Protecting Human Research Participants: Select Quiz Questions
Protecting Human Research Participants NIH Office of Extramural ResearchPlease read the lecture here (you can copy URL then open the lecture on the new tab seperately)https://humansubjects. Nih. Gov/sites/hs/phrp/PHRP_Archived_Course_Materi als. Pdf Source: NIH Office of Extramural Research
- 1.
Identify the most influential event that led to the HHS Policy for Protection of Human Research Subjects (Tips: you can search on google "syphilis experiment"
- A.
Nuremberg trials
- B.
Syphilis Study at Tuskegee
- C.
Jewish Chronic Disease Hospital Study
- D.
Willowbrook Study
Correct Answer
B. SypHilis Study at TuskegeeExplanation
The most influential event that led to the HHS Policy for Protection of Human Research Subjects was the Syphilis Study at Tuskegee. This study, conducted by the U.S. Public Health Service from 1932 to 1972, involved withholding treatment from African American men with syphilis, even after a cure became available. The study raised ethical concerns and led to public outrage when it was exposed in the media. As a result, the study prompted significant changes in research ethics and the establishment of guidelines to protect human subjects in research.Rate this question:
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- 2.
The Belmont Report is significant because:Which one do you like?
- A.
It was written by the National Commission for the Protection of Human Subjects.Option 1
- B.
It articulated ethical principles that formed the basis for the HHS Human Subjects Regulations.Option 2
- C.
Belmont is another word for individual autonomy and respect.Option 3
- D.
It was a seminal document about the concept of informed consent.Option 4
Correct Answer
B. It articulated ethical principles that formed the basis for the HHS Human Subjects Regulations.Option 2Explanation
The Belmont Report is significant because it articulated ethical principles that formed the basis for the HHS Human Subjects Regulations. This means that the report provided a framework and guidelines for the protection of human subjects in research, ensuring that their rights and welfare are respected. It played a crucial role in shaping the ethical standards and regulations that researchers and institutions must adhere to when conducting research involving human subjects.Rate this question:
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- 3.
An institutionally designated authority, other than the investigator, should determine that proposed studies are exempt from regulatory requirements.
- A.
True
- B.
False
Correct Answer
A. TrueExplanation
In research studies, it is important to have an authority other than the investigator determine if the proposed studies are exempt from regulatory requirements. This helps ensure unbiased decision-making and adherence to ethical standards. By having an institutionally designated authority involved in the process, there is an added layer of oversight and accountability. Therefore, the statement that an institutionally designated authority should determine if proposed studies are exempt from regulatory requirements is true.Rate this question:
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- 4.
45 CFR 46 requires Federal Departments and Agencies to rely solely on IRBs to evaluate risks to subjects, protection against these risks, potential benefits of the research and the importance of the knowledge to be gained
- A.
True
- B.
False
Correct Answer
B. FalseExplanation
The statement is false because while 45 CFR 46 does require Federal Departments and Agencies to rely on IRBs to evaluate risks, protection, and potential benefits of research, it does not require them to rely solely on IRBs. Other considerations and evaluations may also be taken into account in the decision-making process.Rate this question:
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- 5.
A "systematic investigation designed to develop or contribute to generalizable knowledge" may include:
- A.
Evaluation
- B.
Research Development
- C.
Testing
- D.
All of the above
Correct Answer
D. All of the aboveExplanation
The term "systematic investigation designed to develop or contribute to generalizable knowledge" refers to a process that follows a structured approach to gather information and generate new knowledge. Evaluation involves assessing the effectiveness or value of something, while research development focuses on creating new knowledge or improving existing knowledge. Testing involves conducting experiments or trials to gather data and validate hypotheses. Therefore, all of these activities contribute to the goal of developing or contributing to generalizable knowledge.Rate this question:
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- 6.
An "autonomous person" is someone who:
- A.
Has reached the legal age to provide informed consent in the State.
- B.
Is willing to accept certain risks if the research will benefit others in the future
- C.
Understands the risks and benefits of his or her participation and is able to make a voluntary decision if adequate information is provided.
- D.
Meets all eligibility criteria for a study and asks the investigator if she or he may participate.
Correct Answer
C. Understands the risks and benefits of his or her participation and is able to make a voluntary decision if adequate information is provided.Explanation
An "autonomous person" is someone who understands the risks and benefits of their participation in a study and is capable of making a voluntary decision if they are provided with adequate information. This means that they have the mental capacity to comprehend the potential risks and benefits, and they have the freedom to make their own choice without any external coercion or influence. It is important for individuals to be autonomous in research studies to ensure that their participation is truly voluntary and based on informed consent.Rate this question:
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- 7.
Respect for Persons: Section Quiz *Why might an individual have diminished autonomy?
- A.
They are a neonate.
- B.
They are incarcerated or involuntarily confined.
