Psyc 100 (Quizzes One And Two) 2018

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  • 1/20 Questions

    Which is most accurate?

    • Psychologists study mental processes and behaviour
    • Psychologists study the psyche
    • Psychologists study human behaviour
    • Psychologists study animal behaviour
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About This Quiz

This quiz, titled 'PSYC 100 (Quizzes One and Two) 2018', assesses foundational concepts in psychology, including psychophysics, mental processes, and behavior theories. It is designed to test knowledge on structuralism, functionalism, and research generalization, crucial for students of psychology.

Psyc 100 (Quizzes One And Two) 2018 - Quiz

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  • 2. 

    People who live in cities often do not respond to night sounds while asleep (i.e. horns honking). This is an example of:

    • Shaping

    • Habituation

    • Classical Conditioning

    • Operant Conditioning

    Correct Answer
    A. Habituation
    Explanation
    Habituation is the correct answer because it refers to the process of becoming accustomed to a repeated or constant stimulus, resulting in a decreased response over time. In the context of the question, people who live in cities are exposed to various night sounds on a regular basis, such as horns honking. Over time, they become habituated to these sounds and do not respond to them while asleep. This is a natural adaptation to the environment and helps individuals get uninterrupted sleep despite the urban noise.

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  • 3. 

    Only __________ involve the manipulation of independent variables.

    • Experiments

    • Correlation studies

    • Case studies

    • Naturalistic observations

    Correct Answer
    A. Experiments
    Explanation
    Experiments involve the manipulation of independent variables. In an experiment, the researcher actively changes or manipulates the independent variable to observe its effect on the dependent variable. This allows for a cause-and-effect relationship to be established between the independent and dependent variables. In contrast, correlation studies examine the relationship between variables without manipulating them, case studies focus on in-depth analysis of a single individual or group, and naturalistic observations involve observing behavior in its natural setting without any manipulation. Therefore, only experiments involve the manipulation of independent variables.

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  • 4. 

    Structuralism is to __________ as functionalism is to __________.

    • Consciousness; memory

    • Unobservable behaviour; consciousness

    • Consciousness; memory

    • Elements of consciousness; purpose of consciousness

    Correct Answer
    A. Elements of consciousness; purpose of consciousness
    Explanation
    Structuralism focuses on analyzing the different elements or components of consciousness, while functionalism focuses on understanding the purpose or function of consciousness. Therefore, the relationship between structuralism and functionalism is that structuralism examines the elements of consciousness, while functionalism explores the purpose or function of consciousness.

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  • 5. 

    The fact that male peacocks have evolved large tail feathers even though large feathers appear to be an impediment to survival is best explained by:

    • Sexual selection

    • Evolution through natural selection

    • Genetic Drift

    • Large feathers can be used to the protect the nest

    Correct Answer
    A. Sexual selection
    Explanation
    The fact that male peacocks have evolved large tail feathers even though large feathers appear to be an impediment to survival can be best explained by sexual selection. This process occurs when individuals of one sex (in this case, females) choose mates based on certain traits, such as the size and beauty of the tail feathers. Even though these large feathers may make it more difficult for males to escape predators or find food, they have evolved because they are attractive to females and increase the chances of mating. This preference by females for males with large tail feathers drives the evolution of this trait.

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  • 6. 

    In psychological research, the term "generalization" refers to:

    • Obtaining a broad understanding of how different variables are related to each other

    • Adding the results from one study to those from other studies

    • Concluding that the results obtained from a sample can also be applied to the larger population

    • How significant the results of the statistical analysis are

    Correct Answer
    A. Concluding that the results obtained from a sample can also be applied to the larger population
    Explanation
    The term "generalization" in psychological research refers to the process of drawing conclusions about a larger population based on the results obtained from a sample. This means that researchers can apply their findings to a broader group of individuals beyond those who participated in the study. Generalization allows researchers to make predictions and draw broader conclusions about human behavior and psychological phenomena.

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  • 7. 

    A researcher has two groups of subjects - one that has been taught a memory aid and one that has not. Both groups are asked to lean a list of 20 nouns in two minutes, and both are then given a recall test. What is the independent variable?

    • Whether or not the participants have been taught the memory aid

    • The number of nouns

    • The amount of time participants took to complete the recall test

    • Participants' scores on the recall test

    Correct Answer
    A. Whether or not the participants have been taught the memory aid
    Explanation
    The independent variable in this experiment is whether or not the participants have been taught the memory aid. This variable is being manipulated by the researcher, as they are assigning participants to either the group that has been taught the memory aid or the group that has not. The researcher is interested in examining the effect of teaching the memory aid on participants' performance in the recall test.

