Motor Learning Final Exam
- 1.
Shooting a free throw in basketball is an example of an open motor skill.
- A.
True
- B.
False
Correct Answer
B. FalseExplanation
Shooting a free throw in basketball is actually an example of a closed motor skill, not an open motor skill. Closed motor skills are those that are performed in a predictable and stable environment, where the performer has control over the execution of the skill. In the case of shooting a free throw, the environment is relatively stable and the shooter has control over their movements and execution. Open motor skills, on the other hand, are performed in a dynamic and unpredictable environment, where the performer must react and adapt to changing conditions.Rate this question:
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- 2.
If a motor skill requires the use of large musculature but does not require precision of movement for successful performance, then the skill would best be classified as a
- A.
Discrete motor skill
- B.
Fine motor skill
- C.
Gross motor skill
- D.
Open motor skill
Correct Answer
C. Gross motor skillExplanation
A gross motor skill involves the use of large muscle groups and does not require precision of movement for successful performance. This means that the skill requires the coordination and control of larger body parts, such as the arms, legs, or torso, rather than fine movements that require precise control of smaller muscles. Examples of gross motor skills include running, jumping, or throwing a ball. Therefore, the given correct answer, "Gross motor skill," accurately describes a motor skill that fits the given criteria.Rate this question:
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- 3.
What is the difference between “motor ability” and “skill”?
- A.
Motor ability is a personal characteristic; skill is a task
- B.
Motor ability is temporary; skill is enduring
- C.
Not everyone has skill, but everyone has some motor ability
- D.
Skill is temporary; motor ability is enduring
- E.
They mean the same thing
Correct Answer
A. Motor ability is a personal characteristic; skill is a taskExplanation
Motor ability refers to an individual's innate physical attributes and capabilities, such as strength, flexibility, and coordination. It is a personal characteristic that varies from person to person. On the other hand, skill refers to the ability to perform a specific task or activity effectively and efficiently. It involves the application of motor abilities in a specific context or domain. While motor ability is inherent and relatively stable, skill can be acquired and developed through practice and experience. Therefore, the given answer correctly distinguishes between motor ability as a personal characteristic and skill as a task or performance ability.Rate this question:
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- 4.
Research has demonstrated that reaction time (RT) and movement time (MT) are
- A.
Independent motor abilities
- B.
Moderately related motor abilities
- C.
Highly related motor abilities
- D.
None of these
Correct Answer
A. Independent motor abilitiesExplanation
The research suggests that reaction time (RT) and movement time (MT) are independent motor abilities. This means that they are not strongly related to each other and can be considered as separate skills. This implies that an individual's performance in one of these abilities does not necessarily predict their performance in the other.Rate this question:
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- 5.
Returning a serve in tennis is an example of which of the following types of motor skills?
- A.
Self-paced motor skill
- B.
Stationary motor skill
- C.
Closed motor skill
- D.
Open motor skill
Correct Answer
D. Open motor skillExplanation
Returning a serve in tennis is an example of an open motor skill because it involves responding to an unpredictable and constantly changing environment. The player must adjust their movements in real-time based on the speed, trajectory, and spin of the incoming ball. This requires quick decision-making, coordination, and the ability to adapt to the changing conditions of the game.Rate this question:
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- 6.
Which type of reaction time situation occurs when there are several signals but only one response is to be made to one signal; and other signals are ignored and no response made?
- A.
Simple RT
- B.
Discrimination RT
- C.
Choice RT
- D.
Serial RT
Correct Answer
B. Discrimination RTExplanation
Discrimination RT refers to a type of reaction time situation where there are multiple signals, but only one response is required for a specific signal, while the other signals are ignored and no response is made. In this scenario, the individual needs to discriminate between the relevant signal and the irrelevant ones, focusing on the specific signal and responding accordingly.Rate this question:
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- 7.
Reaction time is the interval of time between which two events?
- A.
Warning signal and stimulus signal
- B.
Stimulus signal and the completion of the response
- C.
Stimulus signal and initiation of the response
- D.
