Geology Ch. 9 Test
Geology Ch. 9 test dives deeper into the analysis of the different properties and minerals in regard to rocks and earth particles. How well have you understood the chapter? Take up the quiz and find out.
- 1.
An unconformity is a buried ________.
- A.
Fault or fracture with older rocks above and younger rocks below
- B.
Surface of erosion separating younger strata above from older strata below
- C.
Surface of erosion with older strata above and younger strata below
- D.
Fault or fracture with younger strata above and older strata below
Correct Answer
B. Surface of erosion separating younger strata above from older strata belowExplanation
The correct answer is "surface of erosion separating younger strata above from older strata below." An unconformity is a geological feature where there is a gap in the rock record due to erosion or non-deposition. In this case, the unconformity is characterized by a surface of erosion that separates younger layers of rock above from older layers of rock below.Rate this question:
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- 2.
The radioactive isotopes uranium-238, uranium-235, and thorium-232 eventually decay to different, stable, daughter isotopes of ________.
- A.
Iron
- B.
Argon
- C.
Strontium
- D.
Lead
Correct Answer
D. LeadExplanation
Uranium-238, uranium-235, and thorium-232 are all radioactive isotopes that undergo radioactive decay over time. This decay process involves the transformation of the parent isotopes into different, stable daughter isotopes. In this case, the correct answer is lead, as uranium-238 and thorium-232 decay into various isotopes of lead, while uranium-235 decays into isotopes of thorium and protactinium before eventually reaching lead through a series of decay steps.Rate this question:
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- 3.
Which of the following best characterizes an angular unconformity?
- A.
Tilted strata lie below the unconformity; bedding in younger strata above is parallel to the unconformity.
- B.
Horizontal lava flows lie below the unconformity and horizontal, sedimentary strata lie above.
- C.
The discordant boundary between older strata and an intrusive body of granite.
- D.
Tilted strata lie below the unconformity with loose, unconsolidated soil above.
Correct Answer
A. Tilted strata lie below the unconformity; bedding in younger strata above is parallel to the unconformity.Explanation
An angular unconformity is characterized by tilted strata below the unconformity, indicating a period of deformation or tilting of the rock layers. The bedding in the younger strata above the unconformity is parallel to the unconformity, suggesting that deposition resumed after the period of tilting. This type of unconformity represents a gap in the geologic record where erosion and uplift occurred before new layers were deposited.Rate this question:
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- 4.
Which of the following is not a very long-lived, radioactive isotope?
- A.
U-238
- B.
K40
- C.
Rb-87
- D.
C-14
Correct Answer
B. K40Explanation
U-238, Rb-87, and C-14 are all long-lived, radioactive isotopes. U-238 has a half-life of about 4.5 billion years, Rb-87 has a half-life of about 49 billion years, and C-14 has a half-life of about 5730 years. K40, on the other hand, is not a very long-lived isotope. It has a half-life of about 1.25 billion years, which is shorter compared to the other isotopes mentioned. Therefore, K40 is the correct answer as it is not a very long-lived, radioactive isotope.Rate this question:
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- 5.
The ratio of parent to daughter isotopes in a radioactive decay process is 0.40. How many half-lives have elapsed since the material was 100% parent atoms?
- A.
less than l
- B.
More than 3
- C.
Between l and 2
- D.
Between 2 and 3
Correct Answer
C. Between l and 2Explanation
The ratio of parent to daughter isotopes in a radioactive decay process is 0.40. This means that for every 0.40 parent isotopes, there are 0.60 daughter isotopes. Since the parent isotopes are decreasing over time due to decay, and the ratio is less than 1, it indicates that some decay has occurred. Therefore, at least one half-life has elapsed since the material was 100% parent atoms. However, since the ratio is less than 0.50, it suggests that less than two half-lives have passed. Therefore, the answer is between 1 and 2 half-lives.Rate this question:
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- 6.
Consider the names of the eras in the geologic time scale. What is meant by "zoic"?
- A.
Life; living things
- B.
Rocks; lithified strata
- C.
) time; recording of events
- D.
Places; geographic references
Correct Answer
A. Life; living thingsExplanation
The term "zoic" in the context of the geologic time scale refers to life and living things. This suggests that the era being referred to is characterized by the existence and development of various forms of life on Earth.Rate this question:
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- 7.
