314 Exam 1 Re-take
Questions and Answers
- 1.
Under what conditions can status markers lose power?
- A.
They become too available
- B.
When affluent consumers shun ostentation
- C.
when lower quality versions become available
- D.
None of the above
- E.
All of the above
Correct Answer
E. All of the aboveExplanation
Under certain conditions, status markers can lose their power. One reason is when they become too easily accessible, as their exclusivity diminishes. Additionally, when affluent consumers reject ostentatious displays of wealth, status markers lose their significance. Lastly, the availability of lower quality versions can also devalue status markers. Therefore, all of the above factors can contribute to the loss of power of status markers.Rate this question:
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- 2.
Wearing elaborate fashion and living in extravagant homes with costly furnishings:
- A.
Conspicuous leisure
- B.
Conspicuous counter consumption
- C.
Reverse ostentation
- D.
Counter ostentation
- E.
Conspicuous consumption
Correct Answer
E. Conspicuous consumptionExplanation
Conspicuous consumption refers to the act of displaying one's wealth and social status through extravagant and luxurious purchases. This behavior is often motivated by the desire to gain social recognition and admiration from others. By wearing elaborate fashion and living in extravagant homes with costly furnishings, individuals engage in conspicuous consumption as a means of signaling their high social standing and economic power.Rate this question:
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- 3.
Forecasting is
- A.
A creative process a person can learn and practice
- B.
A gift or talent, either you have it or you don't
- C.
A set of rules that can be applied to fashion
- D.
A magical ability to see the future
- E.
A way to look back to explain errors
Correct Answer
A. A creative process a person can learn and practiceExplanation
Forecasting is a creative process that involves using knowledge, data, and analytical skills to make predictions about future events or trends. It is not a gift or talent that some people inherently possess, but rather a skill that can be developed through learning and practice. It is not a set of rules that can be applied to fashion or a magical ability to see the future. Additionally, while forecasting can involve looking back to analyze past errors and improve future predictions, it is primarily focused on making informed predictions about the future.Rate this question:
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- 4.
The time span for the fashion industry's process of coordinating color, textile design, and styles for seasonal goods
- A.
Long-term forecasting
- B.
Sales forecasting
- C.
Long wave forecasting
- D.
Short-term forecasting
- E.
All of the above
Correct Answer
D. Short-term forecastingExplanation
Short-term forecasting is the correct answer because it refers to the time span for the fashion industry's process of coordinating color, textile design, and styles for seasonal goods. This type of forecasting involves predicting trends and consumer preferences in the near future, typically within the next few months or up to one year. It helps fashion companies plan their production, inventory, and marketing strategies to meet the demands of the market and stay ahead of their competitors.Rate this question:
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- 5.
Which of the listed theories matches the statements below: innovation driven by the desire of a group of young people to differentiate themselves from all others
- A.
Trickles across
- B.
Trickle down
- C.
Trickle up
- D.
Pendulum swing
- E.
No listed theory matches
Correct Answer
C. Trickle upExplanation
The theory of "trickle up" matches the statements because it suggests that innovation is driven by a desire to differentiate oneself from others. This theory proposes that new ideas and trends start at the bottom of society, often among young people or marginalized groups, and then gradually gain popularity and acceptance among the wider population. This process is driven by the desire to stand out and be unique, which aligns with the statement provided.Rate this question:
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- 6.
Which consumer type is most frequently asked by others for advice about styles?
- A.
Opinion leaders
- B.
Innovators
- C.
Explorers
- D.
None of the above
- E.
All of the above
Correct Answer
A. Opinion leadersExplanation
Opinion leaders are individuals who are highly knowledgeable and influential in a particular field or industry. They are often sought after for their expertise and advice, making them the consumer type most frequently asked by others for advice about styles. This is because opinion leaders have a strong presence and following, and their opinions and recommendations hold significant weight among their peers and followers. They are trendsetters and have the ability to shape and influence the preferences and choices of others.Rate this question:
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- 7.
A barrier to adoption involving the need for consumers to learn how to use a new innovation
- A.
Visibility
- B.
Adaptability
- C.
Complexity
- D.
None of the above
- E.
