1.
Composite of the economic status of families or persons on the basis of occupation, educational attainment, and income.
Correct Answer
A. Socioeconomic status (SES)
Explanation
Socioeconomic status (SES) refers to the composite of the economic status of families or individuals, which is determined by factors such as occupation, educational attainment, and income. It is a measure of one's social and economic position in society. SES can have a significant impact on various aspects of life, including access to resources, opportunities, and overall well-being. It is an important factor to consider when examining disparities and inequalities in areas such as health, education, and employment.
2.
•socially transmitted ways of thinking, believing, feeling, and acting within a group. These patterns are transmitted from one generation to the next.
Correct Answer
C. Cultures
Explanation
Cultures refer to socially transmitted ways of thinking, believing, feeling, and acting within a group. These patterns are passed down from one generation to the next. Therefore, cultures can explain the differences in behaviors, beliefs, and values among different groups of people.
3.
•the behavioral, cultural, and psychological traits typically associated with a male or female.
Correct Answer
D. Gender
Explanation
Gender refers to the behavioral, cultural, and psychological traits that are typically associated with a male or female. It encompasses the roles, expectations, and norms society assigns to individuals based on their sex. While biological sex is determined by physical characteristics, gender is a social construct that can vary across different cultures and societies. It includes aspects such as gender identity, gender expression, and gender roles. Understanding gender is crucial for promoting equality and challenging stereotypes and discrimination based on sex.
4.
•one’s sexual attraction to persons of the same or opposite sex or both.
Correct Answer
B. Sexual Orientation
Explanation
Sexual orientation refers to an individual's sexual attraction towards people of the same sex, opposite sex, or both. It is a term used to describe one's sexual preferences or desires. This can include being heterosexual (attracted to the opposite sex), homosexual (attracted to the same sex), or bisexual (attracted to both sexes). Sexual orientation is an important aspect of a person's identity and can influence their relationships and overall well-being.
5.
A long-standing physical, mental, emotional condition that can make it difficult for a person to do activities such as walking, climbing stairs, dressing, bathing, communicating, learning, or remembering.
Correct Answer
C. Disability
Explanation
Disability refers to a long-standing physical, mental, emotional condition that can hinder an individual's ability to perform various activities such as walking, climbing stairs, dressing, bathing, communicating, learning, or remembering. It is a broad term that encompasses a range of impairments and limitations, affecting individuals' daily lives and functioning.
6.
•a term that groups people by biological traits such as the texture of their hair, color of their skin and eyes, and body stature.
Correct Answer
A. Race
Explanation
The term "race" refers to grouping people based on biological traits such as hair texture, skin and eye color, and body stature. This categorization is often used to differentiate and classify individuals based on these physical characteristics.
7.
Membership based on one’s national origin or the national origin of one’s ancestors when they immigrated to the United States.
Correct Answer
D. Ethnicity
Explanation
Ethnicity refers to the categorization of individuals based on their cultural or social background, including their traditions, customs, language, and heritage. It is distinct from race, which primarily focuses on physical characteristics. In the given context, the question is asking for a term that relates to membership based on one's national origin or the national origin of one's ancestors when they immigrated to the United States. This aligns with the concept of ethnicity, as it encompasses the cultural and ancestral aspects that define a person's identity and belongingness within a particular group.
8.
Ethnic membership based on national origin from a large geographic region that includes numerous countries. Examples are African or Asian Americans. The U.S. Census Bureau recognizes 6 broad pan-ethnic and racial groups: black or African American, American Indian or Alaska Native, Asian American, Latino or Hispanic, Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander, and white.
Correct Answer
C. Pan-ethnic
Explanation
Pan-ethnic refers to the concept of ethnic membership based on national origin from a large geographic region that includes numerous countries. It is a term used to describe individuals who identify with a particular ethnic group that spans across multiple countries. In the context of the U.S. Census Bureau, pan-ethnicity is recognized as one of the six broad pan-ethnic and racial groups, alongside black or African American, American Indian or Alaska Native, Asian American, Latino or Hispanic, Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander, and white. This term is used to categorize individuals who share common cultural and ancestral ties within a specific geographic region.
9.
•the belief that one race is superior to all others and thereby has the right to dominance.
Correct Answer
A. Racism
Explanation
Racism refers to the belief that one race is superior to all others and therefore has the right to dominate. It is a discriminatory and prejudiced ideology that perpetuates inequality and injustice based on race. Racism can manifest in various forms, such as systemic discrimination, hate crimes, and racial profiling. It is important to challenge and dismantle racist beliefs and practices in order to promote equality and social justice for all individuals, regardless of their race or ethnicity.