Which two Paleozoic, geologic, time-scale periods used in North America are combined into the Carboniferous period in Europe and elsewhere?
- A.
Triassic; Jurassic
- B.
Cambrian; Ordovician
- C.
Permian; Pennsylvanian
- D.
Mississippian; Pennsylvanian
Correct Answer
D. Mississippian; PennsylvanianExplanation
The Mississippian and Pennsylvanian periods are combined into the Carboniferous period in Europe and elsewhere.Rate this question:
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- 8.
Which of the following geologic observations would not bear directly on working out the sequence of geologic events in an area?
- A.
Inclusions of sandstone in a granite pluton
- B.
A well-exposed dike of basalt in sandstone
- C.
The feldspar and quartz contents of a granite
- D.
An unconformity between a granite and sandstone
Correct Answer
C. The feldspar and quartz contents of a graniteExplanation
The feldspar and quartz contents of a granite would not directly contribute to working out the sequence of geologic events in an area because the composition of minerals within a rock does not provide information about the relative timing or order of events. Instead, it is the physical relationships between different rock units, such as inclusions of sandstone in a granite pluton or an unconformity between a granite and sandstone, that can help determine the sequence of geologic events.Rate this question:
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- 9.
What fundamental concept states that in a horizontal sequence of conformable sedimentary strata, each higher bed is younger than the bed below it?
- A.
Law of original correlation
- B.
Theory of correlative deposition
- C.
Law of superposition
- D.
Theory of superstition
Correct Answer
C. Law of superpositionExplanation
The law of superposition states that in a horizontal sequence of conformable sedimentary strata, each higher bed is younger than the bed below it. This means that the oldest rocks are found at the bottom, while the youngest rocks are found at the top. This principle is based on the observation that sedimentary layers are deposited in a chronological order, with each new layer being added on top of the previous layers over time. Therefore, the law of superposition helps geologists determine the relative ages of different rock layers and the fossils found within them.Rate this question:
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- 10.
What of the following refers to the investigative process by which geologists identify and match sedimentary strata and other rocks of the same ages in different areas?
- A.
Super matching
- B.
Correlation
- C.
Strata indexing
- D.
Cross-access dating
Correct Answer
B. CorrelationExplanation
Correlation refers to the investigative process by which geologists identify and match sedimentary strata and other rocks of the same ages in different areas. This process involves comparing the characteristics and composition of rocks in different locations to determine their relative ages and establish connections between them. By correlating rocks, geologists can gain insights into the geological history of an area and understand how different rock formations are related to each other.Rate this question:
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- 11.
The ________ is the idea or concept that ancient life forms succeeded each other in a definite, evolutionary pattern and that the contained assemblage of fossils can determine geologic ages of strata?
- A.
Principle of cross correlation
- B.
Law of fossil regression
- C.
Law of correlative indexing
- D.
Principle of faunal succession
Correct Answer
D. Principle of faunal successionExplanation
The principle of faunal succession is the idea or concept that ancient life forms succeeded each other in a definite, evolutionary pattern and that the contained assemblage of fossils can determine geologic ages of strata. This principle is based on the observation that different fossil assemblages are found in different layers of rock, and by comparing these assemblages, scientists can determine the relative ages of the rocks. It is a fundamental principle in stratigraphy and is used to establish the relative ages of rocks and the fossils they contain.Rate this question:
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- 12.
Which of the following is an essential characteristic of an index fossil?
- A.
The organism lived only in specific environments such as beaches or estuaries
- B.
The organism only lived for a short period of geologic time
- C.
The fossils are exceptionally abundant and well preserved
- D.
The fossils occur in deep-water marine sediments, but the organism actually lived in the sunlit, surface layer of the ocean
Correct Answer
B. The organism only lived for a short period of geologic timeExplanation
An essential characteristic of an index fossil is that the organism only lived for a short period of geologic time. This is because index fossils are used to identify and correlate the age of rock layers. By knowing the specific time range in which an organism existed, scientists can use the presence of that fossil in a rock layer to determine the relative age of the rocks. If the organism lived for a long period of time, it would not be as useful for dating purposes.Rate this question:
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- 13.
What gas is a radioactive daughter of the U-238 decay series that can accumulate to unhealthful levels in poorly ventilated uranium mines and home basements?
- A.
Xenon-143
- B.
Carbon-14
- C.