Warning signal and the initiation of the response
Correct Answer
C. Stimulus signal and initiation of the responseExplanation
The correct answer is "Stimulus signal and initiation of the response". Reaction time refers to the time it takes for an individual to respond to a stimulus after it has been presented. In this case, the stimulus signal marks the beginning of the reaction time interval, and the initiation of the response marks the end of the interval. Therefore, the correct answer is the interval between the stimulus signal and the initiation of the response.Rate this question:
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- 8.
If you measure the distance achieved or the accuracy of a movement, you are measuring:
- A.
Performance production
- B.
Duration
- C.
Reaction time
- D.
Variable time
- E.
Performance outcome
Correct Answer
E. Performance outcomeExplanation
When measuring the distance achieved or the accuracy of a movement, you are assessing the end result or outcome of the performance. This is known as the performance outcome, which focuses on the final product or achievement rather than the process or duration of the performance. It does not refer to the time taken for the performance or any variability in the time.Rate this question:
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- 9.
Measuring error helps indicate movement accuracy and also
- A.
Possible causes of performance problems
- B.
Reaction time
- C.
Movement time
- D.
Coordination
- E.
Referee mistakes
Correct Answer
A. Possible causes of performance problemsExplanation
Measuring error helps indicate movement accuracy and possible causes of performance problems. By measuring error, we can identify how accurately a movement is being executed, which can provide insights into the performance of an individual or a system. Performance problems can arise due to various factors such as reaction time, movement time, coordination, and even referee mistakes. Measuring error allows us to analyze and pinpoint the potential causes of these performance problems, enabling us to make improvements and enhance overall performance.Rate this question:
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- 10.
Which of these is a way to measure performance production?
- A.
Absolute error
- B.
Radar gun
- C.
Stopwatch
- D.
EMG
- E.
FMRI
Correct Answer
D. EMGExplanation
EMG (Electromyography) is a way to measure performance production. It is a technique that measures the electrical activity produced by skeletal muscles. By placing electrodes on the skin over the muscles of interest, EMG can detect and record the electrical signals generated during muscle contraction. This provides valuable information about muscle activity and performance, making it a useful tool in assessing and measuring performance production.Rate this question:
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- 11.
In lab 1 we used AE, VE and CE to measure performance in drawing 10cm lines blindfolded. Which of the following would represent a subject who always drew their line short with a high error?
- A.
High AE, Low CE, High VE
- B.
Low AE, High CE, Low VE
- C.
High AE, High CE, Low VE
- D.
Low AE, Low CE, High VE
Correct Answer
C. High AE, High CE, Low VEExplanation
A subject who always draws their line short with a high error would have a high absolute error (AE) because they consistently deviate from the target length. They would also have a high constant error (CE) because their errors are consistently in the same direction (short). However, they would have a low variable error (VE) because their errors are consistent and not random or unpredictable.Rate this question:
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- 12.
The nerve fiber that transmits information from the neuron is known as the
- A.
Axon
- B.
Dendrite
- C.
Synapse
- D.
Myelin
Correct Answer
A. AxonExplanation
The correct answer is Axon. The axon is a long, slender projection of a neuron that carries electrical impulses away from the cell body and transmits information to other neurons or to muscles and glands. It is responsible for transmitting signals to other cells and plays a crucial role in the communication between neurons in the nervous system.Rate this question:
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- 13.
Parkinson’s disease is the result of a dysfunction of which area of the brain?
- A.
Basal ganglia
- B.
Cerebellum
- C.
Cerebral cortex
- D.
Diencephalons
Correct Answer
A. Basal gangliaExplanation
Parkinson's disease is caused by a dysfunction in the basal ganglia, which is a group of structures located deep within the brain. The basal ganglia play a crucial role in regulating movement and motor control. In Parkinson's disease, the neurons in the basal ganglia degenerate and produce less dopamine, a neurotransmitter involved in movement. This leads to the characteristic symptoms of Parkinson's disease, such as tremors, rigidity, and difficulty with coordination and balance. Dysfunction in other areas of the brain, such as the cerebellum, cerebral cortex, or diencephalon, may contribute to other neurological disorders, but they are not primarily responsible for Parkinson's disease.Rate this question:
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- 14.
