Godwin Iheuwa, a Database Administrator at MTN Nigeria, holds an MS in Computer Science, specializing in Agile Methodologies and Database Administration from the University of Bedfordshire and a Bachelor's in Computer Science from the University of Port Harcourt. His proficiency in SQL Server Integration Services (SSIS) and SQL Server Management Studio contributes to his expertise in database management.
, MS (Computer Science)
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SMILEGIST INNOVATIVE CSC 101 - smilegist Introduction to Computer 1
Questions and Answers
1.
List Of All Social Networking Sites And Their Founders
Whatsapp: Brain Acton and Jan Koum
Twitter: Jack Dorsey, Evan williams
Instagram: Kevin Systrom, Mike Krieger
Facebook: Mark Zukerberg
Youtube: Chad Hurley, Jawed Karim
Snapchat: Evan Spiegel, Bobby Murphy, Reggie Brown
TIKTOK: Zhang Yiming
2.
The use of computer to carry out crime related activities is called _____
A.
Stealing
B.
Automated Stealing
C.
Cybercrime
D.
Tech-based bugle
Correct Answer
C. Cybercrime
Explanation Cybercrime refers to the use of computers to carry out criminal activities. This can include hacking, identity theft, fraud, and other illegal activities that are facilitated through the use of technology. The term "cyber" indicates the involvement of computer systems and the internet in these criminal acts. Cybercriminals exploit vulnerabilities in computer networks and systems to gain unauthorized access, steal sensitive information, or disrupt operations. It is a growing concern in the digital age, as technology advances and criminals find new ways to exploit it for their malicious purposes.
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3.
Transistors are special features of which generation of computer classification?
A.
First
B.
Second
C.
Third
D.
Fourth
Correct Answer
B. Second
Explanation Transistors are special features of the second generation of computer classification. The second generation of computers, which spanned from the late 1950s to the mid-1960s, was characterized by the use of transistors instead of vacuum tubes. Transistors were smaller, faster, more reliable, and generated less heat compared to vacuum tubes, making computers more efficient and compact. This advancement in technology allowed for the development of smaller and more powerful computers during this era.
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4.
_____ is the technology used in first generation
A.
Transistor
B.
Integrated circuit
C.
Large scale integrated circuit
D.
Vaccum tube
Correct Answer
D. Vaccum tube
Explanation Vacuum tubes were the technology used in the first generation of computers. Vacuum tubes were electronic devices that controlled the flow of electrons in a vacuum. They were large, fragile, and consumed a lot of power. Vacuum tubes were used as the main components for amplification and switching in early computers. However, they were eventually replaced by transistors in the second generation of computers, which were smaller, more reliable, and more efficient. Integrated circuits and large scale integrated circuits came even later in the third and fourth generations of computers, respectively.
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5.
_____ is the technology for the Third generation of Computer classification is associated
A.
Vaccum Tube
B.
Transistors
C.
Integrated Circuit
D.
None of the above
Correct Answer
C. Integrated Circuit
Explanation The correct answer is Integrated Circuit. The technology for the Third generation of Computer classification is associated with Integrated Circuit. Integrated circuits are small electronic devices made of semiconductor material that contain multiple electronic components such as transistors, resistors, and capacitors. They revolutionized the computer industry by allowing for the miniaturization of electronic components, increasing processing power, and reducing costs. This technology was a significant advancement from the use of transistors in the Second generation of computers.
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6.
What year was vacuum tube invented?
A.
1995 - 1964
B.
1964 - 1972
C.
1946
D.
1990 to date
Correct Answer
C. 1946
Explanation The correct answer is 1946 because the vacuum tube was invented in that year.
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7.
Information can be referred to as processed ____
A.
Paper
B.
Ideas
C.
Data
D.
Plastic
Correct Answer
C. Data
Explanation Information can be referred to as processed data because data is raw facts and figures that are collected and organized, and when this data is processed, it becomes meaningful and useful information. Processing data involves organizing, analyzing, and interpreting it to derive insights and make informed decisions. Therefore, data is the most appropriate term to describe processed information.
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8.
One of these does not explain the stage of computer except?
A.
Output - data - information
B.
Input - processing - output
C.
Processing - input - output
D.