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  • 8. 

    Natural selection has favoured species that reproduce sexually because sexual reproduction: 

    • Leads to a longer lifespan and more variability in behaviour

    • Produces organisms that have the capacity for thinking and language

    • Leads to genetic diversity which is adaptive

    • Pleasurable, which is reinforcing

    Correct Answer
    A. Leads to genetic diversity which is adaptive
    Explanation
    Sexual reproduction leads to genetic diversity which is adaptive. This is because sexual reproduction involves the mixing of genetic material from two parents, resulting in offspring that have a unique combination of genes. This genetic diversity allows for a greater range of traits within a population, increasing the chances of survival and adaptation to changing environments. It also helps to prevent the accumulation of harmful mutations and allows for the elimination of detrimental genetic variations through natural selection. Therefore, natural selection has favored species that reproduce sexually because it promotes genetic diversity, which is beneficial for their survival and evolution.

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  • 9. 

    Which of the following is the best example of operant conditioning?

    • A young child becomes fearful whenever seeing the babysitter

    • A child continues to pick on his sister, despite receiving repeated time-outs

    • Two boys imitate a professional wrestler they view on television

    • A student studies for her math test and received a mark of 90%. She then studies harder for the next test

    Correct Answer
    A. A student studies for her math test and received a mark of 90%. She then studies harder for the next test
    Explanation
    The best example of operant conditioning is when a student studies for her math test and receives a mark of 90%. This is because operant conditioning involves learning through consequences, and in this case, the positive consequence of receiving a high mark reinforces the behavior of studying harder for the next test.

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  • 10. 

    An organism's phenotype is the result of _________.

    • Its genotype

    • The influence of environmental influences and experiences

    • The reproductive success of its parents

    • The interaction of its genotype with the environment

    Correct Answer
    A. The interaction of its genotype with the environment
    Explanation
    An organism's phenotype is the result of the interaction of its genotype with the environment. This means that while an organism's genotype provides the genetic information and instructions for development, the environment plays a crucial role in determining how these genes are expressed. Environmental factors such as nutrition, temperature, and social interactions can influence gene expression and ultimately shape the organism's observable characteristics or phenotype. Therefore, the interaction between an organism's genotype and the environment is responsible for determining its phenotype.

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  • 11. 

    __________ is a learning procedure that utilizes reinforcement to guide a response in closer and closer approximations to a desired behaviour.

    • Partial reinforcement

    • Habituation

    • Classical Conditioning

    • Shaping

    Correct Answer
    A. Shaping
    Explanation
    Shaping is a learning procedure that utilizes reinforcement to guide a response in closer and closer approximations to a desired behavior. This means that instead of waiting for the desired behavior to occur naturally and then reinforcing it, shaping involves reinforcing small steps or behaviors that are similar to the desired behavior. Through this process, the individual gradually learns and develops the desired behavior through reinforcement and approximation.

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  • 12. 

    Through their research on human responses to physical stimuli, both Helmholtz and Fechner contributed to the beginning of: 

    • Comparative psychology

    • Psychophysics

    • Rationalism

    • Materialism

    Correct Answer
    A. Psychophysics
    Explanation
    Helmholtz and Fechner's research on human responses to physical stimuli contributed to the beginning of psychophysics. Psychophysics is a branch of psychology that focuses on the relationship between physical stimuli and the sensations and perceptions they produce in the human mind. By studying how humans perceive and respond to different physical stimuli, Helmholtz and Fechner laid the foundation for understanding the connection between the physical world and the psychological experiences it generates.

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  • 13. 

    If psychology can be defined as the science of behaviour and the mind, why are the data in psychology always drawn from behaviour?

    • Behaviour can be influenced by the environment but the mind cannot

    • Behaviour can be observed and the mind cannot

    • Behaviour can be influenced by physiology but the mind cannot

    • All of the above

    Correct Answer
    A. Behaviour can be observed and the mind cannot
    Explanation
    The correct answer is "Behaviour can be observed and the mind cannot." In psychology, data is gathered through observation and measurement. While behavior can be directly observed and measured, the mind and its processes are internal and subjective, making them difficult to directly observe and quantify. Therefore, psychologists rely on observable behavior as a means to gather data and make inferences about the underlying mental processes.

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  • 14. 

    Minor deception may be permitted in research providing there is a __________ and __________.