The area of the cortex that is commonly considered to be the location for the transition between the perception of sensory information and the resulting action is the
- A.
Sensory cortex
- B.
Association cortex
- C.
Motor cortex
- D.
Sensorimotor complex
Correct Answer
B. Association cortexExplanation
The association cortex is commonly considered to be the location for the transition between the perception of sensory information and the resulting action. This is because the association cortex is responsible for integrating and processing information from various sensory areas, and it plays a crucial role in higher-order cognitive functions such as perception, attention, memory, and decision-making. It receives input from the sensory cortex and sends output to the motor cortex, which then initiates the appropriate motor response.Rate this question:
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- 15.
Which of the following areas of the cerebral cortex is primarily responsible for organizing movements before they are initiated?
- A.
Premotor area
- B.
Parietal lobe
- C.
Supplementary motor area
- D.
Primary motor complex
Correct Answer
A. Premotor areaExplanation
The premotor area of the cerebral cortex is primarily responsible for organizing movements before they are initiated. This region is involved in planning and coordinating complex motor actions, such as reaching, grasping, and manipulating objects. It receives input from various sensory areas and integrates this information to generate appropriate motor commands. The premotor area also plays a role in motor learning and memory, allowing for the development and refinement of motor skills over time.Rate this question:
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- 16.
Which of the following is not a part of a motor unit?
- A.
Muscle fiber
- B.
Dendrite
- C.
Interneuron
- D.
Axon
- E.
Motorneuron
Correct Answer
C. InterneuronExplanation
An interneuron is not a part of a motor unit. A motor unit consists of a motor neuron and the muscle fibers it innervates. The motor neuron sends signals from the central nervous system to the muscle fibers, causing them to contract. The dendrite and axon are both components of a motor neuron, while the muscle fiber is the target of the motor neuron's signals. However, an interneuron is a type of neuron that connects sensory and motor neurons within the central nervous system, and it is not directly involved in the activation of muscle contraction.Rate this question:
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- 17.
An important difference between the open- and closed-loop control systems is that the
- A.
Open-loop system involves feedback; the closed-loop system does not.
- B.
Closed-loop system involves movement commands; the open-loop system doesn't
- C.
Open-loop system involves movement commands; the closed-loop system doesn't
- D.
Closed-loop system involves feedback; the open-loop system does not.
Correct Answer
D. Closed-loop system involves feedback; the open-loop system does not.Explanation
In a closed-loop control system, feedback is used to continuously monitor the output and make adjustments to the input in order to maintain a desired output. This feedback allows the system to respond to changes and disturbances, ensuring accurate and precise control. On the other hand, an open-loop control system does not use feedback and relies solely on predetermined input commands. This means that an open-loop system cannot make adjustments based on the actual output, making it less accurate and more susceptible to disturbances. Therefore, the statement that "closed-loop system involves feedback; the open-loop system does not" accurately describes the difference between the two control systems.Rate this question:
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- 18.
Which of the following types of motor control theories emphasizes the role of a memory representation in the control of coordinated action?
- A.
Dynamic pattern theories
- B.
Motor program theories
- C.
Chaos theories
- D.
All of these
Correct Answer
B. Motor program theoriesExplanation
Motor program theories emphasize the role of a memory representation in the control of coordinated action. These theories propose that movements are controlled by pre-structured motor programs stored in memory, which can be executed automatically without the need for constant feedback. This memory representation allows for the execution of complex and coordinated movements, such as playing a musical instrument or typing on a keyboard, without the need to consciously plan and control each individual movement.Rate this question:
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- 19.
According to Schmidt’s motor program-based theory of motor control, which of the following would be controlled by the same generalized motor program (GMP)?
- A.
Using either hand to reach for and grasp an object
- B.
Hitting a golf ball and hitting a pitched baseball
- C.
Throwing a ball overhand and underhand
- D.