None of the above
Correct Answer
B. Input - processing - output
Explanation The given options describe different stages of a computer system. The first option states that output is a stage of a computer system, which is true as output refers to the result or information produced by the computer. The second option states that processing is a stage of a computer system, which is also true as processing involves manipulating and transforming input data to produce output. The third option states that input is a stage of a computer system, which is again true as input refers to the data or information that is entered into the computer. Therefore, the only option that does not explain a stage of a computer system is "Input - processing - output".
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9.
The computer program to compute the bernoulli's sequence on the Analytical Engine was written by _____
A.
John Atanasoff
B.
Grace Hopper
C.
Charles babbage
D.
Ada lovelace
Correct Answer
C. Charles babbage
Explanation Charles Babbage is the correct answer because he was the inventor of the Analytical Engine, an early mechanical computer. As the question states, the computer program to compute the Bernoulli's sequence on the Analytical Engine was written by Charles Babbage himself. Therefore, he is the most suitable and logical choice for the correct answer.
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10.
In what year did Blaise Pascal invent the first mechanical calculator?
A.
1942
B.
1642
C.
1756
D.
1655
Correct Answer
B. 1642
Explanation Blaise Pascal invented the first mechanical calculator in 1642. This invention, known as the Pascaline, was a significant development in the history of computing. It was a device that could perform addition and subtraction by using a series of gears and wheels. The Pascaline laid the foundation for future advancements in calculating machines and was an important precursor to modern computers.
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11.
In 1822 _________ built two enormous engines.
A.
Blaise Pascal
B.
Gottfried Leibniz
C.
Charles Babbage
D.
Herman holleriths
Correct Answer
C. Charles Babbage
Explanation Charles Babbage is the correct answer because he is known for building two enormous engines in 1822. Babbage was a mathematician and inventor who is often referred to as the "father of the computer." He designed the Analytical Engine, which is considered to be the first mechanical general-purpose computer. Babbage's engines were significant advancements in the development of computing technology and laid the foundation for modern computers.
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12.
All of these are characteristics of Computers execpt
A.
Speed
B.
Accuracy
C.
Acceleration
D.
Reliability
Correct Answer
C. Acceleration
Explanation Acceleration is not a characteristic of computers. Computers are not designed to physically move or change speed, as acceleration implies. Instead, computers are known for their speed in processing information, accuracy in performing calculations, and reliability in consistently producing correct results.
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13.
______ was invented in 1617 to replace tradition method for counting?
A.
Calculator
B.
Mechanical calculator
C.
Abacus device
D.
None of the above
Correct Answer
C. Abacus device
Explanation The abacus device was invented in 1617 to replace the traditional method for counting. The abacus is a simple tool that consists of rods or wires with beads that can be moved back and forth. It allows for quick and efficient calculations by representing numbers through the position of the beads. The invention of the abacus revolutionized counting and arithmetic, making it easier and faster for people to perform mathematical operations.
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14.
A computer is basically defined as a tool or machine used for processing data to give required information.
A.
True
B.
False
Correct Answer
A. True
Explanation The given statement defines a computer as a tool or machine used for processing data to provide required information. This definition accurately describes the fundamental purpose and function of a computer, making the statement true. Computers are designed to process data and perform various tasks, such as calculations, storage, communication, and more, ultimately providing users with the desired information or output.
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15.
_____ made the most outstanding and important mechanical device
A.
Herman hollerith
B.
Blaise pascal
C.
Charles Babbage
D.
None of the above
Correct Answer
A. Herman hollerith
Explanation Herman Hollerith made the most outstanding and important mechanical device.
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16.
_____ is a technology invented in the fourth generation
A.
Large scale Integrated circuit (1972 - 1987)
B.
Integrated circuit (1964 - 1972)
C.
Vaccum tube (1946)
D.
Transistors (1955 - 1964)
Correct Answer
A. Large scale Integrated circuit (1972 - 1987)
17.
______ is a technology used in fifth generation and was invented in 1990 to date.
A.
Vaccum tube
B.
Integrated Circuit
C.
Transistors
D.
Knowledge based system
Correct Answer
D. Knowledge based system
Explanation A knowledge-based system is a technology used in the fifth generation and was invented in 1990 to date. This system uses a knowledge base to provide intelligent problem-solving capabilities by applying rules, facts, and reasoning techniques. It is designed to mimic human expertise and make decisions based on the available knowledge. This technology is widely used in various fields, including medicine, finance, and engineering, to enhance decision-making processes and improve overall efficiency.