All of the above
Correct Answer
C. ComplexityExplanation
The correct answer is complexity. When a new innovation is complex and requires consumers to learn how to use it, it becomes a barrier to adoption. Consumers may be hesitant to adopt the innovation if they feel overwhelmed by its complexity and the effort required to understand and use it. This can hinder the widespread adoption and acceptance of the innovation in the market.Rate this question:
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- 8.
What kind of influence is dominant in the second stage of the "two-step flow" of fashion adoption
- A.
Impersonal influence
- B.
Distant opinion leadership
- C.
Gatekeeper influence
- D.
Personal influence
- E.
Marketer dominated influence
Correct Answer
D. Personal influenceExplanation
In the second stage of the "two-step flow" of fashion adoption, personal influence is dominant. This means that individuals are influenced by their peers, friends, and family members who have already adopted the fashion trend. Personal influence is often more impactful and persuasive than impersonal influence or distant opinion leadership because it comes from trusted sources who have direct relationships with the individuals. Gatekeeper influence refers to the role of media and opinion leaders in filtering and shaping information, while marketer dominated influence refers to the influence of advertising and marketing efforts.Rate this question:
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- 9.
A classic:
- A.
Changes minimally over time
- B.
Is accepted by a broad range of consumers
- C.
represents a midpoint compromise between extremes
- D.
None of the above
- E.
All of the above
Correct Answer
E. All of the aboveExplanation
The correct answer is "all of the above" because a classic refers to something that meets multiple criteria. It changes minimally over time, as it is timeless and enduring. It is accepted by a broad range of consumers, indicating its popularity and appeal. It also represents a midpoint compromise between extremes, suggesting that it strikes a balance and is not too extreme in any particular aspect. Therefore, all of these statements accurately describe a classic.Rate this question:
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- 10.
The three most familiar patterns when visualizing fashion change are
- A.
Straight line, broken lines, and arrows
- B.
Angles, geometric figures, and troughs
- C.
Curves, the pendulum swing, and the cycle
- D.
The triangle, the rectangle, and the diamond
- E.
The clock face, the goal line, and the race course
Correct Answer
C. Curves, the pendulum swing, and the cycleExplanation
The correct answer is curves, the pendulum swing, and the cycle. These three patterns are commonly used when visualizing fashion change. Curves represent a smooth and gradual transition from one style to another. The pendulum swing symbolizes the back-and-forth movement between different trends, where fashion swings from one extreme to another and then back again. The cycle refers to the repetitive nature of fashion, where certain styles or trends resurface and become popular again after a period of time. These patterns help to illustrate the dynamic and ever-changing nature of fashion.Rate this question:
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- 11.
Trends important enough to be felt over a decade or more are called
- A.
Megatrends
- B.
Mammoth cycles
- C.
Magnitude effects
- D.
Fashion tsunami
- E.
Mass communication
Correct Answer
A. MegatrendsExplanation
Megatrends refer to significant and long-lasting trends that have a profound impact on various aspects of society, such as technology, economy, culture, and demographics. These trends typically span over a decade or more and have the potential to shape the future. They are characterized by their magnitude, influence, and widespread effects, making them important and noticeable over an extended period of time.Rate this question:
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- 12.
Data gathering methods associated with quantitative (as opposed to qualitative) research includes
- A.
Focus groups, depth interviews, and observation
- B.
Focus groups, surveys, and experiments
- C.
Consumer anthropology
- D.
Surveys, panel studies, and in-store experiements
- E.
None of the above
Correct Answer
D. Surveys, panel studies, and in-store experiementsExplanation
The correct answer is surveys, panel studies, and in-store experiments. These methods are associated with quantitative research because they involve collecting numerical data that can be analyzed statistically. Surveys involve asking a large number of participants a set of standardized questions. Panel studies track the same group of individuals over time to observe changes in their behaviors or attitudes. In-store experiments involve manipulating variables in a controlled environment to measure their impact on consumer behavior. These methods provide objective and measurable data, which is a key characteristic of quantitative research.Rate this question:
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- 13.
Recruiting young people to search for trends by observing other young people's fashion behavior is an example of
- A.
Consumer anthropology
- B.
Environmental scanning
- C.
Data-mining
- D.
All of the above
- E.