Walking and running
Correct Answer
A. Using either hand to reach for and grasp an objectExplanation
According to Schmidt's motor program-based theory of motor control, using either hand to reach for and grasp an object would be controlled by the same generalized motor program (GMP). This theory suggests that certain motor programs can be generalized and applied to different movements that share similar characteristics. In this case, reaching for and grasping an object with either hand involves similar movement patterns and coordination, making them controlled by the same GMP.Rate this question:
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- 20.
A sensory neuropathy involving a limb provides a non-surgical technique for the investigation of deafferented humans.
- A.
True
- B.
False
Correct Answer
A. TrueExplanation
This statement is true because a sensory neuropathy involving a limb refers to damage or dysfunction of the sensory nerves in that limb. This condition can occur due to various reasons such as injury, infection, or certain medical conditions. By studying individuals with sensory neuropathy, researchers can gain insights into the effects of sensory deprivation on human perception and function without the need for surgical interventions. This non-surgical technique allows for a better understanding of the nervous system and its role in sensory processing.Rate this question:
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- 21.
According to a dynamic pattern view of motor control, skilled action occurs on the basis of action units which
- A.
Act according to motor program commands
- B.
Receive commands from a control executive
- C.
Self organize
- D.
Receive feedback as movement occurs
Correct Answer
C. Self organizeExplanation
According to a dynamic pattern view of motor control, skilled action occurs through the self-organization of action units. This means that instead of being controlled by specific motor program commands or receiving commands from a control executive, skilled actions emerge spontaneously through the interactions and coordination of different action units. This view emphasizes the role of feedback and the ability of the motor system to adapt and adjust movements in real-time based on the ongoing sensory information received during the movement.Rate this question:
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- 22.
Although researchers have reported various findings, the most reasonable estimate of the amount of time required for visual feedback to enable a movement correction during the performance of a simple manual aiming task is
- A.
Between 100 and 160 msec
- B.
Between 500 and 560 msec
- C.
More than 1000 msec
- D.
No time is required; corrections are instantaneous
Correct Answer
A. Between 100 and 160 msecExplanation
The most reasonable estimate of the amount of time required for visual feedback to enable a movement correction during a simple manual aiming task is between 100 and 160 msec. This suggests that it takes a short period of time for individuals to visually process information and make the necessary adjustments to their movements. It is not instantaneous, as indicated by the other options, and it is also not as long as 500 and 560 msec or more than 1000 msec.Rate this question:
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- 23.
Why is binocular vision superior to monocular vision for perceiving distance to objects and the size of objects?
- A.
Central vision is more precise than peripheral vision
- B.
Binoculars improve vision at distances
- C.
Having two views aids depth perception
- D.
Two eyes are better than one
- E.
A and B
Correct Answer
C. Having two views aids depth perceptionExplanation
Having two views aids depth perception because when we use both eyes to view an object, each eye receives a slightly different image. The brain then combines these two images to create a three-dimensional perception of depth. This is known as stereopsis and allows us to accurately perceive the distance to objects and the size of objects in our environment. Central vision being more precise than peripheral vision and binoculars improving vision at distances are not directly related to the advantage of having two views for depth perception.Rate this question:
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- 24.
If you want to rapidly move the cursor on your computer screen to an icon, when during the movement of the cursor would you shift your visual point of gaze to the icon?
- A.
Just before the cursor reaches the icon
- B.
Just after the cursor reaches the icon
- C.
As soon as you initiate the cursor movement
- D.
At the same time as you reach the icon
Correct Answer
A. Just before the cursor reaches the iconExplanation
When moving the cursor rapidly to an icon on the computer screen, shifting the visual point of gaze just before the cursor reaches the icon allows for better accuracy and precision. By anticipating the cursor's movement and shifting the visual focus ahead of time, the user can ensure that they are clicking on the correct icon without overshooting or missing it. This strategy helps to minimize errors and improve efficiency in navigating the computer interface.Rate this question:
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- 25.
When you walk across a street, the optical variable tau influences the initiation of your leg movement to step up onto the curb on the basis of the
- A.
Distance you are from the curb
- B.
