Psychology 100 Final Review

A confidante is a person with whom you can share your true thoughts and feelings, knowing that they will keep them confidential and not take advantage of your vulnerabilities. This person is trustworthy and reliable, providing a safe space for you to be yourself without fear of judgment or betrayal. They are someone you can rely on for support, guidance, and understanding, making them an essential and valuable presence in your life.

A typical bird is usually small to medium-sized, has feathers, a beak, and lays eggs. It is capable of flight and has wings. The robin fits this description as it is a small bird with feathers, a beak, and lays eggs. It is also known for its ability to fly and has wings. The other options, kiwi, penguin, and ostrich, do not fit the typical bird description as they have different characteristics such as being flightless or having unique physical features.

The correct answer is Openness, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, Neuroticism. These five traits are part of the Five-Factor Model of personality. Openness refers to being open to new experiences and ideas. Conscientiousness refers to being organized, responsible, and dependable. Extraversion refers to being outgoing and sociable. Agreeableness refers to being cooperative, kind, and compassionate. Neuroticism refers to being prone to experiencing negative emotions such as anxiety and depression.

Group polarization refers to the tendency for individuals to adopt more extreme positions or attitudes after engaging in group discussions or interactions. In this scenario, Hunter's participation in the climate change rally likely exposed him to a range of passionate opinions and arguments, leading him to develop a more extreme position on the issue. This phenomenon occurs because group discussions tend to amplify individuals' initial inclinations, pushing them towards more extreme viewpoints.

Autobiographical reasoning refers to the ability to analyze one's experiences and derive meaningful conclusions about oneself. It involves reflecting on past events and using them to gain insights into one's identity, values, and beliefs. This process allows individuals to make sense of their experiences and understand how they have shaped their sense of self. Autobiographical reasoning goes beyond simply reconstructing the past or viewing it as a continuous story; it involves actively interpreting and understanding the significance of one's experiences.

All of the options listed - versatility, sharing, accumulation, and patterns - are indeed features of culture. Versatility refers to the ability of culture to adapt and change over time. Sharing is an essential aspect of culture as it involves the transmission of knowledge, beliefs, and practices among individuals within a society. Accumulation refers to the process of adding to cultural knowledge and practices over generations. Patterns are also a significant feature of culture as they represent the regularities and recurring behaviors within a society. Therefore, all the options listed are valid features of culture.

Free association, dream analysis, and transference are all techniques used in psychoanalysis and psychodynamic therapy. Psychoanalysis focuses on exploring the unconscious mind and understanding how past experiences and relationships shape current behavior. Free association involves the patient freely expressing their thoughts and feelings without censorship, allowing the therapist to gain insight into their unconscious processes. Dream analysis involves interpreting the symbols and meanings in a patient's dreams to gain insight into their unconscious desires and conflicts. Transference refers to the patient projecting their feelings and emotions onto the therapist, providing valuable information about their internal world. These techniques are all integral to the practice of psychoanalysis and psychodynamic therapy.

Based on the information given, John experiences excessive worry about everyday things and has difficulty sleeping. This suggests that he may have generalized anxiety disorder. Generalized anxiety disorder is characterized by persistent and excessive worry about various aspects of life, often accompanied by physical symptoms such as difficulty sleeping. Panic disorder is characterized by recurrent panic attacks, social anxiety disorder involves intense fear and avoidance of social situations, and post-traumatic stress disorder is typically triggered by a traumatic event. None of these disorders align with the symptoms described for John.

Someone who is high in conscientiousness is likely to be organized and neat. Conscientiousness is a personality trait characterized by being responsible, dependable, and organized. People who are high in conscientiousness tend to be diligent in their work, pay attention to details, and have a strong sense of order. They are likely to keep their living and working spaces tidy and have a structured approach to tasks and responsibilities. Being organized and neat aligns with the traits associated with conscientiousness, making it the correct answer.

Performing a physical task like throwing and catching a ball is likely to be better when done in the presence of others. This is because the presence of others can provide motivation, encouragement, and a sense of competition, which can enhance performance. Additionally, having others around can provide immediate feedback and support, allowing for adjustments and improvement in real-time. In contrast, tasks like complex algebra or writing an essay may require concentration and focus, which can be disrupted by the presence of others. Learning how to do a death drop may also require individual practice and may not necessarily benefit from the presence of others.

The correct answer is Blood-injury-injection. Vasovagal syncope is a fainting response that can be triggered by certain stimuli, such as the sight of blood, injuries, or medical procedures. This type of phobic anxiety is specifically related to the fear of blood, injuries, or injections, and can lead to a drop in blood pressure and heart rate, resulting in fainting.