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18.
The vaccum tube was invented by the British scientists called _____
A.
Alan Turing
B.
John flaming
C.
Howard aiken
D.
Charles Babbage
Correct Answer
D. Charles Babbage
Explanation The given question is asking about the inventor of the vacuum tube. The correct answer is Charles Babbage. Charles Babbage was a British scientist and mathematician known as the "father of the computer." While he is most famous for his work on the Analytical Engine, an early mechanical general-purpose computer, he also invented the vacuum tube. The vacuum tube, also known as a thermionic valve, is an electronic device that controls electric current flow in a vacuum. It was a crucial component in early electronic devices and paved the way for the development of modern electronics.
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19.
____ is regarded as the first programmable computer
A.
Abacus
B.
ENIAC
C.
Colossus
D.
Analytical Engine
Correct Answer
D. Analytical Engine
Explanation The Analytical Engine is regarded as the first programmable computer because it was designed by Charles Babbage in the 19th century and had the ability to perform calculations using punched cards. It was the first machine that could be programmed to perform various tasks, making it a precursor to modern computers. Although it was never fully built during Babbage's lifetime, the Analytical Engine laid the foundation for the development of programmable computers in the future.
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20.
The following are methods of data processing except
A.
Magnetic
B.
Manual
C.
Mechanical
D.
Computerized
Correct Answer
C. Mechanical
Explanation The given question asks for a method of data processing that is not included in the options provided. The options include Magnetic, Manual, Mechanical, and Computerized. Among these options, Magnetic, Manual, and Computerized are all valid methods of data processing. However, Mechanical is not a method of data processing. Therefore, the correct answer is Mechanical.
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21.
Computer processing speeds are measured in _____
A.
Kilograms
B.
Kilohertz
C.
Kilobytes
D.
Kilometers
Correct Answer
B. Kilohertz
Explanation Computer processing speeds are measured in kilohertz. Kilohertz is a unit of frequency that represents one thousand cycles per second. In the context of computer processing speeds, kilohertz refers to the number of instructions or operations that a computer can execute in one second. It is a measure of the speed at which a computer's central processing unit (CPU) can process data and perform calculations. The higher the kilohertz value, the faster the computer can process information.
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22.
Which generation of computers marked the beginning of the use of keyboard for input of data and monitor for output?
A.
First
B.
Second
C.
Third
D.
Fourth
Correct Answer
D. Fourth
Explanation The fourth generation of computers marked the beginning of the use of a keyboard for inputting data and a monitor for outputting information. This generation of computers introduced microprocessors, which allowed for smaller and more powerful computers. It also saw the development of graphical user interfaces (GUI) and the use of operating systems, making computers more user-friendly. Overall, the fourth generation represented a significant advancement in computer technology, making them more accessible and easier to use for the general population.
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23.
Which aspect of the CPU controls the activities/ the operations of the Microprocessor
A.
ACU
B.
CU
C.
ALU
D.
ATU
Correct Answer
C. ALU
Explanation The ALU (Arithmetic Logic Unit) is responsible for performing arithmetic and logical operations within the CPU. It controls the activities and operations of the microprocessor by executing calculations and making decisions based on the input data. The ALU performs tasks such as addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, and logical comparisons. It plays a crucial role in data processing and manipulation, ensuring that the microprocessor functions correctly and efficiently.
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24.
Which aspect of the computer memory can be described as volatile?
A.
ROM
B.
RAM
C.
Disk
D.
Tape
Correct Answer
B. RAM
Explanation RAM (Random Access Memory) can be described as volatile because it is a type of computer memory that is temporary and loses its data when the power is turned off or if there is a power failure. Unlike ROM (Read-Only Memory) which retains data even when the power is off, RAM is used for storing data that is currently being used by the computer's operating system and applications. It allows for fast and temporary storage of data that can be quickly accessed by the processor, but it does not retain the data once the power is removed.
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25.
Operating System is an example of ______
A.
Application software
B.
Utility program
C.
System software
D.
General software
Correct Answer
C. System software
Explanation Operating System is an example of system software because it is a fundamental software that manages computer hardware and software resources, provides services for computer programs, and acts as an intermediary between the computer hardware and the user. It controls the execution of programs, manages memory and file systems, and provides a user interface. System software is essential for the functioning of a computer system and is responsible for managing and coordinating various hardware and software components.