Amount of time remaining to contact the curb
- C.
Width of the street
- D.
Height of the curb
Correct Answer
B. Amount of time remaining to contact the curbExplanation
The optical variable tau influences the initiation of leg movement to step up onto the curb based on the amount of time remaining to contact the curb. This means that as the time remaining to reach the curb decreases, the leg movement to step up onto the curb is initiated. The optical variable tau provides information about the time to contact an object, and in this case, it helps determine the timing of the leg movement to ensure a successful step onto the curb. The other options, such as distance, width of the street, and height of the curb, may also play a role in the decision-making process but are not specifically mentioned in the explanation.Rate this question:
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- 26.
Fitts’ Law specifies that performance will show a speed-accuracy trade-off in a rapid manual aiming task according to the relationship between which two characteristics of the task?
- A.
Distance to move and target size
- B.
Distance to move and movement speed
- C.
Target size and type of target
- D.
Target size and movement speed
Correct Answer
A. Distance to move and target sizeExplanation
Fitts' Law states that the time it takes to complete a rapid manual aiming task is influenced by the distance to move and the target size. According to this law, as the distance to move increases or the target size decreases, the task becomes more difficult and therefore takes longer to complete. This relationship between distance to move and target size determines the speed-accuracy trade-off in the task.Rate this question:
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- 27.
In dynamic pattern terminology, an attractor refers to a
- A.
Complex movement
- B.
State of coordination instability
- C.
Movement pattern stable state
- D.
Motor program
Correct Answer
C. Movement pattern stable stateExplanation
An attractor in dynamic pattern terminology refers to a movement pattern stable state. This means that when a system reaches an attractor, it settles into a stable and consistent movement pattern. The system may have multiple attractors, each representing a different stable state. These attractors can arise due to the interaction between various components and forces within the system, creating a predictable and repeatable pattern of movement.Rate this question:
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- 28.
Which of the following is not a potential benefit of motor control theories?
- A.
Create new intervention strategies
- B.
Predict effectiveness of intervention strategies
- C.
Measure movement accuracy in different contexts
- D.
Develop systematic approach to increase skill performance
Correct Answer
C. Measure movement accuracy in different contextsExplanation
Motor control theories have several potential benefits, including the ability to create new intervention strategies, predict the effectiveness of intervention strategies, and develop a systematic approach to increase skill performance. However, measuring movement accuracy in different contexts is not specifically mentioned as a potential benefit of motor control theories.Rate this question:
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- 29.
Proprioceptors are not found in which of the following?
- A.
Joints
- B.
Bones
- C.
Muscles
- D.
Tendons
Correct Answer
B. BonesExplanation
Proprioceptors are sensory receptors that provide information about body position, movement, and spatial orientation. They are located in muscles, tendons, and joints, but not in bones. Bones primarily serve as structural support and protection for organs, while proprioceptors are responsible for transmitting information about body position and movement to the central nervous system. Therefore, bones do not contain proprioceptors.Rate this question:
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- 30.
Which of the following techniques that researchers use to study the role of proprioception in motor control does not completely remove proprioceptive feedback but only distorts it?
- A.
Tendon vibration
- B.
Nerve block
- C.
Surgical deafferentation
- D.
Sensory neuropathy
Correct Answer
A. Tendon vibrationExplanation
Tendon vibration is a technique used by researchers to study the role of proprioception in motor control. It involves applying vibrations to the tendons, which leads to a distortion of proprioceptive feedback. However, it does not completely remove proprioceptive feedback. Therefore, tendon vibration is the technique that does not completely remove proprioceptive feedback but only distorts it.Rate this question:
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- 31.
One of the current views of how we control prehension is that the transport and grasp phases function
- A.
As one unit
- B.
As two motor programs
- C.
Independently
- D.
Synergistically
Correct Answer
D. SynergisticallyExplanation
The correct answer is "synergistically". This suggests that the transport and grasp phases of prehension work together in a coordinated and integrated manner. Rather than functioning as separate motor programs, they complement and enhance each other, resulting in a more efficient and effective control of prehension. This view highlights the interdependence and cooperation between these two phases in achieving successful grasping and manipulation of objects.Rate this question:
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- 32.