None of the above
Correct Answer
A. Consumer anthropologyExplanation
Recruiting young people to search for trends by observing other young people's fashion behavior is an example of consumer anthropology. This field of study focuses on understanding consumer behavior and cultural influences on consumer choices. By observing and studying the fashion behavior of young people, researchers can gain insights into their preferences, trends, and cultural influences. This information can be valuable for businesses in developing marketing strategies and products that cater to the target market.Rate this question:
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- 14.
If an apparel executive wants to hear a group of consumers discuss preferences, styles, and brands, that executive will hire a consumer researcher to conduct a:
- A.
Survey
- B.
Poll
- C.
Focus group
- D.
Competitive analysis
- E.
None of the above
Correct Answer
C. Focus groupExplanation
A focus group is a research method where a small group of individuals are brought together to discuss their preferences, styles, and brands related to apparel. This method allows the apparel executive to gain in-depth insights and understand the opinions and perspectives of consumers. It provides an opportunity for participants to interact with each other, share their thoughts, and generate new ideas. This type of research is valuable in understanding consumer behavior and making informed decisions in the apparel industry.Rate this question:
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- 15.
The process of using mass production techniques but providing customers with one-of-a-kind products is called:
- A.
High tech engineering
- B.
Mass customization
- C.
Shared control
- D.
Production over-ride
- E.
None of the above
Correct Answer
B. Mass customizationExplanation
Mass customization refers to the process of using mass production techniques while still providing customers with unique, personalized products. It combines the efficiency and cost-effectiveness of mass production with the individuality and customization desired by customers. This approach allows companies to offer a wide range of options and variations to meet the specific needs and preferences of each customer, without sacrificing the benefits of large-scale production.Rate this question:
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- 16.
Fashion cycles refers to the periodic movement of fashion between extremes
- A.
True
- B.
False
Correct Answer
B. FalseExplanation
Fashion cycles do not refer to the periodic movement of fashion between extremes. Instead, fashion cycles refer to the continuous change and evolution of fashion trends over time. Fashion trends come and go, but they do not necessarily move between extremes. Styles may become popular and then fade away, but this does not imply a movement between extremes. Therefore, the correct answer is false.Rate this question:
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- 17.
The innovators are the earliest communicators of a style whereas the influentials set standards within their social network
- A.
True
- B.
False
Correct Answer
A. TrueExplanation
The statement suggests that innovators are the first ones to adopt and communicate a particular style, while influentials are the ones who establish and maintain the standards within their social network. This implies that the statement is true, as it highlights the different roles played by innovators and influentials in shaping and spreading a particular style.Rate this question:
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- 18.
Popular mainstream activities are likely to provide forecasters with hints about future cultural trends
- A.
True
- B.
False
Correct Answer
B. FalseExplanation
Mainstream activities may provide insight into current cultural trends, but they do not necessarily provide accurate forecasts of future trends. Cultural trends are influenced by a variety of factors and can be unpredictable. Just because an activity is popular now does not guarantee that it will continue to be popular in the future or that it will shape future trends. Therefore, the statement is false.Rate this question:
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- 19.
Fashion leaders include influential individuals, social groups, celebrities, and retailers
- A.
True
- B.
False
Correct Answer
A. TrueExplanation
Fashion leaders are individuals or groups that have a significant impact on the trends and styles in the fashion industry. This includes influential individuals who set trends, social groups that create their own fashion subcultures, celebrities who are often seen as style icons, and retailers who have the power to shape consumer preferences through their selection of clothing and accessories. Therefore, it is true that fashion leaders include influential individuals, social groups, celebrities, and retailers.Rate this question:
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- 20.
At trendy stage, a trend cannot be deflected and change course
- A.
True
- B.
False
Correct Answer
B. FalseExplanation
This statement is false because trends can be deflected and change course at any stage. Trends are not fixed and can be influenced by various factors such as shifts in consumer preferences, market conditions, or technological advancements. Therefore, it is incorrect to say that a trend cannot be deflected or change course at a trendy stage.Rate this question:
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- 21.
The hispanic and asian population will double, and increasing diversity will create more market segments based on ethnicity, attitudes, and interest. But, it is unclear whether a "fusion" strategy or appeals to racial identities will be more powerful.
- A.
True
- B.
