eucariotas y virus.
D.
D. Tienen adheridos ribosomas en su superficie.
E.
E. Su principal función es la generación de energía (ATP).
Correct Answer
E. E. Su principal función es la generación de energía (ATP).
Explanation The correct answer is e. Su principal función es la generación de energÃa (ATP). This statement accurately describes the main function of mitochondria, which is to generate energy in the form of ATP through cellular respiration. Mitochondria are known as the "powerhouses" of the cell because they produce the majority of the cell's energy. This energy is essential for various cellular processes and functions, including metabolism, growth, and movement.
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5.
5- Los virus:
A.
A. Tienen genoma, cápside y orgánulos.
B.
B. Son bacterias de pequeño tamaño.
C.
C. Están recubiertos por una pared celular.
D.
D. Son los seres vivos más pequeños.
E.
E. Infectan células eucariotas o procariotas para replicarse.
Correct Answer
E. E. Infectan células eucariotas o procariotas para replicarse.
Explanation The correct answer states that viruses infect eukaryotic or prokaryotic cells in order to replicate. This is a characteristic feature of viruses, as they are obligate intracellular parasites that require a host cell to replicate their genetic material and produce new virus particles. Viruses do not have their own cellular machinery for replication and therefore rely on hijacking the cellular machinery of the host cell. This answer accurately describes the reproductive strategy of viruses.
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6.
6- Paciente de 8 años con síndrome febril y sintomatología urinaria. En el urocultivo se observan estafilococos Gram +.
A.
A. Son células procariotas que forman racimos.
B.
B. Son microorganismos alargados con forma de bastón.
C.
C. Son bacterias con pared celular es muy rica en lípidos.
D.
D. Son virus de forma esférica agrupados en cadena.
Correct Answer
A. A. Son células procariotas que forman racimos.
7- Un organismo autótrofo y eucarionte puede pertenecer a los reinos:
A.
A. Monera ó Protista
B.
B. Protista ó Plantae
C.
C. Monera ó Plantae
D.
D. Fungi ó Protista
Correct Answer
B. B. Protista ó Plantae
Explanation An autotrophic organism is one that can produce its own food through photosynthesis or chemosynthesis. Eukaryotes are organisms that have a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles. Based on these characteristics, an autotrophic and eukaryotic organism can belong to the kingdoms Protista or Plantae. The kingdom Protista consists of diverse eukaryotic organisms that do not fit into the other kingdoms, while the kingdom Plantae consists of multicellular autotrophs such as plants. Therefore, the correct answer is b. Protista or Plantae.
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8.
8- Con respecto a las siguientes opciones, indique la correcta:
A.
A. Los virus son seres vivos.
B.
B. En las bacterias no hay endomembranas.
C.
C. La célula eucariota animal tiene pared celular.
D.
D. Las células eucariotas tienen plásmidos.
Correct Answer
B. B. En las bacterias no hay endomembranas.
Explanation The correct answer is b. En las bacterias no hay endomembranas. This statement is true because bacteria do not have membrane-bound organelles, such as the endoplasmic reticulum or Golgi apparatus, which are present in eukaryotic cells. Bacteria have a simpler structure and lack these internal membranes.
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9.
9- Los virus envueltos:
A.
A. No producen enfermedades en humanos.
B.
B. Tienen todos ADN como ácido nucleico.
C.
C. Tienen core pero carecen de cápside.
D.
D. Presentan una bicapa externa de lípidos y proteínas.
Correct Answer
D. D. Presentan una bicapa externa de lípidos y proteínas.
Explanation The correct answer is d. Presentan una bicapa externa de lÃpidos y proteÃnas. This is because enveloped viruses have an outer layer made up of lipids and proteins, which helps them to enter and infect host cells. This outer layer, known as the envelope, is derived from the host cell's membrane during the process of viral replication. This characteristic is unique to enveloped viruses and distinguishes them from non-enveloped viruses.
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10.
10- Una pared celular rica en peptidoglicano es característica de:
A.
A. Los virus envueltos.
B.
B. Bacterias Gram+.
C.
C. Las células animales.
D.