Because we can write our signature relatively legibly with a pen held by either hand, either foot, or even by our teeth, researchers often describe handwriting as a good example of Bernstein’s concept of motor
- A.
Complexity
- B.
Programs
- C.
Equivalence
- D.
Independence
Correct Answer
C. EquivalenceExplanation
The correct answer is equivalence. Handwriting can be done with various body parts, such as hands, feet, or even teeth, which shows that the motor programs for writing are equivalent across different body parts. This means that the same motor program can be executed by different effectors, highlighting the concept of equivalence in motor control.Rate this question:
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- 33.
The playing of a guitar is a good example of performing
- A.
A symmetric bimanual skill
- B.
A prehension skill
- C.
A manual aiming skill
- D.
An asymmetric bimanual skill
Correct Answer
D. An asymmetric bimanual skillExplanation
Playing a guitar involves using both hands, but the actions performed by each hand are different. The dominant hand is responsible for strumming or plucking the strings, while the non-dominant hand is used to press down on the frets to change the pitch. This requires coordination and synchronization between the two hands, but they are performing different tasks. Therefore, playing a guitar can be classified as an asymmetric bimanual skill.Rate this question:
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- 34.
The reason we have difficulty tapping our heads and rubbing our stomachs at the same time with our two hands is that our motor control system is organized in such a way that our two hands prefer to move in the same way at the same time.
- A.
True
- B.
False
Correct Answer
A. TrueExplanation
Our motor control system is organized in a way that our two hands prefer to move in the same way at the same time. This means that when we try to tap our heads and rub our stomachs at the same time, our hands tend to synchronize their movements instead of performing different actions simultaneously. This coordination issue makes it difficult for us to perform these two tasks simultaneously, leading to the statement being true.Rate this question:
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- 35.
The most common performance measure used for inferring the amount of time required for action preparation is
- A.
Movement time
- B.
Reaction time
- C.
Motor time
- D.
Response time
Correct Answer
B. Reaction timeExplanation
The most common performance measure used for inferring the amount of time required for action preparation is reaction time. Reaction time refers to the time it takes for an individual to respond to a stimulus after it is presented. It is often used as an indicator of the efficiency of cognitive and motor processes involved in preparing and initiating a response. By measuring reaction time, researchers can gain insights into the speed and accuracy of information processing, decision-making, and motor planning.Rate this question:
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- 36.
Hick’s Law states that reaction time (RT) will increase logarithmically as the
- A.
Number of response choices increases
- B.
Distance required by the movement increases
- C.
Movement complexity increases
- D.
Arousal level of the individual increases
Correct Answer
A. Number of response choices increasesExplanation
Hick's Law states that as the number of response choices increases, the reaction time will increase logarithmically. This means that when presented with more options, it takes longer for an individual to make a decision and respond. This is because the brain needs more time to process and analyze the increased amount of information before selecting a response. Therefore, the more choices there are, the longer it will take for someone to react.Rate this question:
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- 37.
In a two-hand aiming task in which one must move to a target that has an ID of 4, and the other hand must simultaneously move to a target that has an ID of 2, when will each hand arrive at the target?
- A.
The hand with the ID of 4 will arrive much earlier than the hand with the ID of 2
- B.
The hand with the ID of 2 will arrive much earlier than the hand with the ID of 4
- C.
The preferred hand will arrive first regardless of the ID
- D.
The two hands will arrive at approximately the same time
Correct Answer
D. The two hands will arrive at approximately the same timeExplanation
The question states that both hands are moving simultaneously to their respective targets. Therefore, it can be inferred that both hands will arrive at their targets at approximately the same time.Rate this question:
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- 38.
If you are standing with your arms at your side, and must move one arm as rapidly as possible to point to a target located at shoulder level in front of you, EMG would show that the muscles you activated first were the
- A.
Agonist arm muscles
- B.
Antagonist arm muscles
- C.
Postural leg muscles
- D.
