Ankle/ Foot (Therex Test 4)
Questions and Answers
- 1.
In closed chain pronation is a triplane motiong consisting of calcaneal eversion, talar abduction and dorsiflexion.
- A.
True
- B.
False
Correct Answer
A. TrueExplanation
In closed chain pronation, the foot undergoes a triplane motion involving calcaneal eversion (the heel bone moves outward), talar abduction (the talus bone moves away from the midline), and dorsiflexion (the top of the foot moves towards the shin). This motion occurs when the foot is fixed on the ground and the body moves over it, such as during walking or running. Therefore, the statement is true.Rate this question:
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- 2.
In closed chain supination, the calcaneus inverts and the talus adducts and plantarflexes.
- A.
True
- B.
False
Correct Answer
A. TrueExplanation
Closed chain supination refers to a movement where the foot is fixed on the ground and the rest of the body rotates around it. In this movement, the calcaneus (heel bone) inverts, meaning it turns inward, and the talus (a bone in the ankle joint) adducts (moves toward the midline of the body) and plantarflexes (points downward). This is a correct statement, as these are the movements that occur during closed chain supination.Rate this question:
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- 3.
The ankle has more stability in supination.
- A.
True
- B.
False
Correct Answer
B. FalseExplanation
The ankle has more stability in pronation.Rate this question:
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- 4.
When looking at alignment of the ankle: which of the following is true?
- A.
Alignment must be assessed from subtalar neutral position ( Neither pron. or sup.)
- B.
Forefoot and rearfoot alignment must be assessed simultaneously
- C.
Subtalar joint assessed in both prone and weight bearing positions
- D.
Forefoot and rearfoot alignment are evaluated separately
Correct Answer(s)
A. Alignment must be assessed from subtalar neutral position ( Neither pron. or sup.)
C. Subtalar joint assessed in both prone and weight bearing positions
D. Forefoot and rearfoot alignment are evaluated separatelyExplanation
When assessing the alignment of the ankle, it is important to consider the subtalar joint in its neutral position, without any pronation or supination. This allows for a more accurate evaluation of the alignment. Additionally, the subtalar joint should be assessed in both prone (lying face down) and weight-bearing positions to fully understand the alignment. Lastly, when evaluating the alignment of the ankle, it is necessary to assess the forefoot and rearfoot separately as they may have different alignment issues.Rate this question:
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- 5.
Ideal rear-foot alignment consists of the plum line bisecting the calcaneus and the cuboid.
- A.
True
- B.
False
Correct Answer
B. FalseExplanation
plum line bisects the calcaneus and the talusRate this question:
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- 6.
Inversion sprains are less common than eversion sprains.
- A.
True
- B.
False
Correct Answer
B. FalseExplanation
Inversion sprains are more than eversion sprains due to the structure of the deltoid ligaments in the ankleRate this question:
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- 7.
Which of the following are commonly involved in sprains?
- A.
Anterior talofibular (ATFL)
- B.
Anterior talocrural (ATCL)
- C.
Posterior talofibular (PTFL)
- D.
Calcaneal fibular (CFL)
Correct Answer(s)
A. Anterior talofibular (ATFL)
C. Posterior talofibular (PTFL)
D. Calcaneal fibular (CFL)Explanation
Sprains are injuries to ligaments, which are tough bands of tissue that connect bones to each other and provide stability to joints. The ligaments commonly involved in sprains are the anterior talofibular (ATFL), posterior talofibular (PTFL), and calcaneal fibular (CFL) ligaments. These ligaments are located in the ankle joint and can be stretched or torn when the joint is forced into an unnatural position, such as during a sudden twisting or turning motion. In the given options, the ATFL, PTFL, and CFL ligaments are all involved in sprains, making them the correct answer.Rate this question:
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- 8.
Treatment of sprains include which of the following?
- A.
Progress weight bearing as tolerated
- B.
Begin resistance exercises
- C.
Immobilize (may allow DF/PF)
- D.
Proprioception activities
- E.
Surgery for Grade III- (controversial)
Correct Answer(s)
A. Progress weight bearing as tolerated
C. Immobilize (may allow DF/PF)
D. Proprioception activities
E. Surgery for Grade III- (controversial)Explanation
The correct answer includes options that are commonly used in the treatment of sprains. "Progress weight bearing as tolerated" means gradually increasing the amount of weight put on the injured limb as the person feels comfortable. "Immobilize (may allow DF/PF)" refers to using a brace or splint to restrict movement and promote healing, while still allowing some limited range of motion. "Proprioception activities" involve exercises that improve balance and coordination to prevent future injuries. "Surgery for Grade III-" indicates that surgery is a potential treatment option for severe sprains, but it is a controversial decision that may not be necessary in all cases.Rate this question:
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- 9.