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26.
Computer storage capabilities can be measured in ____
A.
Kilogram
B.
Kilohertz
C.
Kilobytes
D.
Kilometers
Correct Answer
C. Kilobytes
Explanation Computer storage capabilities can be measured in kilobytes. Kilobytes is a unit of digital information that represents a storage capacity of approximately 1000 bytes. It is commonly used to measure the size of files, documents, and data storage devices. Kilogram is a unit of mass, kilohertz is a unit of frequency, and kilometers is a unit of distance, none of which are relevant to measuring computer storage capabilities.
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27.
All these are types of computer except one
A.
Analogue computer
B.
Automated computer
C.
Digital computer
D.
Hybrid computer
Correct Answer
B. Automated computer
Explanation The given options consist of different types of computers, including analogue, digital, and hybrid computers. However, "automated computer" is not a recognized type of computer. It is likely that the term "automated computer" is either a misnomer or a combination of two different concepts. Without further information, it is difficult to determine the exact meaning of "automated computer" and its distinction from other types of computers.
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28.
_____ is an example of Digital computer
A.
Calculator & Wrist watch
B.
Thermometers
C.
Television
D.
None of the above
Correct Answer
A. Calculator & Wrist watch
Explanation Calculator and wristwatch are both examples of digital computers because they are electronic devices that process information using digital signals. They are designed to perform specific tasks such as mathematical calculations (calculator) or displaying time (wristwatch) by manipulating binary data. These devices use integrated circuits and microprocessors to execute instructions and store data, making them digital computers. Thermometers and televisions, on the other hand, do not perform general-purpose computing tasks and are not considered digital computers.
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29.
_____ is an example of Analogue Computers
A.
Thermometer & petrol dispenser
B.
Robot
C.
Television
D.
Radio
Correct Answer
A. Thermometer & petrol dispenser
Explanation A thermometer and a petrol dispenser are examples of analogue computers because they both measure and display continuous physical quantities. In the case of a thermometer, it measures and displays temperature using a physical property such as the expansion of a liquid. Similarly, a petrol dispenser measures and displays the amount of fuel being dispensed using mechanical or electronic sensors. Both of these devices operate on the principle of analogue signals, where the measurements are represented by continuously varying quantities rather than discrete values.
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30.
Which of the following class of digital computers is traditionally the fastest and most expensive?
A.
Mainframe
B.
Mini Computers
C.
Micro computers
D.
Super computers
Correct Answer
D. Super computers
Explanation Supercomputers are traditionally the fastest and most expensive class of digital computers. These highly advanced systems are designed to perform complex calculations and process large volumes of data at incredible speeds. Supercomputers are used in various applications requiring significant computational power, such as weather forecasting, scientific research, simulations, artificial intelligence, and complex data analysis. Their high cost is due to the advanced technology, specialized hardware, and extensive resources required to build and maintain them. While mainframes, mini computers, and micro computers have their roles, supercomputers stand out for their superior speed and performance in demanding computational tasks.
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31.
____- are the largest, fastest and most expensive computers.
A.
Main frame
B.
Super computer
C.
Minicomputer
D.
Micro computers
Correct Answer
B. Super computer
Explanation Supercomputers are the largest, fastest, and most expensive computers. They are specifically designed to perform complex calculations and process large amounts of data at incredibly high speeds. These machines are used for tasks such as weather forecasting, scientific research, and simulations that require immense computational power. Due to their advanced capabilities, supercomputers are typically found in specialized research institutions, government agencies, and large corporations.
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32.
All of these are components of Computer except
A.
Input and output
B.
Hardware
C.
Software
D.
Firmware
Correct Answer
A. Input and output
Explanation Input and output are not components of a computer, but rather functions or processes that a computer performs. Hardware, software, and firmware are all actual components of a computer. Hardware refers to the physical components of a computer, such as the processor, memory, and storage devices. Software refers to the programs and applications that run on a computer. Firmware is a type of software that is permanently stored in the hardware, such as the BIOS of a computer.
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33.
____ is a large and expensive general purpose computer.
A.
Mainframe
B.
Mini computer
C.
Micro computer
D.