D. Las células eucariotas vegetales.
Correct Answer
B. B. Bacterias Gram+.
Explanation A peptidoglycan-rich cell wall is a characteristic feature of Gram-positive bacteria. Gram-positive bacteria have a thick layer of peptidoglycan in their cell walls, which helps provide structural support and protection. This is in contrast to Gram-negative bacteria, which have a thinner layer of peptidoglycan and an outer membrane. The presence of peptidoglycan in the cell wall is a key characteristic used in the Gram staining method to differentiate between these two types of bacteria.
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11.
11- Las organelas citoplasmáticas se hayas suspendidas en el citosol
A.
A. no poseen membrana plasmática alrededor
B.
B. mayormente, distribuidas en la region G (rígida)
C.
C. de forma estática
D.
D. mayormente, distribuidas en la region Sol (fluida)
Correct Answer
D. D. mayormente, distribuidas en la region Sol (fluida)
Explanation The correct answer is d. mayormente, distribuidas en la region Sol (fluida). This means that the cytoplasmic organelles are mostly distributed in the fluid region of the cytoplasm. This suggests that the organelles are not static but rather move freely within the cytosol. The term "region Sol" refers to the fluid portion of the cytoplasm where organelles are suspended. This answer implies that the organelles do not have a rigid distribution pattern and can move throughout the cytoplasm.
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12.
12- Los ribosomas libres citoplasmáticos
A.
A. sintetizan a todas las proteínas
B.
B. forman parte de la síntesis proteica y se asocian a chaperonas
C.
C. migran al núcleo
D.
D. son responsables de la síntesis de aminoácidos
Correct Answer
B. B. forman parte de la síntesis proteica y se asocian a chaperonas
Correct Answer
A. A. será degradada por proteosomas
Explanation A non-functional protein will be degraded by proteasomes. Proteasomes are cellular structures responsible for breaking down proteins that are misfolded, damaged, or no longer needed. When a protein is non-functional, it is likely misfolded or damaged, and the cell recognizes this and targets it for degradation. The proteasomes will break down the protein into smaller peptides, which can then be recycled or used for other cellular functions.
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15.
15- El citoplasma de las células eucariontas NO contiene
A.
A. Ribosomas
B.
B. Enzimas
C.
C. ADN circulante libre
D.
D. Mitocondrias
Correct Answer
C. C. ADN circulante libre
Explanation The correct answer is c. ADN circulante libre. The cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells does not contain freely circulating DNA. DNA is usually contained within the nucleus of eukaryotic cells, where it is organized into chromosomes. Some DNA may also be found in other organelles, such as mitochondria, but it is not freely circulating in the cytoplasm. Ribosomes, enzymes, and mitochondria are all commonly found in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells.
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16.
16- ¿Qué hace que los glicerofosfolípidos sean moléculas anfipáticas?
A.
A. El glicerol.
B.
B. El tercer sustituyente unido al glicerol.
C.
c. El número de ácidos grasos.
D.
D. La cantidad de insaturaciones.
Correct Answer
B. B. El tercer sustituyente unido al glicerol.
Explanation The correct answer is b. El tercer sustituyente unido al glicerol. Glycerophospholipids are molecules that have a polar head group attached to a glycerol backbone and two hydrophobic fatty acid tails. The third substituent, which can be a phosphate group or another polar group, makes the molecule amphipathic. This means that one end of the molecule is hydrophilic (attracted to water) and the other end is hydrophobic (repelled by water). This property allows glycerophospholipids to form the lipid bilayer in cell membranes, with the hydrophilic heads facing the aqueous environment and the hydrophobic tails facing each other.
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17.
17- ¿Qué interacción mantiene a los glúcidos asociados a los lípidos y proteínas de membrana?
A.
A. Enlace glicosídico.
B.
B. Interacciones electrostáticas.
C.
C. Enlace covalente.
D.
D. Enlace iónico.
Correct Answer
C. C. Enlace covalente.
Explanation Carbohydrates are associated with lipids and proteins in the cell membrane through covalent bonds. Covalent bonds involve the sharing of electrons between atoms, which results in a strong and stable bond. This type of bond allows for the attachment of carbohydrates to lipids and proteins, providing structural support and functional diversity to the cell membrane. Electrostatic interactions and ionic bonds are also important in maintaining the stability and integrity of the cell membrane, but they are not the primary interaction responsible for the association of carbohydrates with lipids and proteins.
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18.
18- ¿Qué tipo de proteína de membrana son los receptores que utilizan los virus para infectar una célula?
