Physiology Trivia Quiz In German Language

Hypoventilation führt zu einem Anstieg des pCO2 im arteriellen Blut. Hypoventilation bedeutet eine verminderte Atmung, wodurch weniger CO2 aus dem Körper entfernt wird. Dadurch steigt der pCO2-Wert im Blut an, da CO2 als Abfallprodukt des Stoffwechsels im Blut transportiert wird. Ein Anstieg des pCO2 im arteriellen Blut führt zu einer Verschiebung des Säure-Basen-Gleichgewichts in Richtung Azidose.

The correct answer is "Stimulation der intestinalen Calcium und Phosphat-Absorption" (Stimulation of intestinal calcium and phosphate absorption). Vitamin D hormone plays a crucial role in promoting the absorption of calcium and phosphate from the intestines. It helps in maintaining the balance of these minerals in the body and ensuring their availability for various physiological functions, including bone health and muscle function.

The patient has a pH of 7.15, which is below the normal range of 7.35-7.45, indicating acidosis. Additionally, the bicarbonate (HCO3) level is 11 mM, which is below the normal range of 22-28 mM, further supporting the diagnosis of metabolic acidosis. The pCO2 level of 39 mmHg is within the normal range, ruling out respiratory acidosis. Therefore, the correct answer is metabolic acidosis.

Based on the given information, the patient's pH is higher than the normal range, indicating alkalosis. Additionally, the HCO3 level is elevated, suggesting a metabolic component to the alkalosis. Therefore, the patient has metabolic alkalosis.

The correct answer states that in primary hyperparathyroidism, the calcium concentration in the blood is increased. This is a characteristic feature of primary hyperparathyroidism, where there is excessive production of parathyroid hormone (PTH) by the parathyroid glands, leading to increased calcium levels in the blood. Secondary hyperparathyroidism is associated with low calcium levels, tumor hypercalcemia is caused by increased PTH secretion by the parathyroid glands, and alimentary secondary hyperparathyroidism is caused by excessive calcium intake in the diet.

Bei einer nicht kompensierten respiratorischen Alkalose werden die Plasmawerte wie folgt verändert: Der pH-Wert ist erhöht, was auf eine alkalische Verschiebung hindeutet. Der pCO2-Wert ist erniedrigt, da die Atmung verstärkt ist und mehr CO2 abgeatmet wird. Der HCO3- Wert bleibt jedoch normal, da die Nieren nicht ausreichend Zeit hatten, die Kompensation durch eine erhöhte Ausscheidung von Bikarbonat zu vollziehen.

The given arterial blood values show a pH of 7.39, which is within the normal range. However, the pCO2 value of 50 mmHg is higher than the normal range, indicating respiratory acidosis. The pO2 value of 60 mmHg is also lower than the normal range, suggesting a potential respiratory problem. The base excess (BE) value of +6 indicates compensation by the kidneys to restore the acid-base balance. Therefore, the patient has a compensated respiratory acidosis, where the kidneys are attempting to compensate for the respiratory problem.

A patient with a pH of 7.29, pCO2 of 26 mm Hg, and HCO3- of 14 mmol/l has a condition known as metabolic acidosis. This is indicated by the low pH value, which suggests acidity, and the low bicarbonate (HCO3-) level. Metabolic acidosis occurs when there is an excess of acid or a loss of bicarbonate in the body, leading to an imbalance in the acid-base status. The other options, metabolic alkalosis, respiratory alkalosis, and respiratory acidosis, are not consistent with the given blood values.

Diabetes Insipidus is a condition characterized by the inability of the kidneys to properly conserve water, leading to excessive urination and the production of large amounts of diluted urine (hypotonic urine). This is caused by a deficiency or insensitivity to antidiuretic hormone (ADH), which normally helps the kidneys reabsorb water. Therefore, the correct answer is "Gesteigerte Ausscheidung von hypotonem Harn" which translates to "Increased excretion of hypotonic urine".

When water is added, the volume of both intracellular (IZF) and extracellular (EZF) fluid compartments increases.

The correct answer is that in septic shock, there is a systemic release of proinflammatory cytokines from macrophages. This is because septic shock is a condition caused by a severe infection, typically bacterial, that leads to an overwhelming immune response. Macrophages, which are a type of immune cell, release proinflammatory cytokines as part of the immune response to the infection. These cytokines can cause widespread inflammation and damage to organs, leading to the symptoms of septic shock.

The correct answer is the different distribution of adrenergic receptors in different vascular territories. This is because in hypovolemic shock, the body attempts to compensate for the low blood volume by increasing sympathetic activity and releasing catecholamines such as epinephrine and norepinephrine. These catecholamines bind to adrenergic receptors in various vascular territories, causing vasoconstriction and redistribution of blood flow to vital organs. Therefore, the different distribution of adrenergic receptors in different vascular territories plays a crucial role in the centralization of the circulation during hypovolemic shock.

The correct answer is "Schock ist immer charakterisiert durch eine Abnahme des Blutdrucks" (Shock is always characterized by a decrease in blood pressure). This is because shock is a condition in which there is inadequate blood flow to the body's tissues, leading to a decrease in blood pressure. This can result in symptoms such as dizziness, confusion, and pale skin. The activation of the sympathetic-adrenergic system is also commonly seen in shock, as the body tries to compensate for the low blood pressure by releasing stress hormones to constrict blood vessels and increase heart rate.