The correct answer is Honest-Humility, Emotionality, Extraversion, Agreeableness, Conscientiousness, Openness. These are the six traits used in the HEXACO model. Humility, Extraversion, Xenial, Agreeableness, Conformity, Openness, Helpful-Humility, Extraversion, Excitability, Agreeableness, Conscientiousness, Openness, and Honest-Helpful, Emotionality, Explanatoriness, Agreeableness, Conformity, Openness are not the correct combination of traits used in the HEXACO model.

Synaptic pruning is a process that occurs in the brain during development, where unnecessary or unused connections between neurons are eliminated. This allows for more efficient and effective communication between neurons by strengthening the connections that are frequently used. By removing the unused connections, the brain can optimize its neural network and improve overall cognitive function.

Someone who is neurotic, extraverted, antagonistic, conscientious, has a need for admiration, and lacks empathy might have Narcissistic Personality Disorder. This disorder is characterized by an inflated sense of self-importance, a constant need for attention and admiration, a lack of empathy for others, and a tendency to exploit and manipulate others for personal gain. The individual may also exhibit grandiose fantasies, a sense of entitlement, and a belief that they are special and unique. These traits align with the given characteristics, suggesting that the individual may have Narcissistic Personality Disorder.

The correct answer is framing. Framing bias refers to the way information is presented or framed, which can influence how people perceive and interpret it. In this case, Ximonthy's Burger Shack chooses to advertise their burgers as 95% lean instead of 5% fat, which frames the information in a positive light and emphasizes the healthier aspect of the burgers. By framing the information in this way, they are likely trying to appeal to health-conscious customers and make their burgers seem more desirable.

An attitude refers to a person's feelings, beliefs, or opinions towards something or someone. "I love dogs" is an example of an attitude as it expresses a positive emotion and preference towards dogs.

An authoritative parenting style is characterized by high levels of warmth and support, as well as high expectations for the child. This style encourages independence and self-discipline while also providing a nurturing and loving environment. Parents who are authoritative set clear boundaries and rules but also allow for open communication and flexibility. They provide guidance and support, while also allowing their child to make decisions and learn from their own experiences. This approach fosters a healthy balance between discipline and nurturing, leading to positive outcomes for the child's development and well-being.

Olivia's lack of upset or concern when her dad leaves and her ignoring him when he returns suggests that she has an insecure, avoidant attachment. This type of attachment style is characterized by a child who avoids or ignores their caregiver, showing little distress when they leave and little interest when they return. It is likely that Olivia has developed this attachment style as a result of inconsistent or unresponsive caregiving, leading her to learn that her needs may not be met by seeking proximity to her caregiver.

The question asks for a component of attitudes that is not included in the given options. The options provided are cognitive, affective, and behavioral, which are all components of attitudes. Neurological, on the other hand, is not typically considered a component of attitudes. Attitudes are generally understood as a combination of thoughts, feelings, and behaviors, which are represented by the cognitive, affective, and behavioral components respectively.

Permissive parenting style is characterized by a lack of rules and discipline, allowing children to have freedom and make their own decisions. This parenting style often leads to low impulse control and responsibility in children, as they are not taught boundaries and consequences for their actions. Therefore, the likely outcome of permissive parenting is children with low impulse control and a lack of responsibility.

Emerging adulthood is a developmental stage characterized by exploration and uncertainty, as individuals transition from adolescence to adulthood. During this phase, individuals often focus on identity exploration, experience instability in various aspects of their lives, and tend to be self-focused. However, security is not typically considered a characteristic of emerging adulthood. This stage is often marked by a sense of insecurity and a lack of stability, as individuals navigate through various life transitions and make important life decisions.

Groupthink is likely to happen in highly cohesive groups because cohesion often leads to a strong sense of unity and conformity within the group. When group members are highly cohesive, they tend to prioritize maintaining harmony and agreement over critical thinking and independent decision-making. This can result in a lack of diverse perspectives and a tendency to suppress dissenting opinions, which ultimately hinders the group's ability to make effective decisions.

Person Centered Therapy requires the therapist to be unconditionally positive, genuine, and show empathy towards the client. This approach emphasizes the importance of creating a safe and non-judgmental environment for the client, where they can explore their feelings, thoughts, and experiences. The therapist aims to understand the client's perspective and experiences without imposing their own beliefs or values. By being unconditionally positive, genuine, and empathetic, the therapist can build a strong therapeutic alliance with the client, which is essential for the success of the therapy.