Radon-222
- D.
Argon-40
Correct Answer
C. Radon-222Explanation
Radon-222 is a radioactive daughter of the U-238 decay series that can accumulate to unhealthful levels in poorly ventilated uranium mines and home basements. Radon-222 is a colorless and odorless gas that is formed as uranium-238 undergoes radioactive decay. It is a known carcinogen and prolonged exposure to high levels of radon-222 can increase the risk of developing lung cancer. Therefore, it is important to regularly test for radon levels and take necessary measures to mitigate its concentration in indoor spaces.Rate this question:
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- 14.
________ refers to the process of fossilization where the internal cavities and pores of the original organism are filled with precipitated mineral matter.
- A.
Replacement
- B.
Petrification
- C.
Carbonization
- D.
Impression
Correct Answer
B. PetrificationExplanation
Petrification refers to the process of fossilization where the internal cavities and pores of the original organism are filled with precipitated mineral matter. This process replaces the organic material with minerals, preserving the original structure of the organism.Rate this question:
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- 15.
Complex, invertebrate, life forms are common as fossils beginning with marine strata of Cambrian age. How long ago did the Cambrian period begin?
- A.
6 billion years
- B.
54 million years
- C.
540 million years
- D.
65.4 million years
Correct Answer
C. 540 million yearsExplanation
The Cambrian period began approximately 540 million years ago. This period is known for the appearance of complex, invertebrate life forms, which are commonly found as fossils in marine strata from this time period.Rate this question:
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- 16.
The rare element iridium has been implicated in which "ancient health" crisis?
- A.
Poisoning of primitive algae in the Hadean and Archean eons
- B.
Extinction of the woolly mammoths in late Pleistocene time
- C.
Disappearance of Neanderthal man during the early Cenozoic era
- D.
Extinction of the dinosaurs at the end of the Cretaceous Period
Correct Answer
D. Extinction of the dinosaurs at the end of the Cretaceous PeriodExplanation
Iridium has been implicated in the extinction of the dinosaurs at the end of the Cretaceous Period.Rate this question:
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- 17.
What is the age of the Earth accepted by most scientists today?
- A.
6.4 billion years
- B.
4.5 million years
- C.
4.5 billion years
- D.
6.4 million years
Correct Answer
C. 4.5 billion yearsExplanation
Most scientists today accept that the age of the Earth is approximately 4.5 billion years. This estimation is based on various scientific methods, such as radiometric dating of rocks and minerals, which provide evidence for the Earth's age. These methods involve measuring the decay of radioactive isotopes and calculating the time it takes for them to reach their present state. The consensus among scientists is that the Earth formed around 4.5 billion years ago, making this answer the most widely accepted.Rate this question:
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- 18.
Which of the following describes radioactive decay by beta particle emission?
- A.
The atomic number of the daughter isotope is one more than the parent; the mass numbers are the same.
- B.
The mass number of the daughter isotope is one more than the parent and both isotopes have the same atomic number.
- C.
The daughter isotope has an atomic number two less than the parent and a mass number four less.
- D.
The daughter isotope has an atomic number one less than the parent and a mass number two less.
Correct Answer
A. The atomic number of the daughter isotope is one more than the parent; the mass numbers are the same.Explanation
In beta particle emission, a neutron in the parent nucleus is converted into a proton, resulting in an increase in the atomic number by one. However, the mass number remains the same because the mass of a neutron and a proton is approximately the same. Therefore, the correct answer is "The atomic number of the daughter isotope is one more than the parent; the mass numbers are the same."Rate this question:
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- 19.
The half-life of carbon-14 is about 6000 years. Assume that a sample of charcoal is formed by burning of living wood 15,000 years ago. How much of the original carbon-14 would remain today?
- A.
More than one-half
- B.
Between one-fourth and one-eighth
- C.
Between one-half and one-fourth
- D.
Between one-half and one-third
Correct Answer
B. Between one-fourth and one-eighthExplanation
The half-life of carbon-14 is 6000 years, meaning that after 6000 years, half of the original carbon-14 in a sample will have decayed. Since the sample of charcoal was formed 15000 years ago, three half-lives have passed. This means that (1/2)^3 or 1/8th of the original carbon-14 would remain today. Therefore, the correct answer is between one-fourth and one-eighth.Rate this question:
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- 20.