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A patient with a pH of 7.22, pCO2 of 26 mm Hg, and HCO3- of 12 mmol/l is experiencing a metabolic subtraction acidosis. This is indicated by the low pH, which suggests acidosis, and the low HCO3- level, which indicates a decrease in the body's ability to buffer acids. The pCO2 level is within the normal range, suggesting that the respiratory system is not compensating for the acidosis. Therefore, the correct answer is metabolic subtraction acidosis.

When the same amount of bone material is arranged in a tube shape compared to a rod shape, it results in a higher moment of inertia. This means that the tube has a greater resistance to rotational motion and is less likely to bend or deform under axial load. Additionally, the tube shape also provides higher bending stiffness, meaning it is less likely to flex or bend when subjected to external forces. Overall, the arrangement of bone material in a tube shape increases the structural stability and resistance to bending.

In a metabolic acidosis, there is an accumulation of acid or a loss of bicarbonate in the body, resulting in a decrease in blood pH. As a compensatory mechanism, the body increases ventilation (hyperventilation) to eliminate carbon dioxide (CO2), which is an acid. This leads to a decrease in arterial pCO2 levels. Therefore, the statement that in metabolic acidosis, one always finds an increased arterial pCO2 is incorrect.

The given correct answer states that the molecular mass affects the diffusion coefficient of a gas, doubling the total pressure also doubles all partial pressures in a gas mixture, and a liquid boils when the vapor pressure equals the ambient pressure. These statements are all true and supported by scientific principles. The diffusion coefficient of a gas is influenced by its molecular mass, with heavier gases diffusing more slowly. According to Dalton's law, the partial pressure of each gas in a mixture is directly proportional to the total pressure. Finally, a liquid will boil when its vapor pressure matches the pressure exerted on it by the surroundings.

Vögel haben eine starrere Lunge im Vergleich zu Säugetieren, da ihre Lungen mit Luft gefüllte Luftsäcke haben, die die Lunge unterstützen und ihre Form beibehalten. Die Parabronchien sind die kleinste Baueinheit der Vogellunge und werden durch das Luftsacksystem unidirektional mit Luft durchströmt, was einen effizienten Gasaustausch ermöglicht. Aufgrund dieser einzigartigen anatomischen Merkmale können Vögel prozentual mehr Sauerstoff aus der Atemluft extrahieren als Säugetiere. Die Luftsäcke machen den Vogel auch leichter und sind für das Fliegen notwendig, da sie den Auftrieb unterstützen.

Pulmonale Hypertonie kann durch obstruktive Lungenerkrankungen, einen Vorhofseptumdefekt, einen offenen Ductus arteriosus botalli und eine Lungenembolie verursacht werden. Obstruktive Lungenerkrankungen wie chronische Bronchitis oder Lungenemphysem können zu einer Verengung der Atemwege führen und den Blutfluss in den Lungenarterien erhöhen. Ein Vorhofseptumdefekt ist ein Loch in der Wand zwischen den Vorhöfen des Herzens, durch das sauerstoffreiches Blut in den rechten Vorhof zurückfließen kann, was den Druck in den Lungenarterien erhöht. Ein offener Ductus arteriosus botalli ist eine angeborene Herzfehlbildung, bei der ein Gefäß zwischen der Aorta und der Lungenarterie nicht schließt, was zu einem erhöhten Blutfluss in die Lungenarterien führt. Eine Lungenembolie tritt auf, wenn ein Blutgerinnsel in einer Lungenarterie steckt, was zu einer Blockade des Blutflusses und einem erhöhten Druck in den Lungenarterien führt.

The given answer is correct because it states that hypoxie is a lack of oxygen in the tissues, which is true. It also states that disturbances in the ventilation/perfusion ratio can lead to hypoxemia, which is also true.

Parathormon erhöht die renale Phosphatausscheidung, indem es die Rückresorption von Phosphat in den Nierentubuli hemmt. Es fördert auch die renale Synthese des Vitamin-D-Hormons, indem es die Aktivierung von Vitamin D in der Niere stimuliert. Darüber hinaus erhöht Parathormon die Knochenresorption durch Aktivierung von Osteoklasten, was zu einer Freisetzung von Calcium und Phosphat aus dem Knochengewebe führt.

The correct answer is that stimulation of Beta-2 adrenergic receptors leads to bronchodilation. This is because activation of these receptors causes relaxation of the smooth muscles in the airways, resulting in the widening of the bronchial tubes and improved airflow. Additionally, the statement that the airway resistance decreases with increasing lung expansion is also correct. This is because as the lungs expand, the airways open up more, reducing resistance to airflow. The statement about viscous airway resistance referring to the resistance of the airways, tissue, and inertia is also accurate. Finally, it is true that obstructive lung diseases are characterized by a decrease in compliance, which refers to the ability of the lungs to expand and contract easily.

The correct answer choices explain different aspects related to the respiratory system. The first statement states that the surface tension of the lungs contributes significantly to the elastic resistance of breathing. The second statement explains that the surface tension in the lungs is reduced by surfactant, a substance that lowers the surface tension of the alveoli. The third statement states that surfactant is present in the avian (bird) lungs. The fourth statement explains that a decrease in lung elasticity will also affect the functional residual capacity, which is the volume of air remaining in the lungs after a normal exhalation.