Bio 103 ( Nc Team )

Radioactive p32 is used as a dye for staining DNA. It is a radioactive isotope of phosphorus that can be incorporated into DNA molecules. When p32 is present in the DNA, it emits radioactive particles that can be detected using autoradiography. This technique allows scientists to visualize and study DNA fragments in experiments such as DNA sequencing or gel electrophoresis. The other options mentioned do not involve the use of radioactive dyes for DNA staining.

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Thymine nucleotide should pair with adenine because in DNA, thymine always pairs with adenine through hydrogen bonding. This pairing is essential for the stability and replication of DNA. Adenine and thymine form two hydrogen bonds, creating a strong and specific base pairing.

DNA polymerase is an enzyme responsible for synthesizing new DNA strands during DNA replication. The lagging strand is the strand that is synthesized discontinuously in small fragments called Okazaki fragments. This is because the DNA polymerase can only add nucleotides in the 5' to 3' direction, and since the two DNA strands are antiparallel, the lagging strand must be synthesized in short fragments away from the replication fork. In contrast, the leading strand is synthesized continuously in the 5' to 3' direction towards the replication fork. Therefore, the correct answer is the lagging strand.

The correct answer is the Semiconservative model. The Semiconservative model of DNA replication suggests that during replication, each strand of the DNA molecule serves as a template for the synthesis of a new complementary strand. This results in two daughter DNA molecules, each consisting of one original strand and one newly synthesized strand. This model was proposed by Watson and Crick in 1953 and has been supported by experimental evidence.

The small intestine is the longest part of the digestive tract. It is responsible for the majority of nutrient absorption from food. It is divided into three sections: the duodenum, the jejunum, and the ileum. The small intestine plays a crucial role in breaking down food and extracting nutrients, which are then absorbed into the bloodstream for distribution throughout the body.

Ghrelin is a hormone secreted by the stomach that triggers feelings of hunger. It acts as an appetite stimulant, signaling the brain to increase food intake.

Water re-absorption occurs in the large intestine. The large intestine is responsible for absorbing water and electrolytes from the remaining indigestible food matter that enters from the small intestine. This process helps to concentrate the waste material and form solid feces.

The given expression "A% • 40%" implies that the value of G is 40% of A%. Therefore, the percentage of G is 40% of the percentage value of A%. As the percentage value of A% is not given, we cannot determine the exact percentage of G. Hence, the answer cannot be determined.

The correct answer is single strand binding protein. Single strand binding proteins are essential in DNA replication as they bind to the single-stranded DNA, preventing it from reannealing or forming secondary structures. This allows other enzymes, such as helicase, to efficiently unwind the DNA double helix and initiate replication. RNA primer is involved in DNA replication but it is not the correct answer in this case.

DNA stands for Deoxyribonucleic acid. It is a molecule that contains the genetic instructions used in the development and functioning of all known living organisms. The structure of DNA is made up of nucleotides, which consist of a sugar (deoxyribose), a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base. The correct answer is Deoxyribonucleic acid, as it accurately represents the full name of the molecule.

The correct answer is small intestine because the process of fat digestion begins in the small intestine. When food enters the small intestine, it mixes with bile from the liver and enzymes from the pancreas. These enzymes break down the fat into smaller molecules that can be absorbed by the body. The small intestine is where most of the digestion and absorption of nutrients takes place, including the digestion of fats.

The duodenum is the first part of the small intestine and is responsible for the majority of digestion. It receives partially digested food from the stomach and continues the process of breaking down nutrients with the help of digestive enzymes from the pancreas and bile from the liver. The duodenum is lined with specialized cells that absorb nutrients into the bloodstream, allowing them to be transported to the rest of the body. The jejunum and ileum, which are also parts of the small intestine, primarily absorb nutrients rather than digest them. The large intestine, on the other hand, mainly absorbs water and electrolytes and is not involved in significant digestion.

Carbohydrate digestion starts in the oral cavity with the help of salivary amylase, an enzyme that breaks down complex carbohydrates into simpler sugars. Protein digestion, on the other hand, starts in the stomach with the help of gastric juices, including pepsin, which breaks down proteins into smaller peptides. Therefore, the correct answer is "oral cavity, stomach."

Rosalind Franklin is associated with the use of X-ray crystallography. X-ray crystallography is a technique used to determine the atomic and molecular structure of a crystal by analyzing the diffraction pattern of X-rays passing through it. Franklin's work with X-ray crystallography played a crucial role in the discovery of the structure of DNA. Her X-ray images, known as Photo 51, provided key evidence for the double helix structure of DNA, which was later published by Watson and Crick. Erwin Chargaff is not directly associated with the use of X-ray crystallography in this context.