A.
A. Transmembrana.
B.
B. Los virus no necesitan de proteínas de la célula que infectan.
C.
C. Asociada por interacciones electrostáticas con otras proteínas de membrana.
D.
D. Asociada a lípidos de membrana.
Correct Answer
A. A. Transmembrana.
Explanation The correct answer is a. Transmembrana. Viruses use transmembrane proteins as receptors to infect cells. Transmembrane proteins span the entire cell membrane, with portions of the protein on both the inside and outside of the cell. These proteins play a crucial role in cell signaling and are often targeted by viruses as a way to gain entry into the cell. By binding to specific transmembrane receptors, viruses can initiate the process of infecting the cell and replicating within it.
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19.
19- La distribución de lípidos en las membranas celulares varía en función de:
A.
A. El tipo celular.
B.
B. La monocapa interna y la monacapa externa de la membrana.
C.
C. La organela.
D.
D. Todas son correctas.
Correct Answer
D. D. Todas son correctas.
Explanation The correct answer is d. Todas son correctas. This means that all of the options listed (a, b, and c) are correct explanations for the variation in lipid distribution in cell membranes. The distribution of lipids can vary depending on the type of cell, the composition of the inner and outer monolayers of the membrane, and the specific organelle within the cell. Therefore, all of these factors play a role in determining the lipid distribution in cell membranes.
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20.
20- ¿Cuál es la propiedad común a todos los lípidos y que los definen como tales?
A.
A. Son insolubles en agua.
B.
B. Se ordenan en forma de bicapa en un medio acuoso.
C.
C. Tienen un esqueleto de ciclopentanoperhidrofenantreno.
D.
D. En su síntesis intervienen moléculas de ácidos grasos.
Correct Answer
A. A. Son insolubles en agua.
Explanation Lipids are defined by their insolubility in water. This means that lipids do not dissolve in water and instead form separate layers or droplets. This property is due to the hydrophobic nature of lipids, meaning that they are repelled by water molecules. This characteristic is important for the functions of lipids in the body, such as acting as a source of energy, providing insulation, and forming cell membranes.
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21.
21- Transporte a través de canales:
A.
A. Los canales son túneles hidrofóbicos que atraviesan la membrana
B.
B. Los canales dependientes de ligando necesitan una sustancia inductora para abrirse
C.
C. Un mismo canal sirve para transportar cualquier ion
D.
D. Los canales iónicos están abiertos todo el tiempo
Correct Answer
B. B. Los canales dependientes de ligando necesitan una sustancia inductora para abrirse
Explanation The correct answer is b. Los canales dependientes de ligando necesitan una sustancia inductora para abrirse. This means that channels dependent on ligands require an inducing substance to open. This suggests that these channels have a specific binding site for a ligand, such as a neurotransmitter or hormone, and only open when the ligand binds to the channel. This mechanism allows for precise control of ion transport across the membrane.
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22.
22-Mecanismos de transporte de membrana:
A.
A. El transporte activo es mediado por permeasas llamadas bombas
B.
B. En el monotransporte se transportan dos tipos de solutos al mismo tiempo
C.
C. Los iones no necesitan proteínas para atravesar las membranas
D.
D. Las proteínas que permiten la difusión facilitada se llaman canales
Correct Answer
A. A. El transporte activo es mediado por permeasas llamadas bombas
Explanation The correct answer states that active transport is mediated by permeases called pumps. This means that active transport, which requires energy, is facilitated by specific proteins called pumps or permeases. These proteins actively move molecules or ions across the cell membrane against their concentration gradient. This explanation highlights the role of permeases in active transport and provides a clear understanding of the concept.
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23.
23- Transporte de membrana:
A.
A. La membrana plasmática es impermeable
B.
B. La difusión simple requiere energía para producirse
C.
C. En el cotransporte se transportan solutos en sentido contrario
D.
D. Las membranas celulares tienen permeabilidad selectiva
Correct Answer
D. D. Las membranas celulares tienen permeabilidad selectiva
Explanation The correct answer is d because it states that cell membranes have selective permeability. This means that they allow certain substances to pass through while restricting the passage of others. This is an important characteristic of cell membranes as it helps regulate the movement of molecules in and out of cells, allowing them to maintain homeostasis and control their internal environment.
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24.