Arm muscles of the opposite arm
Correct Answer
C. Postural leg muscles -
- 39.
What does an increase in reaction time (RT) mean?
- A.
Time to start moving is shorter
- B.
Movements are quicker
- C.
Time to start moving is longer
- D.
Movements are slower
Correct Answer
C. Time to start moving is longerExplanation
An increase in reaction time (RT) means that the time it takes for an individual to start moving in response to a stimulus is longer. This indicates that there is a delay in the initiation of movement, suggesting slower processing and response to the stimulus.Rate this question:
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- 40.
Which of the following will increase reaction time (RT)?
- A.
Movement complexity
- B.
Repetition
- C.
Fewer choices
- D.
Foreperiod regularity
Correct Answer
A. Movement complexityExplanation
Movement complexity refers to the level of difficulty or intricacy involved in performing a specific movement. When the movement is complex, it requires more cognitive processing and coordination, leading to an increased reaction time. This is because the brain needs more time to analyze and plan the movement, resulting in a delayed response. Therefore, movement complexity can be seen as a factor that increases reaction time.Rate this question:
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- 41.
“Transport”, “grasp”, and “manipulation” are three components of what?
- A.
Impulse-timing
- B.
Prehension
- C.
Motor equivalence
- D.
Dynamic pattern theory
- E.
Bimanual coordination
Correct Answer
B. PrehensionExplanation
The three components mentioned - "transport", "grasp", and "manipulation" - are all related to the act of prehension. Prehension refers to the process of reaching out, grasping an object, and manipulating it. These components are essential in the overall process of prehension, where transport involves moving the hand towards the object, grasp involves the act of holding onto the object, and manipulation involves using the hands to perform specific actions or tasks with the object. Therefore, prehension is the correct answer that encompasses all three components.Rate this question:
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- 42.
According to Fitts’ Law, a person’s movement time will be faster for a task with an ID of 6 than for an ID of 3.
- A.
True
- B.
False
Correct Answer
B. FalseExplanation
According to Fitts' Law, movement time is determined by the size of the target and the distance to be traveled. The law states that movement time increases as the task difficulty increases, which is measured by the Index of Difficulty (ID). The ID is calculated by taking the logarithm of the distance divided by the target size. In this case, if the ID of the task with 6 is smaller than the ID of the task with 3, it means that the task with 6 has a larger target size or a shorter distance to be traveled, making it easier and faster to complete. Therefore, the given statement is false.Rate this question:
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- 43.
Consider the following performance situation: You are a basketball player guarding an opponent who has the ball. You know that about 80% of the time in this situation the player will move to your right and take a shot. So, you prepare to move in that direction. But, unexpectedly the player moves to your left. Which of the following describes your RT in this situation?
- A.
It is not possible to predict RT without more information about the situation
- B.
RT will be the same as if you had not prepared to move to the right
- C.
RT will be faster than if you had not prepared to move to the right
- D.
RT will be slower than if you had not prepared to move to the right
Correct Answer
D. RT will be slower than if you had not prepared to move to the rightExplanation
In this situation, the basketball player's reaction time (RT) will be slower than if they had not prepared to move to the right. This is because their initial expectation was that the opponent would move to the right and take a shot. When the opponent unexpectedly moves to the left, it requires the player to adjust their movement and react in a different direction, causing a delay in their response time.Rate this question:
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- 44.
Central pattern generators, which are involved in the control of gait, are thought to be located primarily in the brain.
- A.
True
- B.
False
Correct Answer
B. FalseExplanation
Central pattern generators are not primarily located in the brain. They are actually located in the spinal cord and are responsible for generating rhythmic patterns of muscle activity, such as walking or swimming. While the brain does play a role in coordinating and modulating these patterns, the central pattern generators themselves are located in the spinal cord.Rate this question:
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- 45.
For skills that involve a starting signal and require movement as quickly as possible after this signal (e.g., swimming, sprint), the amount of time between the warning and start signal should be
- A.
The same for every start
- B.
Varied for every start
- C.
As constant as possible for every start
- D.