The correct answer is option 3. HCL converts pepsinogen to pepsin. Pepsinogen is an inactive precursor of pepsin, and it is converted to its active form, pepsin, by the action of hydrochloric acid (HCL) in the stomach. Pepsin is an enzyme that helps in the digestion of proteins.

The human cecum has an extension called the appendix. The appendix is a small, finger-like pouch located at the beginning of the large intestine. It is a vestigial organ, meaning it has lost its original function over time. While its exact purpose is still not fully understood, it is believed to play a role in the immune system, specifically in the production of antibodies. In some cases, the appendix can become inflamed and infected, leading to a condition called appendicitis, which often requires surgical removal.

The correct answer is "primer, leading strand, lagging strand." In DNA replication, a primer is needed to initiate the synthesis of a new DNA strand. The leading strand is synthesized continuously in the 5' to 3' direction, while the lagging strand is synthesized discontinuously in small fragments called Okazaki fragments. Therefore, the primer is required for both the leading and lagging strands, and the correct order is primer, leading strand, lagging strand.

Prokaryotic cells have a single origin of replication where DNA replication begins. This is in contrast to eukaryotic cells, which have multiple origins of replication. Therefore, the correct answer is 1.

The best width in the right figure is "ALL OF THESE" because all three options A, B, and C have the same width. Therefore, any of these options would be suitable.

The correct answer is PYY, LARGE intestine. PYY is a hormone that is primarily released by the cells in the ileum and colon of the small intestine, not the large intestine. It plays a role in regulating appetite and digestion.

The correct answer is "esophagus and stomach, small intestine and stomach". The sphincter N and C are located between the esophagus and stomach, as well as between the small intestine and stomach. These sphincters help regulate the flow of food and prevent backflow between these organs.

Watson and Crick did not predict the semiconservative model of DNA replication. Instead, they proposed the double helix structure of DNA in 1953, which explained how DNA is organized and replicated. The correct answer is Meselson and Stahl. In 1958, they conducted an experiment using isotopes of nitrogen to demonstrate that DNA replication follows a semiconservative model, where each new DNA molecule consists of one original strand and one newly synthesized strand.

DNA polymerase can produce continuous strands called the leading strand. The leading strand is synthesized in the 5' to 3' direction, which is the same direction as the replication fork is moving. This allows DNA polymerase to continuously add nucleotides to the growing strand without interruption. In contrast, the lagging strand is synthesized in the opposite direction, requiring the formation of short Okazaki fragments that are later joined together. Therefore, the leading strand is the correct answer.

The correct order is primase, helicase, DNA polymerase III, and ligase. Primase is responsible for synthesizing short RNA primers that are needed for DNA replication. Helicase unwinds the double-stranded DNA, separating the two strands. DNA polymerase III adds nucleotides to the growing DNA strand. Ligase joins the Okazaki fragments on the lagging strand.

The correct answer is "discover doubled helix." Chargaff's rules describe the base composition of DNA, stating that the amount of adenine is equal to thymine and the amount of guanine is equal to cytosine. This discovery was made by James Watson and Francis Crick, not Chargaff. Chargaff's rules were essential in their discovery of the double helix structure of DNA.

The correct answer is salivary gland, carbohydrate digestion. The salivary glands produce saliva, which contains enzymes that break down carbohydrates in the mouth. This helps to initiate the process of carbohydrate digestion before the food reaches the stomach.

Meselson and Stahl supported the Semiconservative model. This model explains the process of DNA replication, stating that each new DNA molecule consists of one parental strand and one newly synthesized strand. Meselson and Stahl conducted an experiment using isotopes to prove this model. They labeled the parental DNA with a heavy isotope of nitrogen and then allowed it to replicate in a medium with a lighter isotope. By analyzing the density of the DNA, they concluded that the replicated DNA was a mixture of both heavy and light strands, supporting the Semiconservative model.

C is responsible for immunity.

The gallbladder is responsible for storing and releasing bile, which aids in the digestion and absorption of fats. Therefore, if the gallbladder is removed, the digestion and absorption of lipids (fats) would be affected. This is because bile helps in the emulsification of fats, breaking them down into smaller droplets that can be easily digested by enzymes. Without the gallbladder, there would be a decrease in the efficiency of fat digestion, leading to potential malabsorption and digestive issues related to lipid metabolism.