24- Sobre la bomba de Na + /K + :
A.
A. Es un ejemplo de transporte activo
B.
B. Es un sistema de cotransporte
C.
C. No requiere energía para funcionar
D.
D. Es un ejemplo de difusión facilitada
Correct Answer
A. A. Es un ejemplo de transporte activo
A. El transporte pasivo se realiza en contra del gradiente
B.
B. El transporte activo no requiere energía para llevarse a cabo
C.
C. La difusión simple está mediada por proteínas de membrana
D.
D. La difusión facilitada de iones se lleva a cabo por canales
Correct Answer
D. D. La difusión facilitada de iones se lleva a cabo por canales
Explanation The correct answer is d. La difusión facilitada de iones se lleva a cabo por canales. This is because facilitated diffusion is a type of passive transport that requires the assistance of specific transport proteins or channels to move ions across the cell membrane. These channels provide a pathway for ions to pass through the membrane, allowing them to move down their concentration gradient without the need for energy expenditure.
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26.
26- ¿Qué significa que el microfilamento de actina posea polarización?
A.
A. Que tiene carga
B.
B. Que tienen un extremo dónde es más probable la polimerización y otro dónde es más probable la
C.
C. Que se encuentra polimerizado
D.
D. Que es hidrofílico
Correct Answer
B. B. Que tienen un extremo dónde es más probable la polimerización y otro dónde es más probable la
Explanation The correct answer is b. Que tienen un extremo donde es más probable la polimerización y otro donde es más probable la despolimerización.
This means that actin filaments have polarity, with one end called the "barbed end" where polymerization is more likely to occur, and the other end called the "pointed end" where depolymerization is more likely to occur. This polarity allows actin filaments to assemble and disassemble dynamically, which is important for their role in cell movement and shape changes.
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27.
27- ¿Qué componente del citoesqueleto se encuentra implicado en la formación del uso mitótico?
28- ¿Cómo se denomina a la proteína actina polimerizada? Actina...
A.
A. G
B.
B. H
C.
C. F
D.
D. P
Correct Answer
C. C. F
Explanation The correct answer is c. F. The question is asking for the name of the polymerized actin protein. The answer is "F" as it is the correct term used to refer to the polymerized form of actin.
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29.
29- ¿Cómo se clasifica a los componentes del citoesqueleto? En función de su,,
A.
A. función
B.
B. ubicación en el citoplasma
C.
C. diámetro
D.
D. proteínas accesorias que participan en su función
Correct Answer
C. C. diámetro
Explanation The components of the cytoskeleton are classified based on their diameter.
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30.
30- De estos elementos, señale los que constituyen los filamentos intermedios
A.
A. actina
B.
B. distintas familias de proteínas
C.
C. tubulina
D.
D. miosina
Correct Answer
B. B. distintas familias de proteínas
Explanation The correct answer is b. distintas familias de proteÃnas. Filamentos intermedios consist of different families of proteins. This means that the filaments are made up of various types of proteins that come from different families. The other options, actina, tubulina, and miosina, are not associated with filamentos intermedios.
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31.
31- Los desmosomas:
A.
A. Una unión de anclaje lateral
B.
B. Son una diferenciación de la membrana
C.
C. Una unión de comunicación basal
D.
Option 4
Correct Answer
A. A. Una unión de anclaje lateral
Explanation Desmosomes are cell junctions that provide anchoring between cells. They are specialized structures of the cell membrane that form strong connections between adjacent cells, particularly in tissues that experience mechanical stress, such as the skin and heart. These junctions help to maintain the integrity and stability of tissues by preventing cells from separating under tension or shear forces. Therefore, the correct answer is a. Una unión de anclaje lateral, as it accurately describes the function of desmosomes.
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32.
32- Las uniones Gap
A.
A. Son de anclaje basal
B.
B. Son de anclaje lateral
C.
C. Son comunicantes y lateral
D.
Option 4
Correct Answer
A. A. Son de anclaje basal
Explanation Gap junctions are specialized intercellular connections that allow for direct communication between adjacent cells. They are composed of proteins called connexins, which form channels between the cells. These channels allow for the passage of ions, small molecules, and electrical signals, enabling coordinated cell functions. Gap junctions are found in various tissues and play important roles in cell signaling, development, and tissue homeostasis. The correct answer, "a. Son de anclaje basal," indicates that gap junctions are anchored to the basal membrane, further supporting their role in cell-cell communication.