As short as possible for every start
Correct Answer
B. Varied for every startExplanation
For skills that involve a starting signal and require movement as quickly as possible after this signal, it is beneficial to vary the amount of time between the warning and start signal for every start. This variation helps to prevent anticipation and allows athletes to react quickly and explosively to the start signal. By changing the timing, athletes are forced to stay alert and react to the signal in real-time, enhancing their ability to start quickly and effectively. Consistently using the same timing can lead to predictability and a slower start. Therefore, varying the time between the warning and start signal is the best approach.Rate this question:
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- 46.
Which of the following was not a theory discussed in chapter 9 of how attention affects motor performance?
- A.
Bottleneck theories
- B.
Filter theories
- C.
Multiple resource capacity theories
- D.
Central resource capacity theories
- E.
Dual task theories
Correct Answer
E. Dual task theoriesExplanation
The correct answer is Dual task theories. In chapter 9 of how attention affects motor performance, the theories discussed include bottleneck theories, filter theories, multiple resource capacity theories, and central resource capacity theories. However, dual task theories were not discussed in this chapter. These theories typically focus on the idea that attention is a limited resource and that performing multiple tasks simultaneously can lead to a decrease in performance on one or both tasks.Rate this question:
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- 47.
The action effect hypothesis suggests optimal performance results from
- A.
Internal focus of attention
- B.
Increased arousal
- C.
External focus of attention
- D.
Decreased arousal
Correct Answer
C. External focus of attentionExplanation
The action effect hypothesis proposes that optimal performance is achieved when individuals focus their attention externally, rather than internally. This means that instead of focusing on their own movements or body sensations, individuals should direct their attention towards the desired outcome or the effects of their actions. By doing so, they can enhance their performance and improve their ability to execute skilled movements or tasks. This external focus of attention allows individuals to rely on automatic processes and allows for more efficient movement execution.Rate this question:
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- 48.
Studies comparing experts and novices in motor skill performance show that
- A.
Experts have better visual activity
- B.
Experts focus only on certain aspects of the visual cues
- C.
Experts focus better on all of the visual cues in the environment
- D.
Experts are better at tracking fast-moving objects
Correct Answer
B. Experts focus only on certain aspects of the visual cuesExplanation
Experts in motor skill performance have honed their abilities through extensive practice and experience. They have developed the ability to selectively focus on specific aspects of the visual cues relevant to the task at hand. This selective attention allows them to filter out irrelevant information and concentrate on the most important visual cues. By narrowing their focus, experts are able to process and interpret these cues more effectively, leading to improved motor skill performance.Rate this question:
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- 49.
In addition to serving as a temporary storage system, working memory also serves as a
- A.
Procedural knowledge storage location
- B.
Library of information
- C.
Permanent storage system
- D.
Temporary workspace
Correct Answer
D. Temporary workspaceExplanation
Working memory is a cognitive system responsible for temporarily holding and manipulating information needed for complex cognitive tasks. It acts as a temporary workspace where information is actively processed and manipulated. Unlike permanent storage systems such as long-term memory, working memory is not designed for long-term storage but rather for immediate use. It allows us to hold and manipulate information in our minds, making it an essential component of various cognitive processes like problem-solving, decision-making, and learning. Therefore, the term "temporary workspace" accurately describes the role of working memory in our cognitive functioning.Rate this question:
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- 50.
If you are asked to demonstrate how you tie your shoes, you would base your demonstration on knowledge stored in long-term memory in the
- A.
Procedural memory system
- B.
Episodic memory system
- C.
Muscle memory system
- D.
Semantic memory system
Correct Answer
A. Procedural memory systemExplanation
The procedural memory system is responsible for storing knowledge related to skills and procedures, such as tying shoes. When asked to demonstrate how to tie shoes, you would rely on this memory system to recall the step-by-step process and perform the task. This type of memory is often automatic and does not require conscious effort, as it is stored in the motor and sensory areas of the brain.Rate this question:
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Mar 21, 2023Quiz Edited by
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Dec 08, 2010Quiz Created by
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