Super computer
Correct Answer
A. Mainframe
Explanation A mainframe is a large and expensive general-purpose computer that is designed to handle extensive data processing and perform complex tasks. It is typically used by large organizations and government agencies to support critical applications and handle massive amounts of data. Mainframes are known for their high processing power, reliability, and scalability, making them suitable for handling large-scale operations and demanding workloads.
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34.
These are computer with smaller physical size, generate less heat than main frame.
A.
Mini computer
B.
Micro computer
C.
Super computer
D.
None of the above
Correct Answer
A. Mini computer
Explanation Mini computers are a type of computer with a smaller physical size compared to mainframe computers. They are designed to be more compact and portable, making them suitable for personal use or small-scale applications. Additionally, mini computers typically generate less heat than mainframe computers due to their smaller size and lower processing power requirements.
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35.
Some instances of sector-based computer applications are listed below except___
A.
Computer applied in health care device delivery
B.
Computer applied in Education, Teaching and Learning
C.
Computer applied in business
D.
Computer applied in village
Correct Answer
D. Computer applied in village
Explanation The given options list various instances of sector-based computer applications, such as health care, education, and business. However, the option "Computer applied in village" does not fit into any specific sector, making it the exception among the given choices.
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36.
The Electronic Computer was advent into Nigeria during the National Census in what year?
A.
1955
B.
1999
C.
1963
D.
1946
Correct Answer
C. 1963
Explanation The correct answer is 1963. This is the year when the Electronic Computer was introduced into Nigeria during the National Census.
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37.
____ is a word processor that is part of the microsoft office suit.
A.
Microsoft word
B.
Adobe word
C.
Microsoft PowerPoint
D.
None of the above
Correct Answer
A. Microsoft word
Explanation Microsoft Word is a word processor that is part of the Microsoft Office suite. It is a widely used software program for creating and editing documents. Microsoft Word offers various features such as spell checking, grammar checking, formatting options, and the ability to insert images and tables. It is commonly used for creating professional documents, such as letters, resumes, reports, and essays. Microsoft Word is not to be confused with Adobe Word or Microsoft PowerPoint, as these are different software programs.
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38.
____ is a internet collection of local, regional and International computer networks that are linked together to exchange data or information and distribute processing task.
A.
Computer
B.
Internet
C.
Protocols
D.
Intranet
Correct Answer
B. Internet
Explanation The correct answer is Internet. The Internet is a global network of interconnected computers and computer networks that allows the exchange of data and information. It enables communication and collaboration across different geographical locations and facilitates the distribution of processing tasks.
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39.
World wide web is universal database collection of information.
A.
True
B.
False
Correct Answer
A. True
Explanation The statement is true because the World Wide Web (WWW) is a global system of interconnected documents and other resources, linked by hyperlinks and URLs. It allows users to access and share information from various sources across the internet. The WWW serves as a universal database collection of information, enabling users to search and retrieve data on a wide range of topics. Therefore, the given answer "True" accurately reflects the nature of the World Wide Web.
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40.
Web browser or internet browser is referred to a browser is a software application for retrieving, presenting and traversing information resources on the world wide web.
A.
True
B.
False
Correct Answer
A. True
Explanation The statement accurately describes what a web browser or internet browser is. It is a software application that allows users to access and view information resources on the internet, commonly known as the World Wide Web. Therefore, the correct answer is true.
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41.
Full meaning of HTTP?
A.
Hyper transfer protocol
B.
Hypertransfer text protocol
C.
Hyper text transfer protocol
D.
None of the above
Correct Answer
C. Hyper text transfer protocol
Explanation HTTP stands for Hyper Text Transfer Protocol. It is the protocol used for transmitting hypertext over the internet. Hypertext refers to text that contains links to other texts, allowing users to navigate and access different resources on the web. Therefore, the correct answer is "Hyper text transfer protocol."
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42.
Full meaning of DHCP
A.
Digital host context protocol
B.
Digital hypertext configure protocol
C.
Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol
D.
Dynamics host Configurations Protocols
Correct Answer
C. Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol
Explanation The correct answer is "Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol." DHCP is a network management protocol that allows devices to automatically obtain an IP address and other network configuration settings from a DHCP server. This protocol is commonly used in local area networks (LANs) to simplify the process of configuring network settings for devices, as it eliminates the need for manual IP address assignment.
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43.