34- Corresponde a una diferenciación de la membrana
A.
A. Cilias
B.
B. Axonema 9+2
C.
C. Contacto focal
D.
Option 4
Correct Answer
A. A. Cilias
Explanation The correct answer is a. Cilias. This means that the statement "Corresponde a una diferenciación de la membrana" is referring to cilias. Cilias are small, hair-like structures found on the surface of cells that help with movement and sensory functions. They are involved in various processes such as moving fluid and particles along the cell surface or detecting changes in the environment. The other options, b. Axonema 9+2 and c. Contacto focal, do not match the given statement and are therefore not the correct answers.
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35.
35- Los hemidesmosomas, se relacionan con el citoesqueleto con:
A.
A. Actina
B.
B. Microtúbulos
C.
C. Keratina
D.
Option 4
Correct Answer
C. C. Keratina
Explanation Hemidesmosomes are cell adhesion structures that anchor epithelial cells to the underlying basement membrane. They are connected to the cytoskeleton through intermediate filaments, specifically keratin filaments. Keratin is a structural protein found in epithelial cells and provides mechanical support and stability to the cells. Therefore, the correct answer is c. Keratina.
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36.
36- Las enzimas para la síntesis de colesterol se encuentran en:
A.
A. El aparato de Golgi.
B.
B. El Citoplasma.
C.
C. La envoltura nuclear.
D.
D. El retículo endoplasmático liso.
Correct Answer
D. D. El retículo endoplasmático liso.
Explanation The correct answer is d. El retÃculo endoplasmático liso. Enzymes for cholesterol synthesis are found in the smooth endoplasmic reticulum.
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37.
37- ¿Qué es un polisoma?:
A.
A. Inclusiones citoplasmáticas de sustancias de reserva.
B.
B. Grupo de ribosomas unidos a una misma molécula de RNAm que la traducen simultáneamente.
C.
C. Nombre que reciben los tilacoides de las bacterias
D.
D. Estructura de la membrana citoplasmática donde se fija el cromosoma.
Correct Answer
B. B. Grupo de ribosomas unidos a una misma molécula de RNAm que la traducen simultáneamente.
Explanation A polisome is a group of ribosomes that are attached to the same mRNA molecule and translate it simultaneously.
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38.
38- El dolicol, portador del oligosacárido para la glicosilación de proteínas es:
40- Cuando un gran número de ribosomas está unido a las membranas del retículo endoplasmático, es señal de síntesis de:
A.
A. triglicéridos.
B.
B. enzimas citoplasmáticas.
C.
C. proteínas de membrana.
D.
D. hormonas esteroides.
Correct Answer
C. C. proteínas de membrana.
Explanation When a large number of ribosomes are attached to the membranes of the endoplasmic reticulum, it is a signal for the synthesis of membrane proteins.
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41.
41- La función del sistema Snare esta relacionado con...
A.
A. glicosilar proteínas.
B.
B. reconocer péptido señal.
C.
C. direccionar vesículas a destino.
D.
D. bajar pH en endosomas tardíos.
Correct Answer
C. C. direccionar vesículas a destino.
Explanation The correct answer is c. direccionar vesÃculas a destino. The function of the SNARE system is to direct vesicles to their specific destinations within the cell. SNARE proteins are involved in the fusion of vesicles with their target membranes, allowing for the delivery of cargo molecules to their intended locations. This process is crucial for various cellular processes, including neurotransmitter release, hormone secretion, and intracellular transport.
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42.
42- Las proteínas glicosiladas con Manosa 6P. Son las ….
A.
A. Chaperonas.
B.
B. Enzimas lisosomales.
C.
C. funcionales a pH 7.2 ( pH citosólico).
D.
D. que se encuentran en la mitocondrias.
Correct Answer
B. B. Enzimas lisosomales.
Explanation Proteins glycosylated with Mannose 6P are enzymes that are targeted to the lysosomes. Lysosomes are organelles responsible for the degradation of cellular waste and foreign material. Enzymes within lysosomes help break down these substances, and proteins glycosylated with Mannose 6P are specifically recognized and transported to the lysosomes. Therefore, the correct answer is b. Enzimas lisosomales.
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43.