False
Correct Answer
A. TrueExplanation
The statement suggests that the Hispanic and Asian population will double, leading to increased diversity. This diversity will create more market segments based on ethnicity, attitudes, and interests. However, it is uncertain whether a "fusion" strategy or appeals to racial identities will be more effective. This implies that the statement is true, as it acknowledges the potential growth and impact of diversity on market segmentation, while also highlighting the uncertainty surrounding the best approach to target these segments.Rate this question:
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- 22.
By building on personal observations of friends and family and media habits (magazines, movies, television, music, books) any individual already has a start on forecasting
- A.
True
- B.
False
Correct Answer
A. TrueExplanation
The statement suggests that an individual can make predictions or forecasts based on their personal observations of friends and family, as well as their media habits. This implies that by being aware of the behavior and preferences of those around them, and by staying informed through various forms of media, individuals can gather information that can help them make predictions about future events or trends. Therefore, the answer is true.Rate this question:
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- 23.
Fashion is a complex phenomenon from psychological, sociological, cultural, or commercial points of view
- A.
True
- B.
False
Correct Answer
A. TrueExplanation
Fashion is indeed a complex phenomenon that can be studied and analyzed from various perspectives such as psychological, sociological, cultural, and commercial. From a psychological standpoint, fashion can be seen as a means of self-expression and identity formation. Sociologically, it can be examined in terms of its impact on social interactions and group dynamics. Culturally, fashion reflects the values, beliefs, and traditions of a particular society or community. Lastly, fashion is also a thriving industry with significant economic implications. Therefore, the statement is true as it acknowledges the multifaceted nature of fashion.Rate this question:
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- 24.
Popular culture invites skepticism because it sometimes seems extreme and frivolous
- A.
True
- B.
False
Correct Answer
B. FalseExplanation
Popular culture does not always invite skepticism just because it can be extreme and frivolous. While some aspects of popular culture may be seen as excessive or lacking in substance, it is not fair to generalize and assume that all popular culture is deserving of skepticism. Popular culture can also be a reflection of society, provide entertainment, and serve as a platform for creative expression. Therefore, the statement that popular culture always invites skepticism is false.Rate this question:
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- 25.
An obsolete style becomes a candidate for revival when it is 20 years past and considered "amusing"
- A.
True
- B.
False
Correct Answer
A. TrueExplanation
An obsolete style becomes a candidate for revival when it is 20 years past and considered "amusing". This means that after 20 years, a style that was once outdated and no longer popular can become interesting and entertaining to people. It suggests that trends and tastes can change over time, and what was once seen as old-fashioned can be seen as charming or nostalgic in the future. Therefore, the statement is true.Rate this question:
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- 26.
Consumers who share characteristics are called _______ -the basic unit of consumer research
Correct Answer
cohortsExplanation
Consumers who share characteristics are called cohorts. Cohorts are groups of individuals who have similar characteristics, behaviors, or experiences. They are often used as the basic unit of consumer research because studying cohorts allows researchers to identify and understand patterns and trends within specific groups. By studying cohorts, researchers can gain insights into consumer behavior, preferences, and buying habits, which can be valuable for developing marketing strategies and targeting specific consumer segments.Rate this question:
- 27.
Fashion changes by covering one part of the body while uncovering another part of the body. The newly emphasized part of the body becomes an _____________
Correct Answer
erogenous zoneExplanation
Fashion often involves revealing and concealing different parts of the body. As certain areas become more exposed and emphasized, they can become erogenous zones, which are highly sensitive and sexually arousing. This answer suggests that fashion trends play a role in highlighting specific body parts, thus influencing societal perceptions of eroticism and sensuality.Rate this question:
- 28.
As a framework, the idea of __________ predicts back and forth swings between extremes
Correct Answer
pendulumExplanation
The concept of a pendulum is used as a framework to explain the prediction of back and forth swings between extremes. A pendulum swings from one extreme to another, constantly oscillating between two points. This idea can be applied to various situations or phenomena where there is a recurring pattern of movement or fluctuation between opposite ends. The use of the term "pendulum" in this context suggests a repetitive and cyclical nature of the phenomenon being described.Rate this question:
- 29.