Visualize five, horizontal, sedimentary strata exposed in a cliff or canyon wall identified by consecutive numbers, 1 being the lowest bed and 5 being the highest. Which of the following statements concerning the strata are true?
- A.
Bed 5 is the oldest
- B.
Beds l and 3 are older than bed 4
- C.
Bed 4 is older than bed 2
- D.
Bed 3 is older than beds 2 and 4
Correct Answer
B. Beds l and 3 are older than bed 4Explanation
The correct answer is "beds l and 3 are older than bed 4". This statement is true because it states that both bed 1 and bed 3 are older than bed 4. This is possible because in sedimentary rock layers, the oldest layer is usually found at the bottom, and each subsequent layer is younger than the one beneath it. Therefore, if bed 1 is the lowest bed and bed 4 is above it, it is logical to conclude that bed 1 is older than bed 4. Similarly, if bed 3 is also older than bed 4, the statement is true.Rate this question:
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- 21.
Which of the following denotes the divisions of the geologic time scale in correct order of decreasing lengths of time beginning with the longest time interval and ending with the shortest?
- A.
Eon, era, epoch, period
- B.
Era, period, epoch, eon
- C.
Eon, epoch, period, era
- D.
Eon, era, period, epoch
Correct Answer
D. Eon, era, period, epochExplanation
The correct answer is eon, era, period, epoch. This is the correct order of decreasing lengths of time in the geologic time scale. Eons are the longest divisions of time, followed by eras, periods, and then epochs, which are the shortest divisions.Rate this question:
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- 22.
Assume that man's recorded history can be stretched back to 4600 years before the present. This is approximately what fraction of geologic time?
- A.
One ten-thousandth
- B.
One millionth
- C.
One billionth
- D.
One hundred-thousandth
Correct Answer
B. One millionthExplanation
The correct answer is one millionth. This is because the recorded history of man, which stretches back 4600 years before the present, is a very small fraction compared to the total geologic time, which spans billions of years.Rate this question:
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- 23.
When a radioactive isotope decays by electron capture, the electron ________.
- A.
Combines with a neutron in the nucleus, raising the mass number of the daughter isotope by one
- B.
Combines with a proton in the nucleus; the atomic number of the daughter is one less than the parent
- C.
Makes the parent isotope into an ion with a charge of negative one
- D.
Makes the daughter isotope into an ion with a charge of positive one
Correct Answer
B. Combines with a proton in the nucleus; the atomic number of the daughter is one less than the parentExplanation
When a radioactive isotope decays by electron capture, the electron combines with a proton in the nucleus. This results in the atomic number of the daughter isotope being one less than the parent. This is because the atomic number represents the number of protons in the nucleus, and when an electron combines with a proton, it effectively reduces the number of protons by one. The mass number of the daughter isotope remains the same, as the decay process does not involve any changes in the number of neutrons in the nucleus.Rate this question:
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- 24.
What is the source of natural carbon-14?
- A.
Cosmic ray collisions and neutron-capture involving atmospheric nitrogen
- B.
Leakage of radioactive gases from the liquid, outer core
- C.
Fusion of hydrogen and helium in the Sun and eruption of solar flares
- D.
Nuclear fission of the heavy, radioactive elements uranium and thorium
Correct Answer
A. Cosmic ray collisions and neutron-capture involving atmospHeric nitrogen -
- 25.
________ is an erosional contact between tilted, older strata below and horizontal, younger strata above.
- A.
An angular unconformity
- B.
Inverse bedding
- C.
A disconformity
- D.
Cross cutting
Correct Answer
A. An angular unconformityExplanation
An angular unconformity is a type of erosional contact between tilted, older strata below and horizontal, younger strata above. This means that the layers of rock below the unconformity were tilted or folded before being eroded, and then new layers of rock were deposited horizontally on top of the eroded surface. This creates a distinct angular relationship between the older and younger strata, forming an angular unconformity.Rate this question:
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- 26.
Who made the first clear statement of the law of superposition? When?
- A.
Nicolaus Steno, 17th century
- B.
John Stuart Priestly, 19th century
- C.
William Smith, 18th century
- D.
John Wesley Powell, 19th century
Correct Answer
A. Nicolaus Steno, 17th centuryExplanation
Nicolaus Steno made the first clear statement of the law of superposition in the 17th century.Rate this question:
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- 27.