- C.
They are unconscious.
- D.
All of the above.
Correct Answer
D. All of the above.Explanation
An individual may have diminished autonomy if they are a neonate, incarcerated or involuntarily confined, or unconscious. Neonates are not capable of making autonomous decisions due to their age and lack of cognitive abilities. Individuals who are incarcerated or involuntarily confined have their autonomy restricted by external factors such as legal constraints or confinement. Unconscious individuals are unable to exercise their autonomy as they are not conscious or aware of their surroundings. Therefore, all of the mentioned reasons can contribute to diminished autonomy in an individual.Rate this question:
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- 8.
In order to participate in research, children must
- A.
Provide written informed consent
- B.
Provide written permission
- C.
Provide assent, unless the IRB determines that they are too young
Correct Answer
C. Provide assent, unless the IRB determines that they are too youngExplanation
Children are required to provide assent in order to participate in research, unless the Institutional Review Board (IRB) determines that they are too young. Assent is the child's affirmative agreement to participate in the research, indicating their understanding of the study and willingness to take part. However, the IRB may decide that children of a certain age or cognitive ability are not capable of providing meaningful assent, in which case their participation would require alternative measures or be excluded altogether.Rate this question:
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- 9.
For research involving pregnant women, participation requires:
- A.
That women have completed the first trimester.
- B.
That the study be conducted first in men
- C.
Permission of the father.
- D.
Consideration of risks and potential benefits for the fetus and the pregnant woman.
Correct Answer
D. Consideration of risks and potential benefits for the fetus and the pregnant woman.Explanation
For research involving pregnant women, it is essential to consider the risks and potential benefits for both the fetus and the pregnant woman. This is because any research intervention or procedure may have potential implications for the health and well-being of both the mother and the developing fetus. Therefore, it is crucial to thoroughly evaluate the potential risks and benefits before involving pregnant women in research studies to ensure their safety and well-being.Rate this question:
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- 10.
The regulations strongly suggest but do not require that the informed consent process be delivered in a language that is understandable to the subject.
- A.
True
- B.
False
Correct Answer
B. FalseExplanation
The regulations do not require that the informed consent process be delivered in a language that is understandable to the subject.Rate this question:
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- 11.
If informed consent information is presented orally, it must be documented using a short form that states that all the required elements were presented orally
- A.
True
- B.
False
Correct Answer
A. TrueExplanation
When informed consent information is presented orally, it is necessary to document it using a short form that affirms that all the required elements were presented verbally. This documentation ensures that there is a record of the consent process and that all the necessary information was provided to the individual. By documenting the use of a short form, it confirms that the oral presentation of the informed consent information took place and acknowledges that the individual had the opportunity to ask questions and understand the details before giving their consent. Therefore, the statement is true.Rate this question:
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- 12.
Beneficence: Section Quiz *What is an appropriate method for maintaining confidentiality of private information obtained from human subjects?
- A.
Keeping data in a password-protected database
- B.
Storing images in a secured cabinet
- C.
Coding data or specimens and keeping the key to the code in a separate, locked drawer
- D.
All of the above are ways to maintain confidentiality
Correct Answer
D. All of the above are ways to maintain confidentialityExplanation
All of the above options are appropriate methods for maintaining confidentiality of private information obtained from human subjects. Keeping data in a password-protected database ensures that only authorized individuals can access the information. Storing images in a secured cabinet adds an extra layer of physical security. Coding data or specimens and keeping the key to the code in a separate, locked drawer ensures that even if the data is accessed, it cannot be easily deciphered without the key. Therefore, all of these methods contribute to maintaining confidentiality effectively.Rate this question:
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- 13.
If a researcher determines that his/her study poses no more than minimal risk as defined in 45 CFR 46, there is no need for the protocol to have IRB review and approval
- A.
True
- B.
False
Correct Answer
B. FalseExplanation
The correct answer is False. Even if a researcher determines that their study poses no more than minimal risk, it is still necessary for the protocol to undergo IRB review and approval. This is because ethical guidelines and regulations require all research involving human subjects to be reviewed by an IRB to ensure the protection of participants' rights and welfare. The determination of minimal risk by the researcher does not exempt the study from this requirement.Rate this question:
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- 14.
Which of the following most accurately describes clinical equipoise?
- A.
Scientific uncertainty that one study intervention is superior to another
- B.
A reasonable balance of risks and benefits to research subjects
- C.
When the probability and magnitude of harm or discomfort is not greater than those ordinarily encountered in daily life or during the performance of routine physical or psychological exams
- D.
A double blind controlled trial
Correct Answer
A. Scientific uncertainty that one study intervention is superior to anotherExplanation
Clinical equipoise refers to the state of scientific uncertainty where researchers are unsure which study intervention is superior to another. It means that there is genuine doubt or disagreement among the medical community regarding the comparative effectiveness of the interventions being studied. This concept is important in ethical research as it ensures that participants are not being exposed to unnecessary risks or harm when there is no clear evidence of one intervention being better than the other.Rate this question:
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- 15.