Trends that are consistent with or contradict another trend are called ______________
Correct Answer
counter trendsExplanation
Counter trends are trends that go against or contradict another trend. They are characterized by moving in the opposite direction or having different patterns compared to the main trend. Counter trends can provide valuable insights and opportunities for investors and analysts to identify potential reversals or changes in market direction. By recognizing counter trends, individuals can make informed decisions and adjust their strategies accordingly to take advantage of these opposing movements.Rate this question:
- 30.
___________ is characterized by short popularity, limited appeal, and rapid rise and fall
Correct Answer
FadExplanation
A fad is a phenomenon that gains sudden popularity but quickly loses its appeal. It is characterized by a short-lived trend that captures the attention of a specific group or society for a brief period. Fads often emerge rapidly, driven by social influence and media exposure. However, they tend to fade away just as quickly as they appeared, as people's interest shifts to the next new thing. Fads can be seen in various areas such as fashion, music, technology, and even social media challenges.Rate this question:
- 31.
The three stages in the evolution of a trend are a.__________ b.____________ c.___________
Correct Answer
a. fringe b. trendy c. mainstreamExplanation
Trends typically start in the fringe, where they are embraced by a small group of early adopters. As the trend gains momentum and popularity, it becomes trendy and starts to be noticed by a larger audience. Finally, the trend reaches the mainstream, where it becomes widely accepted and adopted by the majority of people.Rate this question:
- 32.
Among generational cohorts, born between 1965 and 1980, ______ experienced a higher risk of being children of divorce and were labeled "slackers" for their pragmatic approach, sense of social distance, and falling expectation. Also, they are the first computer generation
Correct Answer
Generation XExplanation
Generation X, born between 1965 and 1980, experienced a higher risk of their parents getting divorced. They were labeled "slackers" due to their pragmatic approach, sense of social distance, and falling expectations. Additionally, they are considered the first computer generation.Rate this question:
- 33.
The long-term forecaster looks for directional pointers for the way a whole society is moving. Such movement is called __________
Correct Answer
cultural driftExplanation
The term "cultural drift" refers to the gradual and continuous changes in the beliefs, values, attitudes, and behaviors of a society over time. It suggests that societies are constantly evolving and shifting in their cultural practices and norms. Long-term forecasters analyze these changes to identify the overall direction in which a society is moving. By understanding cultural drift, they can anticipate future trends and make predictions about the future of a society.Rate this question:
- 34.
____________ is dividing the total market into different segments based on consumer characteristics, selecting one or more segments, and developing products to meet those segments' needs
Correct Answer
Target MarketingExplanation
Target marketing is the process of dividing the total market into different segments based on consumer characteristics, selecting one or more of these segments, and then developing products that specifically meet the needs and preferences of those selected segments. This approach allows companies to focus their resources and efforts on specific groups of consumers who are most likely to be interested in and purchase their products or services. By tailoring their marketing strategies to these targeted segments, companies can increase their chances of success and effectively meet the unique needs of their customers.Rate this question:
- 35.
____________ identify consumers segments with shared values, attitudes, and behaviors and preferences
Correct Answer
PsychographicsExplanation
Psychographics refers to the process of identifying consumer segments based on their shared values, attitudes, behaviors, and preferences. This involves analyzing psychological factors such as personality traits, interests, lifestyles, and motivations to understand consumers on a deeper level. By understanding psychographics, marketers can create targeted marketing strategies that resonate with specific consumer segments, leading to more effective communication and higher chances of success.Rate this question:
- 36.
Why is long-term forecasting important?
- A.
Because long-term forecasting picks up trends associated with changes in lifestyle
- B.
Fashion businesses today are looking for trends that will last five to ten years
- C.
New consumer preference patterns point to related short-term style trends
- D.
All of the above
- E.
None of the above
Correct Answer
D. All of the aboveExplanation
Long-term forecasting is important because it helps businesses identify trends and changes in lifestyle that may affect their industry. By predicting these trends, fashion businesses can plan their strategies and products accordingly, ensuring their success over a period of five to ten years. Additionally, long-term forecasting also helps identify short-term style trends that are related to new consumer preference patterns. Therefore, all of the above reasons make long-term forecasting important for businesses.Rate this question:
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Mar 21, 2023Quiz Edited by
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Oct 14, 2015Quiz Created by
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