Sandstone strata and a mass of granite are observed to be in contact. Which of the following statements is correct geologically?
- A.
The sandstone is younger if the granite contains sandstone inclusions.
- B.
The sandstone is younger if it shows evidence of contact metamorphism.
- C.
The granite is older if the sandstone contains pebbles of the granite.
- D.
The granite is older if it contains inclusions of sandstone.
Correct Answer
C. The granite is older if the sandstone contains pebbles of the granite.Explanation
If the sandstone contains pebbles of the granite, it indicates that the granite was present and eroded before the sandstone was formed. This suggests that the granite is older than the sandstone.Rate this question:
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- 28.
The geologic time scale was devised before numerical dating using radioactivity was invented.
- A.
True
- B.
False
Correct Answer
A. TrueExplanation
The explanation for the given correct answer is that the geologic time scale was indeed devised before numerical dating using radioactivity was invented. The geologic time scale is a system of chronological dating that classifies and organizes Earth's history into different time periods based on major geological and biological events. It was developed in the 19th century by geologists who relied on relative dating methods such as the law of superposition and fossil correlation. It was only in the early 20th century that the discovery of radioactivity and its application in radiometric dating allowed for more precise numerical dating of geological events.Rate this question:
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- 29.
Numerical age dates based on radioactivity are very important for studying Proterozoic geologic history because fossils are rare or absent.
- A.
True
- B.
False
Correct Answer
A. TrueExplanation
The statement is true because in the Proterozoic era, which spanned from 2.5 billion to 541 million years ago, fossils are rare or absent. This makes it difficult to determine the age of rocks and geological events using traditional fossil dating methods. However, numerical age dating based on radioactivity provides a reliable way to determine the age of Proterozoic rocks and study the geologic history of this era.Rate this question:
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- 30.
The term Mesozoic refers to life forms intermediate in complexity between early and much later, more modern-looking life forms.
- A.
True
- B.
False
Correct Answer
A. TrueExplanation
The statement is true because the term Mesozoic does refer to life forms that are intermediate in complexity between early and much later, more modern-looking life forms. The Mesozoic era is commonly known as the Age of Dinosaurs and it lasted from about 252 to 66 million years ago. During this time, there was a significant diversification and evolution of various life forms, including dinosaurs, mammals, birds, and flowering plants. These life forms represented a transition from simpler early life forms to more complex and modern-looking organisms.Rate this question:
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- 31.
Most sedimentary rocks are readily dated by radiometric methods.
- A.
True
- B.
False
Correct Answer
B. FalseExplanation
Sedimentary rocks are generally difficult to date using radiometric methods because they are formed from the accumulation of sediments over time, which can contain a mixture of different ages of minerals and fossils. Radiometric dating is more commonly used for dating igneous rocks, which are formed from solidified lava or magma, as they contain isotopes that can be accurately measured to determine their age. Therefore, the statement that most sedimentary rocks are readily dated by radiometric methods is false.Rate this question:
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- 32.
After three half-lives, one-ninth of an original, radioactive, parent isotope remains and eight-ninths has decayed into the daughter isotope.
- A.
True
- B.
False
Correct Answer
B. FalseExplanation
After three half-lives, only one-eighth (not one-ninth) of the original radioactive parent isotope remains, while seven-eighths (not eight-ninths) has decayed into the daughter isotope.Rate this question:
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- 33.
A disconformity is an erosional unconformity with parallel beds or strata above and below.
- A.
True
- B.
False
Correct Answer
A. TrueExplanation
A disconformity is a type of unconformity where there is a break in the rock record, but the layers or strata above and below the unconformity are parallel to each other. This means that the rock layers were deposited horizontally, and then there was a period of erosion before more layers were deposited on top. Therefore, the statement that a disconformity is an erosional unconformity with parallel beds or strata above and below is true.Rate this question:
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- 34.
Phanerozoic, marine, sedimentary strata of the same age on different continents can usually be correlated by their fossil assemblages.
- A.
True
- B.
False
Correct Answer
A. TrueExplanation
Marine sedimentary strata of the same age on different continents can usually be correlated by their fossil assemblages. This is because fossils found in sedimentary rocks provide evidence of the organisms that lived during a particular time period. By comparing the fossil assemblages in different sedimentary strata, scientists can determine if they are of the same age and therefore correlate them. This correlation is possible because many marine organisms have a wide geographic distribution and their fossils can be found in different parts of the world. Therefore, the statement is true.Rate this question:
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- 35.