    • Momentary remuneration; prior informed consent

    • Prior informed consent; no foreseeable harm

    • No foreseeable harm; there is a full debriefing

    • No confounding; information; information is confidential

    Correct Answer
    A. No foreseeable harm; there is a full debriefing
    Explanation
    In research, minor deception may be allowed as long as there is no foreseeable harm to the participants and there is a full debriefing provided afterward. This means that researchers can deceive participants to a certain extent as long as it does not cause any harm or negative consequences. Additionally, researchers are required to fully explain the true nature of the study to the participants after it is completed. This ensures that participants are not left with any negative effects or misunderstandings due to the deception used during the research.

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  • 15. 

    To what is the tendency of the CS to elicit a CR related?

    • The number of CS-US pairings

    • The intensity of the CS

    • The intensity of the CR

    • The number of times the US has elicited the CR

    Correct Answer
    A. The number of CS-US pairings
    Explanation
    The tendency of the conditioned stimulus (CS) to elicit a conditioned response (CR) is related to the number of CS-US pairings. The more frequently the CS is paired with the unconditioned stimulus (US), the stronger the association becomes between the two stimuli. This leads to a stronger tendency for the CS to elicit the CR. The number of pairings is crucial in the process of classical conditioning as it determines the strength and effectiveness of the learned response.

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  • 16. 

    The concept of natural selection is most important for psychologists interested in the __________ of behaviour.

    • Functions

    • Variation

    • Structure

    • Limitations

    Correct Answer
    A. Functions
    Explanation
    The concept of natural selection is most important for psychologists interested in the functions of behavior. Natural selection is a fundamental principle in evolutionary psychology, which suggests that behaviors have evolved because they serve specific functions that increase an organism's chances of survival and reproduction. By understanding the functions of behavior, psychologists can gain insights into why certain behaviors have evolved and how they contribute to an organism's fitness and adaptation to its environment.

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  • 17. 

    Altruistic behaviour toward non-relatives can be explained by:

    • Personal fitness

    • Reciprocal altruism

    • Non-familial altruism

    • Inclusive fitness

    Correct Answer
    A. Reciprocal altruism
    Explanation
    Reciprocal altruism refers to the act of helping others with the expectation that they will return the favor in the future. This behavior can be explained by the idea that individuals are more likely to survive and reproduce if they cooperate and help each other. By engaging in reciprocal altruism, individuals can gain benefits in the long run, even if they are initially helping non-relatives. This concept is supported by observations in various species, including humans, where individuals engage in cooperative behaviors to enhance their own fitness.

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  • 18. 

    Concordance is the degree to which two people:

    • Share the same phenotype

    • Share the same genotype

    • Are biologically related

    • Share the same environment

    Correct Answer
    A. Share the same phenotype
    Explanation
    Concordance refers to the degree to which two people share the same phenotype, which means that they exhibit similar observable traits or characteristics. This can include physical attributes, such as height or eye color, as well as behavioral or medical traits. It does not necessarily imply that they share the same genotype or are biologically related, although these factors can influence the concordance of phenotypes. Similarly, while sharing the same environment can contribute to concordance, it is not the sole determining factor.

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  • 19. 

    Which of the following presents the most convincing evidence that an animal has learned by "insight" rather than by trial and error?

    • The animal gives a smooth, continuous performance

    • There is a sudden drop in the learning curve

    • A transfer of learning occurs

    • One sees an absence of errors in the animal's performance

    Correct Answer
    A. A transfer of learning occurs
    Explanation
    A transfer of learning occurs is the most convincing evidence that an animal has learned by "insight" rather than by trial and error. This is because a transfer of learning refers to the ability of an animal to apply knowledge or skills learned in one situation to a different, unrelated situation. This suggests that the animal has gained a deeper understanding or insight into the underlying principles or concepts involved, rather than simply relying on trial and error to find the correct response.

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  • 20. 

    Suppose that you conduct an experiment to study the effects of love on improving children's self concepts. To manipulate love, you allow research assistance to hug each child after he or she has successfully completed a set of math problems. Once the study is complete, you ask the children if they felt loved during the study. They say no. Apparently, your operational definition of your independent variable is _________.

    • Too subjective

    • Not objective

    • Unreliable

    • Invalid

    Correct Answer
    A. Invalid
    Explanation
    The operational definition of the independent variable in this study is invalid because the researchers attempted to manipulate love by having research assistants hug the children after completing math problems. However, the children reported that they did not feel loved during the study. This suggests that the manipulation of love was not successful, and therefore the operational definition of the independent variable was not valid.

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  • Feb 03, 2025
    Quiz Edited by
    ProProfs Editorial Team
  • Oct 11, 2018
    Quiz Created by
    April
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