The theory that mental illness is caused by trauma and stress is called psychogenic. This theory suggests that psychological factors, such as traumatic experiences or high levels of stress, can contribute to the development of mental disorders. It emphasizes the importance of understanding the psychological and emotional factors that can impact an individual's mental health.

The false consensus effect refers to the tendency for individuals to overestimate the extent to which their own beliefs, opinions, preferences, or behaviors are shared by others. In this case, the statement suggests that because the speaker believes Xi is the best, they assume that everyone else also shares this belief. This demonstrates the false consensus effect as it involves an overestimation of the consensus or agreement among others.

Type A personality decreases resiliency to stress because individuals with this personality type are often characterized as being highly competitive, ambitious, and time-conscious. They tend to be more prone to experiencing chronic stress due to their intense drive for achievement and perfectionism. This constant pressure and urgency can lead to increased stress levels, which in turn can decrease their ability to effectively cope with and bounce back from stressful situations.

Kinesthetic ability refers to the ability to coordinate physical movement and is not a component of "g," which stands for general intelligence. Verbal comprehension, perceptual reasoning, and processing speed are all components of "g" and contribute to overall cognitive abilities.

The given statement suggests that Kelly's friends have a lower wealth status compared to her. This situation exemplifies downward social comparison, which refers to the tendency of individuals to compare themselves to others who are less fortunate in order to enhance their self-esteem and feel better about their own circumstances.

Social norms refer to the ways of thinking, behaving, or feeling that are shared by group members and are considered appropriate. These norms are the accepted standards of behavior within a specific social group or culture. They guide individuals on how to interact and behave in various social situations, ensuring social cohesion and conformity. By adhering to social norms, individuals can avoid social disapproval and maintain social harmony within their group.

This scenario demonstrates emotion-focused coping because Jay is using a bath as a means to alleviate his feelings of being overwhelmed. This coping strategy involves managing and regulating one's emotions in response to stressors, rather than directly addressing the source of stress. By taking a long bath, Jay is seeking comfort and relaxation to help him cope with his exam-related stress.

Based on the given description, Henry likely suffers from Schizophrenia. Schizophrenia is a mental disorder characterized by a combination of symptoms such as lack of motivation, reduced pleasure in activities, weight gain, slower reaction time, and delusions (such as the belief that the government is watching him). These symptoms align with the symptoms commonly associated with schizophrenia. Bipolar Disorder II involves periods of depression and hypomania, but the given description does not mention any manic or hypomanic episodes. Generalized Anxiety Disorder involves excessive worry and anxiety, but it does not explain the presence of other symptoms mentioned. Major Depressive Disorder may explain some symptoms, but the presence of delusions suggests a more severe condition like schizophrenia.

The term "schemata" refers to mental frameworks or structures that help organize and interpret information. These frameworks allow individuals to make sense of the world by categorizing and organizing new information based on existing knowledge and experiences. Therefore, the term "schemata" accurately matches its definition as a mental framework.

This is an example of an active person-environment transaction because Karen actively seeks out and engages in an activity that involves taking risks, which is riding roller coasters. This transaction involves her personal characteristics (being a risk-taker) interacting with the environment (riding roller coasters) in a proactive and intentional way.

The answer "Investigative and conventional" best describes Jay based on the given information. Jay's interest in science and math suggests that he has a curiosity and inclination towards exploring and investigating concepts. Additionally, his preference for well-structured environments indicates that he is likely to prefer conventional and organized approaches in his work and daily life. Therefore, the combination of investigative and conventional interests suits Jay's characteristics and preferences.

Foreclosure refers to committing to an identity without exploring other options. It means making a decision or adopting a particular identity without considering alternative choices or exploring different possibilities. This term is commonly used in the context of identity development, particularly in adolescence, where individuals may prematurely commit to a specific identity without fully exploring or considering other potential paths or options.

Ellie's symptoms of anhedonia, weight loss, increased sleep, fatigue, and feelings of worthlessness are consistent with a major depressive episode. These symptoms have persisted for 3 weeks and are severe enough to impact her daily functioning, indicating that she may fit the criteria for major depressive disorder. Major depressive disorder is characterized by the presence of one or more major depressive episodes.

This scenario describes emotional support. Ximonthy's partner is providing emotional support by listening to his complaints and offering a listening ear. This type of support helps to alleviate stress and provides comfort and understanding.