All of these are example of search engine except.
A.
Wikipedia
B.
Google
C.
Facebook
D.
Ask.com
Correct Answer
C. Facebook
Explanation Facebook is not a search engine. It is a social media platform where users can connect with friends, share updates, and engage in various activities. Unlike search engines like Google, Wikipedia, and Ask.com, Facebook does not primarily focus on indexing and organizing web content to provide search results. Instead, it primarily functions as a platform for social networking and communication.
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44.
All of these are example of Graphic Design, visual communication and problem solving through the use of typography, photography and illustration.
A.
Corel Draw
B.
Adobe Photoshop
C.
Adobe illustrator
D.
Spreadsheet
Correct Answer
D. Spreadsheet
45.
_____ is a computer program that set out a grid where users can analyze and organize numbers, financial data, and other information.
A.
Spreadsheet application
B.
Graphic application
C.
Rows and column
D.
Power point
Correct Answer
A. Spreadsheet application
Explanation A spreadsheet application is a computer program that allows users to create a grid-like structure where they can input, analyze, and organize numbers, financial data, and other information. This type of application typically consists of rows and columns, which users can fill with data and perform calculations on. It is commonly used for tasks such as budgeting, financial planning, data analysis, and creating charts or graphs. Unlike graphic applications or presentation software like Powerpoint, a spreadsheet application is specifically designed for numerical and data-related tasks.
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46.
_____ is a computer program that provides visual indicators such as graphical icons, symbols, to users to enable them interact with electronic devices rather than through a command line
A.
Graphics
B.
Graphical user interface (GUI)
C.
Operator
D.
None of the above
Correct Answer
B. GrapHical user interface (GUI)
Explanation A graphical user interface (GUI) is a computer program that provides visual indicators such as graphical icons and symbols to users, allowing them to interact with electronic devices without needing to use a command line. GUIs are designed to make it easier for users to navigate and interact with software applications and electronic devices by using visual elements rather than text-based commands. This allows for a more intuitive and user-friendly experience, as users can simply click on icons or buttons to perform actions rather than having to remember and type specific commands.
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47.
________ is a set of instructions and its associated documentations that controls the hardware or tells a computer what to do and how to perform a task.
Correct Answer Computer software
Explanation Computer software, often called as software, is a set of instructions and its associated documentations that controls the hardware or tells a computer what to do and how to perform a task.
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48.
_____ acts as an intermediary between the user of a computer and computer hardware.
A.
Operating system
B.
Application system
C.
Software package
D.
Windows
Correct Answer
A. Operating system
Explanation An operating system acts as an intermediary between the user and computer hardware by managing and controlling the computer's resources. It provides a platform for users to interact with the hardware and software applications installed on the computer. The operating system handles tasks such as managing memory, running processes, handling input and output devices, and providing a user interface. It ensures that the computer's hardware resources are utilized efficiently and provides a seamless experience for the user.
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49.
What's the full meaning of PAN
A.
Protocol area network
B.
Personal Area Network
C.
Personal Automate network
D.
Pin Area Network
Correct Answer
B. Personal Area Network
Explanation The full meaning of PAN is Personal Area Network. It refers to a network of devices that are connected and communicate with each other within a close range, typically within a person's personal space. This network allows for the seamless sharing of data and resources between devices such as smartphones, tablets, laptops, and wearable devices.
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50.
What's the full meaning of VPN?
A.
Virtual Private Network
B.
Vasual protocol net
C.
Virtual platform network
D.
None of the above
Correct Answer
A. Virtual Private Network
Explanation A VPN stands for Virtual Private Network, which is a technology that allows users to create a secure and encrypted connection over a public network, such as the internet. It enables users to access the internet privately and securely by creating a virtual tunnel that encrypts all the data transmitted between the user's device and the VPN server. This ensures that sensitive information, such as passwords or financial data, remains protected from potential hackers or eavesdroppers.
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Godwin Iheuwa |MS (Computer Science)|
Database Administrator
Godwin Iheuwa, a Database Administrator at MTN Nigeria, holds an MS in Computer Science, specializing in Agile Methodologies and Database Administration from the University of Bedfordshire and a Bachelor's in Computer Science from the University of Port Harcourt. His proficiency in SQL Server Integration Services (SSIS) and SQL Server Management Studio contributes to his expertise in database management.
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