43- Las vesículas con cubierta COP II seleccionan carga para el trafico desde...
A.
A. el REG al Golgi.
B.
B. el Golgi a M. Plasmática por la Vía regulada.
C.
C. las vesículas endocíticas a los lisosomas.
D.
D. el Golgi a los Lisosomas.
Correct Answer
A. A. el REG al Golgi.
Explanation The correct answer is a. el REG al Golgi. This is because COP II-coated vesicles are responsible for transporting cargo from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to the Golgi apparatus.
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44.
44- Un fagosoma posee una membrana derivada de....
A.
A. la membrana citoplasmática.
B.
B. una estructura presente en todo tipo celular,
C.
C. Aparato de Golgi.
D.
D. exclusivamente enzimas hidrolíticas inactivas.
Correct Answer
A. A. la membrana citoplasmática.
Explanation A fagosoma is a membrane-bound compartment formed during phagocytosis, in which a cell engulfs and internalizes particles or pathogens. The membrane of the fagosoma is derived from the cell's own plasma membrane, known as the membrana citoplasmática in Spanish. Therefore, the correct answer is a. la membrana citoplasmática.
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45.
45- Lo correcto de las vesículas con cubierta con Clatrina es:
A.
A. seleccionan enzimas Lisosomales.
B.
B. su contenido son proteínas citoplasmáticas.
C.
C. intervienen en el trafico entre REG y Golgi.
D.
D. reconocen organela destino.
Correct Answer
A. A. seleccionan enzimas Lisosomales.
Explanation The correct answer is a. seleccionan enzimas Lisosomales. This means that vesicles with clathrin select lysosomal enzymes. This is important because lysosomal enzymes are responsible for breaking down waste materials and cellular debris. The clathrin-coated vesicles recognize these enzymes and transport them to the lysosomes for proper degradation.
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46.
46- En la membrana mitocondrial interna se ubican la cadena respiratoria y...
A.
A. ATP sintetasa
B.
B. porinas
C.
C. enzimas
D.
D. nucleótidos
Correct Answer
A. A. ATP sintetasa
Explanation The correct answer is a. ATP synthase. ATP synthase is located in the inner mitochondrial membrane and is responsible for the production of ATP during oxidative phosphorylation. It uses the energy from the electron transport chain to convert ADP and inorganic phosphate into ATP. The other options, porins, enzymes, and nucleotides, may also be present in the inner mitochondrial membrane, but they are not specifically associated with the production of ATP.
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47.
47- Las mitocondrias generan energía, en?
A.
A. síntesis de lípidos
B.
B. síntesis de glucosa
C.
C. anaerobiosis
D.
D. aerobiosis
Correct Answer
D. D. aerobiosis
Explanation Mitochondria are known as the "powerhouse" of the cell because they generate energy in the form of ATP through a process called aerobic respiration. Aerobic respiration requires oxygen, and it occurs in the mitochondria. The other options, such as lipid synthesis, glucose synthesis, and anaerobiosis, do not accurately describe the main function of mitochondria, which is energy production through aerobic respiration.
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48.
48- La cardiolipina es un lípido marcador de membrana mitocondrial, en que lugar?
49- El ADN mitocondrial humano se hereda solo por vía?
A.
A. indistinto
B.
B. materna
C.
C. paterna
D.
D. ambos
Correct Answer
B. B. materna
Explanation The correct answer is b. materna. Mitochondrial DNA is only inherited from the mother. This is because mitochondria, the organelles that contain mitochondrial DNA, are passed down from the mother to the offspring through the cytoplasm of the egg cell. Sperm cells do not usually contribute mitochondria to the fertilized egg, so the mitochondrial DNA comes exclusively from the mother.
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50.
50- Las mitocondrias contienen ribosomas 70S, ADN circular y cual ion positivo?
A.
A. hierro
B.
B. calcio
C.
C. potasio
D.
D. sodio
Correct Answer
B. B. calcio
Explanation Mitochondrias contain 70S ribosomes, circular DNA, and calcium ions. Calcium ions play a crucial role in mitochondrial function, as they are involved in regulating various processes such as ATP production, cell signaling, and apoptosis. Additionally, calcium ions are essential for maintaining mitochondrial membrane potential and regulating the permeability of the mitochondrial membrane. Therefore, the correct answer is b. calcium.
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