After one round of DNA replication in the presence of 14N, the expected result would be a hybrid DNA molecule consisting of one heavy strand (15N) and one light strand (14N). This is because during DNA replication, the parental DNA strands separate and each serves as a template for the synthesis of a new complementary strand. In this case, since the bacteria were initially grown in a medium containing heavy nitrogen (15N) and then transferred to a medium containing 14N, the newly synthesized DNA strand would be composed of 14N. Therefore, the correct answer is D, which shows a hybrid DNA molecule with one heavy strand and one light strand.

The correct answer is A+B because fat breakdown is a complex process that involves both lipase and bile. Lipase is an enzyme that helps break down fats into smaller molecules, while bile is a substance produced by the liver and stored in the gallbladder that aids in the digestion and absorption of fats. Therefore, the combination of lipase and bile is necessary for the effective breakdown of fats in the body.

H. pylori is the main cause of gastric ulcers. H. pylori is a bacteria that infects the lining of the stomach and weakens the protective mucous layer, allowing stomach acid to damage the stomach lining. This can lead to the formation of ulcers. Gastric cancer and peristalsis are not the main causes of gastric ulcers.

The DNA polymerase can synthesize a continuous strand called the leading strand.

The given equation G+C = A+T represents a correct statement in DNA base pairing. In DNA, Guanine (G) always pairs with Cytosine (C), and Adenine (A) always pairs with Thymine (T). Therefore, the equation G+C = A+T is correct because it shows that the number of Guanine bases is equal to the number of Cytosine bases, and the number of Adenine bases is equal to the number of Thymine bases.

The given correct answer is "opening of the trachea / stomach". This is because the opening of the trachea is called the glottis, which leads to the respiratory system, while the opening of the stomach is called the cardiac sphincter, which leads to the digestive system. Therefore, these two openings do not match with each other.

The correct answer is "none of the above". Bile is a substance that is produced by the liver and stored in the gallbladder. It is not involved in the digestion of protein and does not contain trypsin. Trypsin is an enzyme that is produced by the pancreas and is involved in the digestion of proteins. Therefore, none of the given statements about bile are true.

When insulin levels increase, it first promotes glucose storage in the liver. This is because the liver acts as a storage site for excess glucose, which can be released when needed. After the liver, insulin promotes glucose storage in muscle cells. This is important for providing energy during physical activity. Finally, insulin promotes glucose storage in adipose tissue (fat cells). This helps to regulate blood sugar levels and store excess glucose as fat for future energy needs. Therefore, the correct order is liver, muscle, and then adipose tissue.

Hypoglycemia, or low blood glucose levels, is corrected by an increase in the secretion of glucagon. Glucagon is a hormone that helps raise blood sugar levels by stimulating the liver to release stored glucose into the bloodstream. Insulin, on the other hand, is responsible for lowering blood sugar levels by promoting the uptake and storage of glucose. However, in the case of hypoglycemia, the body needs to increase glucagon secretion to counteract the low blood sugar levels and bring them back to normal.

DNA polymerase III is the enzyme that catalyzes the elongation of a DNA strand in the 5' to 3' direction. It is responsible for adding nucleotides to the growing DNA strand during DNA replication. DNA polymerase III has a high processivity, meaning it can add many nucleotides in a row without falling off the DNA template. This enzyme also has proofreading abilities to correct any errors that may occur during replication.

The hepatic portal vein is located between the digestive system and the liver. It carries nutrient-rich blood from the digestive organs to the liver for processing and detoxification before it is distributed to the rest of the body. This allows the liver to filter out any harmful substances or toxins from the blood before it reaches other organs.

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Ligase helps the DNA strands apart while they are being replicated.

Obesity in humans is most clearly linked to type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. Type 2 diabetes is a chronic condition that affects the body's ability to regulate blood sugar levels, and obesity is a major risk factor for developing this disease. Additionally, obesity is strongly associated with cardiovascular diseases such as heart disease and stroke. Excess weight puts strain on the heart and blood vessels, leading to an increased risk of developing these conditions. Therefore, the correct answer is type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular.

Salivary amylase is an enzyme that helps break down carbohydrates in the mouth. Once food reaches the stomach, the acidic environment and the presence of gastric juices deactivate salivary amylase, causing it to stop working. Therefore, the correct answer is A) stomach.

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The correct answer is A is too narrow. This means that in the right figure, option A accurately describes the width of something being too narrow.