The radioactive isotope, potassium-40, has argon-40 as a daughter product.
- A.
True
- B.
False
Correct Answer
A. TrueExplanation
Potassium-40 is a radioactive isotope that undergoes a process called radioactive decay. During this decay, it transforms into argon-40, which is a stable daughter product. This transformation occurs over time as the radioactive isotope loses particles and energy. Therefore, it is correct to say that potassium-40 has argon-40 as a daughter product.Rate this question:
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- 36.
The term Paleozoic describes the era of ancient life forms.
- A.
True
- B.
False
Correct Answer
A. TrueExplanation
The statement is true because the term "Paleozoic" refers to a specific era in Earth's history, which lasted from about 541 to 252 million years ago. This era is characterized by the presence of ancient life forms, including early fish, amphibians, reptiles, and the first appearance of complex plant life. The prefix "paleo-" means ancient or old, and "zoic" refers to life, so the term Paleozoic literally means "ancient life." Therefore, it is accurate to say that the term Paleozoic describes the era of ancient life forms.Rate this question:
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- 37.
Pebbles of granite in sandstone and conglomerate resting on the granite suggest that the granite intruded the sedimentary beds.
- A.
True
- B.
False
Correct Answer
B. FalseExplanation
The statement is suggesting that the granite intruded the sedimentary beds because pebbles of granite are found in sandstone and conglomerate that are resting on the granite. However, the correct answer is False. This means that the statement is incorrect and the granite did not intrude the sedimentary beds.Rate this question:
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- 38.
Carbon-14 is produced by cosmic rays reacting with nuclei of iron atoms in the Earth's core.
- A.
True
- B.
False
Correct Answer
B. FalseExplanation
Carbon-14 is actually produced in the Earth's atmosphere when cosmic rays interact with nitrogen atoms. It is not produced by cosmic rays reacting with iron atoms in the Earth's core.Rate this question:
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- 39.
The Paleocene is the oldest epoch of the Tertiary period.
- A.
True
- B.
False
Correct Answer
A. TrueExplanation
The statement is true because the Paleocene is indeed the oldest epoch of the Tertiary period. The Tertiary period is divided into several epochs, with the Paleocene being the first one. It began approximately 66 million years ago and lasted for about 9 million years. During this epoch, there were significant changes in climate and the diversification of mammals. Therefore, the statement is correct.Rate this question:
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- 40.
Paleophrenology is the study of fossils and ancient life forms.
- A.
True
- B.
False
Correct Answer
B. FalseExplanation
Paleophrenology is not the study of fossils and ancient life forms. It is a term that does not exist in the field of science. The correct answer is false because there is no such study or field called paleophrenology.Rate this question:
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- 41.
Strata above an angular unconformity were tilted before the older strata were eroded.
- A.
True
- B.
False
Correct Answer
B. FalseExplanation
The statement is false because an angular unconformity occurs when older, tilted layers of rock are eroded and then younger, horizontal layers are deposited on top of them. In this case, the strata above the angular unconformity were not tilted before erosion, but rather were deposited horizontally after the erosion of the older strata.Rate this question:
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- 42.
Correlation of rock units between continents or widely separated areas is accomplished by using physical features such as color, texture, and thickness of units.
- A.
True
- B.
False
Correct Answer
B. FalseExplanation
The statement is false because correlation of rock units between continents or widely separated areas is not accomplished solely by using physical features such as color, texture, and thickness of units. It also involves the study of fossils, paleomagnetism, and other geological evidence to determine the age and relationship of rock units across different areas.Rate this question:
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- 43.
Rapid burial and possession of hard parts are necessary conditions for the preservation of plant or animal remains as fossils.
- A.
True
- B.
False
Correct Answer
A. TrueExplanation
Rapid burial and possession of hard parts are necessary conditions for the preservation of plant or animal remains as fossils. This is because rapid burial protects the remains from being destroyed or decomposed by external factors such as scavengers, weathering, or erosion. Additionally, hard parts like bones or shells are more likely to survive the fossilization process compared to soft tissues. Therefore, both rapid burial and possession of hard parts increase the chances of plant or animal remains being preserved as fossils.Rate this question:
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