An incision in the skin and fascia to release pressure is:
- A.
Fasciitis
- B.
Fascial release
- C.
Fasciotomy
- D.
Fasciectomy
Correct Answer
C. FasciotomyExplanation
A fasciotomy is a surgical procedure that involves making an incision in the skin and fascia to release pressure. This procedure is typically done to relieve compartment syndrome, a condition where increased pressure within a muscle compartment can lead to tissue and nerve damage. By making an incision, the pressure is released, allowing for improved blood flow and preventing further damage. Fasciitis refers to inflammation of the fascia, while fascial release and fasciectomy are not specifically related to releasing pressure.Rate this question:
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- 10.
Achilles tedonitis/tendinosis often occurs as a result of frequent ___________ use of gastroc/soleus.
Correct Answer
eccentricExplanation
Achilles tendinitis/tendinosis often occurs as a result of frequent eccentric use of the gastrocnemius and soleus muscles. Eccentric exercises involve lengthening the muscles while they are under tension, such as when the foot is flexed downward (plantar flexion) and the calf muscles are slowly lengthening. This repetitive eccentric loading can lead to inflammation and degeneration of the Achilles tendon, causing pain and discomfort.Rate this question:
- 11.
Which of the following is true regarding Achilles tendonitis/tendinosis?
- A.
Pain/ swelling 2-6 CM above calcaneal insertion
- B.
Pain/ swelling 2-6 cm below calcaneal insertion
- C.
Achilles prone to degeneration/poor vascularization
- D.
Often occurs as a result of frequent concentric use of gastroc/soleus
Correct Answer(s)
A. Pain/ swelling 2-6 CM above calcaneal insertion
C. Achilles prone to degeneration/poor vascularizationExplanation
Achilles tendonitis/tendinosis is characterized by pain and swelling 2-6 cm above the calcaneal insertion, which is the correct answer. This condition occurs due to the degeneration and poor vascularization of the Achilles tendon. It is often a result of frequent concentric use of the gastrocnemius and soleus muscles.Rate this question:
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- 12.
It is important to ensure that talocrural mobility exists prior to stretching the gastroc because if DF is not available at the joint, other structures may end up being stretched as a consequence.
- A.
True
- B.
False
Correct Answer
A. TrueExplanation
The statement is true because talocrural mobility refers to the ability to move the ankle joint in dorsiflexion (DF), which is the movement of bringing the foot towards the shin. If there is limited or no DF available at the ankle joint, stretching the gastroc (gastrocnemius muscle) may cause other structures, such as ligaments or tendons, to be stretched instead. Therefore, it is important to ensure that talocrural mobility exists before stretching the gastroc to avoid potential injury or strain on other structures.Rate this question:
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- 13.
An Achilles rupture is treated by:
- A.
Rest/Ice /Elevation/ Compression
- B.
ROM and strengthening
- C.
Surgery and cast for 8-12 weeks
- D.
Surgery and WBAT for 4 weeks
Correct Answer
C. Surgery and cast for 8-12 weeksExplanation
An Achilles rupture is a serious injury where the Achilles tendon, which connects the calf muscles to the heel bone, tears partially or completely. Surgery is often required to repair the rupture and restore the function of the tendon. After surgery, a cast is typically applied to immobilize the foot and ankle, allowing the tendon to heal properly. This cast is usually worn for a period of 8-12 weeks to ensure adequate healing. During this time, the patient should avoid weight-bearing activities to prevent further damage to the healing tendon.Rate this question:
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- 14.
Which of the following is true regarding Achilles rupture PT treatment?
- A.
~5 months total (Post op)
- B.
Begin with ROM (careful not to stress achilles) (post op)
- C.
Progress to weight bearing activities (Post op)
- D.
Regain ROM-slow progress ( Post cast)
Correct Answer(s)
B. Begin with ROM (careful not to stress achilles) (post op)
C. Progress to weight bearing activities (Post op)
D. Regain ROM-slow progress ( Post cast)Explanation
The correct answer is a combination of three statements: Begin with ROM (careful not to stress Achilles) (post-op), Progress to weight-bearing activities (post-op), and Regain ROM-slow progress (post-cast). This suggests that the treatment for Achilles rupture PT involves starting with range of motion exercises after the surgery, then gradually incorporating weight-bearing activities, and finally focusing on regaining range of motion at a slow pace after the cast is removed.Rate this question:
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- 15.
Increased pressure within a closed fascial space is:
- A.
Plantar fasciitis
- B.
Talipes Equinovarus
- C.
Compartment syndrome
- D.