Because the expedited IRB review process is generally used for certain types of minimal risk research, it is less stringent than review by the full IRB.
- A.
True
- B.
False
Correct Answer
B. FalseExplanation
The expedited IRB review process is not less stringent than review by the full IRB. In fact, the expedited review process is used for minimal risk research, which means that the level of scrutiny and oversight is still high, but the review process is faster compared to full IRB review. Therefore, the correct answer is False.Rate this question:
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- 16.
Therapeutic misconception is the tendency for investigators to mislead research participants about the research purpose, procedures or benefits.
- A.
True
- B.
False
Correct Answer
B. FalseExplanation
The statement is false because therapeutic misconception refers to the tendency of research participants to misunderstand the distinction between research and clinical care. It is not the investigators who mislead the participants about the research purpose, procedures, or benefits, but rather the participants themselves who mistakenly believe that they are receiving individualized therapeutic benefits from participating in the research.Rate this question:
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- 17.
Justice: Section Quiz *In localities where community consent is the norm,
- A.
A family member's consent for another individual may be sufficient, as long as community consent is given
- B.
Federal regulations preclude the conduct of PHS-funded research
- C.
Community consent to participate in the research study is sufficient and no IRB approval is required
- D.
In addition to the cultural norm, individual informed consent is required
Correct Answer
D. In addition to the cultural norm, individual informed consent is requiredExplanation
In this scenario, the correct answer states that individual informed consent is required in addition to the cultural norm. This means that even though community consent may be the norm in the localities, it is not enough for conducting research. The individual's explicit and informed consent is necessary to ensure that they fully understand the research study and voluntarily agree to participate. This requirement is in line with ethical principles and protects the rights and autonomy of each individual involved in the research.Rate this question:
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- 18.
NIH has specific policies addressing:
- A.
Inclusion of children in research
- B.
Inclusion of women and minorities in research
- C.
Treatment for research subjects in HIV/AIDS antiretroviral studies following completing of trials in developing countries
- D.
All of the above
Correct Answer
D. All of the aboveExplanation
The correct answer is "All of the above." The National Institutes of Health (NIH) has specific policies addressing the inclusion of children, women, and minorities in research. They also have policies regarding the treatment of research subjects in HIV/AIDS antiretroviral studies after completing trials in developing countries. These policies aim to ensure that research is conducted ethically and that diverse populations are included and treated appropriately in clinical studies.Rate this question:
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- 19.
IRBs reviewing research in a different geographical location and/or cultural context have a responsibility to:
- A.
Obtain knowledge of the local context by talking to those who have traveled to the region
- B.
Defer to an IRB that is in the situated within the local research context
- C.
Ask specialists with direct knowledge of the local research context to participate in IRB discussions
- D.
B or C
- E.
A or C
Correct Answer
D. B or CExplanation
When reviewing research in a different geographical location and/or cultural context, IRBs have a responsibility to obtain knowledge of the local context. This can be done by talking to individuals who have traveled to the region and have direct knowledge of the local research context. Alternatively, the IRB can defer to another IRB that is situated within the local research context or ask specialists with direct knowledge of the local research context to participate in IRB discussions. Therefore, the correct answer is either option B or option C.Rate this question:
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- 20.
It is ethical to use deceptive methods in research when the scientific goals of the project can be achieved by non-deceptive methods.
- A.
True
- B.
False
Correct Answer
B. FalseExplanation
The statement is false because it is not ethical to use deceptive methods in research, even if the scientific goals can be achieved by non-deceptive methods. Deceptive methods involve misleading participants or providing false information, which violates the principles of informed consent and honesty in research. Researchers are expected to prioritize ethical considerations and ensure the well-being and rights of participants throughout the research process.Rate this question:
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- 21.
The three fundamental principles of Informed consent are: Which one do you like?
- A.
Voluntariness, Equipoise, Respect
- B.
Voluntariness, Comprehension, Disclosure
- C.
Benefits, Comprehension, Privacy
- D.
Disclosure, Equipoise, Privacy
Correct Answer
B. Voluntariness, Comprehension, DisclosureExplanation
The correct answer is Voluntariness, Comprehension, Disclosure. Informed consent requires that individuals voluntarily agree to participate in a study without any coercion or pressure. They should also have a clear understanding of the study's purpose, procedures, risks, and potential benefits. This comprehension ensures that participants can make an informed decision. Lastly, disclosure refers to the researcher's responsibility to provide all necessary information to the participant, allowing them to make an informed choice about participating.Rate this question:
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Jul 12, 2023Quiz Edited by
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Oct 31, 2018Quiz Created by
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