10.
•persons recognized by the U.S. government as being persecuted or legitimately bearing persecution in their home country because or race, religion, nationality, or membership in a specific social or political group.
Correct Answer
C. Refugees
Explanation
The correct answer is "Refugees." This answer aligns with the description provided in the question, which states that refugees are persons recognized by the U.S. government as being persecuted or legitimately bearing persecution in their home country because of race, religion, nationality, or membership in a specific social or political group. Refugees are individuals who have fled their home country in search of safety and protection due to persecution or fear of persecution.
11.
Exaggerated, and usually biased, views about a group based on prior, and often wrong, assumptions.
Correct Answer
B. Stereotypes
Explanation
Stereotypes refer to exaggerated and biased views about a particular group, which are often based on incorrect assumptions. This can apply to various groups, including those with disabilities, races, or even the concept of color blindness. Stereotypes can lead to unfair generalizations and discrimination against individuals based on these preconceived notions.
12.
•all students are treated the same without regard or attention to their race and ethnicity.
Correct Answer
D. Color blindness
Explanation
Color blindness refers to the belief or practice of treating all individuals equally, regardless of their race or ethnicity. This means that no special attention or consideration is given to any particular racial or ethnic group. It promotes a fair and unbiased approach in treating all students, ensuring that they are not discriminated against or disadvantaged based on their race or ethnicity. Color blindness aims to create an inclusive and equal learning environment for all students, fostering a sense of equality and respect among them.
13.
•the differences among groups of students in their performance on assessments, especially standardized tests.
Correct Answer
C. Achievement gap
Explanation
The term "achievement gap" refers to the differences in academic performance between different groups of students, particularly when it comes to standardized tests. This gap can be observed among students from different socioeconomic backgrounds, racial or ethnic groups, or other factors. It highlights the disparities in educational outcomes and opportunities, indicating that certain groups may be at a disadvantage compared to others when it comes to academic achievement.
14.
Disparities in the academic performance among groups of students due to the lack of quality educational experiences, effective teachers, and other necessary resources to promote learning at the high levels of the more-affluent students.
Correct Answer
D. Opportunity gap
Explanation
The answer "opportunity gap" is the most suitable because it directly addresses the disparities in academic performance among groups of students. It suggests that the differences in performance are not solely due to ethnicity or gender, but rather stem from a lack of quality educational experiences, effective teachers, and necessary resources. This term encompasses the idea that some students have more opportunities to succeed academically than others, leading to unequal outcomes.
15.
The practice of separating students based on their academic abilities or other factors to receive instruction that is supposed to be most appropriate for their abilities.
Correct Answer
B. Tracking
Explanation
Tracking refers to the practice of separating students based on their academic abilities or other factors to receive instruction that is supposed to be most appropriate for their abilities. This means that students are placed in different classes or educational tracks based on their perceived abilities or achievements. This practice is believed to provide personalized instruction and cater to the specific needs of students. However, it has been criticized for perpetuating inequality and limiting opportunities for certain groups of students.
16.
•endowments such as academic competence, language competence, and wealth that provide an advantage to an individual, family, or group (other examples: a group’s shared familiarity with specific kinds of music, games or sports, literature, food, behaviors, etc., knowledge of which affords social advantages within the group.)
Correct Answer
B. Cultural capital
Explanation
Cultural capital refers to the knowledge, skills, education, and other cultural assets that an individual possesses, which can provide social advantages within a particular group or society. In the context of the given explanation, cultural capital is being described as one of the endowments that can give an advantage to an individual, family, or group. This means that having cultural capital, such as familiarity with specific music, literature, or behaviors, can help individuals navigate social interactions and gain social status or recognition within their cultural group.
17.
•a phenomenon in which a teacher’s expectations for a student’s achievement are established early in the school year and match the student’s achievement at the end of the school year.
Correct Answer
C. Self-fulfilling propHecy
Explanation
Self-fulfilling prophecy refers to a phenomenon where a teacher's expectations for a student's achievement are set early in the school year and ultimately align with the student's actual achievement by the end of the year. This means that the teacher's initial beliefs about the student's abilities can influence their teaching approach, interactions, and support, which in turn affects the student's performance and behavior. The teacher's expectations can become a self-fulfilling prophecy, as they shape the student's opportunities, motivation, and overall academic outcome.