Achilles rupture
Correct Answer
C. Compartment syndromeExplanation
Compartment syndrome is the correct answer because it refers to the increased pressure within a closed fascial space. This condition occurs when the pressure within a muscle compartment becomes too high, leading to reduced blood flow and potential damage to the nerves and muscles in that area. It is often caused by trauma or excessive exercise and can be a medical emergency if left untreated. Plantar fasciitis, talipes equinovarus, and Achilles rupture do not involve increased pressure within a closed fascial space.Rate this question:
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- 16.
The 4 compartments include the anterior, lateral, superficial posterior and deep posterior.
- A.
True
- B.
False
Correct Answer
A. TrueExplanation
The statement is true because the human body can be divided into four compartments: anterior (front), lateral (side), superficial posterior (back), and deep posterior (back). These compartments help in organizing and understanding the different structures and systems within the body.Rate this question:
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- 17.
Which of the following are ankle fractures classified by the Lauge-Hansen classification system?
- A.
Pronation/ External rotation
- B.
Pronation/ Supination
- C.
Supination/ External rotation
- D.
Pronation/ Abduction
- E.
Supination/ adduction
- F.
Supination/ Abduction
Correct Answer(s)
A. Pronation/ External rotation
C. Supination/ External rotation
D. Pronation/ Abduction
E. Supination/ adductionExplanation
Ankle fractures can be classified by the Lauge-Hansen classification system based on the mechanism of injury. The Lauge-Hansen classification system describes the combination of foot position (pronation or supination) and the direction of the force applied (external rotation, abduction, or adduction) that leads to the fracture. In this case, the correct answers are Pronation/ External rotation, Supination/ External rotation, Pronation/ Abduction, and Supination/ adduction, as these combinations are recognized by the Lauge-Hansen classification system as types of ankle fractures.Rate this question:
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- 18.
Chronic irritation of the __________ ___________ is called plantar fasciitis.
Correct Answer(s)
plantar fasciaExplanation
Chronic irritation of the plantar fascia is called plantar fasciitis. The plantar fascia is a thick band of tissue that runs along the bottom of the foot, connecting the heel bone to the toes. When this tissue becomes inflamed or irritated, it can cause pain and discomfort in the heel or arch of the foot. This condition is commonly seen in runners, individuals who are overweight, or those who spend long periods of time on their feet. Treatment for plantar fasciitis may include stretching exercises, orthotics, physical therapy, or in severe cases, surgery.Rate this question:
- 19.
Which of the following is a causative factor of Plantar Fasciitis?
- A.
PF/ intrinsic foot muscle weakness
- B.
Poor alignment (subtalar pronation, pes cavus)
- C.
DF/ intrinsic muscle weakness
- D.
Obesity/ sudden weight gain
Correct Answer(s)
A. PF/ intrinsic foot muscle weakness
B. Poor alignment (subtalar pronation, pes cavus)
D. Obesity/ sudden weight gainExplanation
Plantar Fasciitis is a condition characterized by inflammation and pain in the plantar fascia, a thick band of tissue that runs along the bottom of the foot. The causative factors of Plantar Fasciitis include PF/intrinsic foot muscle weakness, which refers to weak muscles in the foot that are responsible for supporting the arch and absorbing shock. Poor alignment, such as subtalar pronation (inward rolling of the foot) and pes cavus (high arches), can also contribute to the development of Plantar Fasciitis. Additionally, obesity or sudden weight gain puts excessive pressure on the plantar fascia, leading to inflammation and pain.Rate this question:
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- 20.
Symptoms of Plantar Fasciitis include pain in the medial border of the foot or heel, and pain greater in the morning.
- A.
True
- B.
False
Correct Answer
A. TrueExplanation
Plantar Fasciitis is a condition characterized by inflammation of the plantar fascia, a thick band of tissue that connects the heel bone to the toes. The symptoms of Plantar Fasciitis typically include pain in the medial border of the foot or heel, as well as pain that is usually more pronounced in the morning. This is because the plantar fascia tightens up overnight and becomes stretched and painful when weight is put on it in the morning. Therefore, the statement that symptoms of Plantar Fasciitis include pain in the medial border of the foot or heel, and pain greater in the morning is true.Rate this question:
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- 21.
Treatment for Plantar Fasciitis include which of the following?
- A.
Decrease pain/ inflammation
- B.
Reduce stress ( modify activity & alignment)
- C.
ROM
- D.
Strengthen/ Increase flexibility
Correct Answer(s)
A. Decrease pain/ inflammation
B. Reduce stress ( modify activity & alignment)
D. Strengthen/ Increase flexibilityExplanation
The treatment for Plantar Fasciitis includes decreasing pain and inflammation, reducing stress through modifying activity and alignment, and strengthening and increasing flexibility. These measures aim to alleviate symptoms, improve function, and promote healing of the plantar fascia.Rate this question:
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- 22.