Based on the symptoms described, it is likely that Kyle is experiencing a hypomanic episode. A hypomanic episode is characterized by a distinct period of abnormally elevated, expansive, or irritable mood, along with increased energy levels and a decreased need for sleep. Kyle's increased motivation, talkativeness, and distractibility are consistent with the symptoms of a hypomanic episode. Bipolar disorder I and II are both mood disorders that involve the presence of manic and depressive episodes, but based on the information given, it is more likely that Kyle is experiencing a hypomanic episode rather than a full manic episode.

Histrionic personality disorder is characterized by excessive attention-seeking, dramatic behavior, and a need for constant approval and validation from others. Individuals with histrionic personality disorder often display excessive emotionality and are highly extraverted, seeking to be the center of attention in social situations. They may also engage in provocative or seductive behavior to gain attention. The traits described in this answer align with the diagnostic criteria for histrionic personality disorder.

The interdependent self refers to the idea that one's sense of self and identity is shaped by their social context. It suggests that individuals define themselves differently depending on the specific social environment they are in. This means that one's identity and self-concept can vary across different social contexts, as they adapt and conform to the norms and expectations of each situation. This concept highlights the influence of culture and social interactions on shaping an individual's sense of self.

Social reputation is not a category in identity because it refers to how others perceive and evaluate an individual based on their actions, behavior, and social interactions. Identity, on the other hand, encompasses a person's sense of self, including their beliefs, values, personality traits, and personal experiences. While social reputation may be influenced by one's identity, it is not considered a distinct category within the concept of identity itself.

Meghan's action of giving her little sister a hug to comfort her demonstrates theory of mind. Theory of mind refers to the ability to understand and attribute mental states, such as emotions and intentions, to oneself and others. In this scenario, Meghan is able to recognize her sister's emotional state (crying) and respond with empathy by offering physical comfort (hug), indicating her understanding of her sister's mental state and her ability to show compassion.

An individualist, horizontal culture is one that values individual uniqueness and treats people as equals, regardless of their status or position. In such a culture, individuals are encouraged to express their individuality and make their own choices, while also respecting the equality and autonomy of others. This culture promotes a sense of unity and cooperation among individuals, without emphasizing hierarchical relationships or social status.

This scenario represents emotional prejudice because the person's immediate reaction of "ew" towards someone with a straight pride flag demonstrates a negative emotional bias or aversion towards individuals who express pride in their straight identity. This emotional response is based on personal feelings rather than rational judgment or understanding.

Subtle bias refers to unconscious biases that individuals may hold towards certain groups or individuals. These biases are automatic in the sense that they occur without conscious awareness or intention. They are also ambiguous, meaning that they are often subtle and difficult to detect or identify. Additionally, subtle bias is ambivalent, indicating that individuals may hold conflicting feelings or attitudes towards a particular group. This means that even though individuals may not consciously discriminate against a certain group, subtle bias can still influence their perceptions and behaviors.

The Flynn effect refers to the phenomenon where average IQ scores have been increasing over time. This means that, on average, people today have higher IQ scores compared to previous generations. This increase in IQ scores has been observed across different countries and is believed to be due to factors such as improved nutrition, increased access to education, and changes in the environment that promote cognitive development.

Siena fails a weight conservation test, which is a task that requires understanding that the weight of an object remains the same even if its appearance or arrangement changes. This suggests that she is still in the preoperational stage of cognitive development. The preoperational stage typically occurs between the ages of 2 and 7, so it is likely that Siena is around 6 years old. In this stage, children struggle with logical reasoning and are often influenced by the way things appear rather than understanding underlying concepts.

Siena's perception of the $100 t-shirt as being cheap is influenced by the initial anchor of the $1200 t-shirt. This anchoring bias occurs when people rely too heavily on the first piece of information they receive when making judgments or decisions. In this case, Siena's judgment of the $100 t-shirt as cheap is biased because she is comparing it to the much higher price of the $1200 t-shirt, rather than evaluating its price objectively.

Kathy's preference for brief therapy that focuses on the present aligns with the principles of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT). CBT is a goal-oriented and time-limited therapy approach that helps individuals identify and change negative thought patterns and behaviors that contribute to anxiety. It emphasizes practical strategies and techniques to manage anxiety symptoms in the present rather than delving into past experiences or unconscious processes, making it an appropriate choice for Kathy's needs.

The nucleus accumbens is the correct answer because it is a brain region that has been implicated in both desire and liking. It is part of the brain's reward circuitry and is involved in the experience of pleasure and motivation. Studies have shown that activation of the nucleus accumbens is associated with the anticipation and experience of rewards, as well as the reinforcement of certain behaviors. Therefore, this brain region plays a crucial role in both the desire for rewards and the experience of pleasure or liking.