Talipes Equinovarus (club foot) can be caused from either postural or structural developments.
- A.
True
- B.
False
Correct Answer
A. TrueExplanation
Talipes Equinovarus, also known as club foot, can be caused by either postural or structural developments. This means that the condition can be a result of either the position of the fetus in the womb or due to abnormalities in the structure of the foot. Therefore, the statement "Talipes Equinovarus can be caused from either postural or structural developments" is true.Rate this question:
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- 23.
A full sole insert it used to help with LLD.
- A.
True
- B.
False
Correct Answer
A. TrueExplanation
A full sole insert is used to help with LLD (Leg Length Discrepancy). This means that the statement is true. A full sole insert is a type of orthotic device that is placed inside the shoe to help correct any discrepancies in leg length. It provides support and helps to equalize the length of the legs, promoting better alignment and reducing any associated pain or discomfort.Rate this question:
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- 24.
Adjunctive intervention for the LE include which of the following?
- A.
Tape/ strapping
- B.
Wedges & Pads
- C.
Biomechanical foot orthotics
- D.
Heel and sole lifts
Correct Answer(s)
A. Tape/ strapping
B. Wedges & Pads
C. Biomechanical foot orthotics
D. Heel and sole liftsExplanation
Adjunctive interventions for the lower extremities (LE) include tape/strapping, wedges & pads, biomechanical foot orthotics, and heel and sole lifts. These interventions are used to provide support, stability, and correct biomechanical imbalances in the LE. Tape/strapping can be used to provide temporary support and stability to the affected area. Wedges & pads are used to correct alignment issues and provide cushioning. Biomechanical foot orthotics are custom-made devices that provide support and correct abnormal foot function. Heel and sole lifts are used to address leg length discrepancies and provide balance and stability.Rate this question:
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- 25.
The capsular pattern of the ankle is that which loses plantar flexion before dorsiflexion.
- A.
True
- B.
False
Correct Answer
A. TrueExplanation
The capsular pattern of the ankle refers to the characteristic pattern of restriction in joint movement that is observed in certain conditions. In the case of the ankle, the capsular pattern suggests that plantar flexion (pointing the foot downwards) is lost before dorsiflexion (bringing the foot upwards). This means that when there is a restriction in ankle movement, the ability to point the foot downwards is affected before the ability to bring the foot upwards. Therefore, the statement "The capsular pattern of the ankle is that which loses plantar flexion before dorsiflexion" is true.Rate this question:
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- 26.
Along with the talocrural joint, the navicular, cuboid, metatarsals and phalanges can all be mobilized.
- A.
True
- B.
False
Correct Answer
A. TrueExplanation
The statement is true because the talocrural joint is the joint between the talus bone and the tibia and fibula bones of the lower leg, and it allows for dorsiflexion and plantarflexion of the foot. The navicular, cuboid, metatarsals, and phalanges are all bones of the foot that are connected to the talus bone and can be moved or mobilized along with the talocrural joint. Therefore, the statement is correct.Rate this question:
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- 27.
Talocrural joint ( made up fo talus and tibia & fibula): __________ (dorsiflexion most dominant with eversion and abduction) __________ ( dominated most by plantar flexion with inversion & adduction)
Correct Answer
pronates/ supinates - 28.
Subtalar joint (made up of calcaneus and talus): Closed chain __________ ( calcaneus everts, talus abducts and dorsiflexes) Closed chain __________ ( calcaneus inverts, talus adducts and plantarflexes)
Correct Answer
pronation/ supinationExplanation
The subtalar joint is responsible for pronation and supination movements of the foot. In the first closed chain scenario, when the calcaneus everts, the foot undergoes pronation, and the talus abducts and dorsiflexes. In the second closed chain scenario, when the calcaneus inverts, the foot undergoes supination, and the talus adducts and plantarflexes.Rate this question:
- 29.
The capsular pattern of the ankle (talocrural joint) includes _______ which is more limited than _______.
Correct Answer
plantar flexion/ dorsiflexionExplanation
The capsular pattern of the ankle indicates the pattern of restriction in range of motion that is typically seen in certain joint conditions. In the case of the ankle (talocrural joint), the capsular pattern suggests that the limitation in range of motion is more pronounced in plantar flexion (pointing the foot downwards) compared to dorsiflexion (lifting the foot upwards). This means that individuals with ankle joint conditions are more likely to experience greater restriction and difficulty in performing plantar flexion movements than dorsiflexion movements.Rate this question:
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