Air Photo Exam #2

Explanation
The factors that affect the controllable spatial resolution include the time of year, geometry, stereo overlap, and film type & filters. The time of year refers to the seasonal variations that can impact the visibility and clarity of the imagery. Geometry refers to the position and angle of the sensor, which can affect the resolution. Stereo overlap is important for creating 3D images and can impact the level of detail. Film type and filters also play a role in determining the resolution by affecting the sensitivity and wavelength range of the sensor.

Explanation
Uncontrollable spatial resolution factors refer to the factors that cannot be controlled or manipulated to improve the clarity and resolution of spatial data. In this case, weather, air quality, and visibility of the target are all examples of such factors. Weather conditions like rain, fog, or haze can reduce visibility and affect the accuracy of spatial data collection. Poor air quality, caused by pollutants or particles in the air, can also degrade the resolution of spatial data. Additionally, the visibility of the target, which refers to the ability to clearly see and identify the object or area of interest, can be influenced by various factors such as distance, obstructions, or atmospheric conditions.

Explanation
Digital cameras use a gridded array of silicon coated CCD's or CMOS sensors to capture and record electromagnetic radiation electronically. These sensors convert the incoming light into electrical signals, which are then processed and stored as digital data. This allows for the creation of digital images that can be easily viewed, edited, and shared.

Explanation
The correct answer is 400-700 nm. This refers to the range of wavelengths of light that are visible to the human eye. The visible portion of the spectrum is what we perceive as colors. Film painted with silver halide crystals is a reference to traditional photographic film, which uses these crystals to capture light and create an image. The use of filters on film is a technique used in photography to manipulate the colors and wavelengths of light that reach the film, allowing for creative effects or adjustments to the image.

Explanation
Additive color theory refers to the mixing of different colors of light to create new colors. In this theory, the primary colors are red, green, and blue, and when these colors of light are combined in different intensities, they create a wide range of colors. Therefore, the correct answer for this question is "Light" as it accurately represents the concept of additive color theory.

Explanation
The correct answer is pigments because in subtractive color theory, pigments are used to create colors by absorbing certain wavelengths of light and reflecting others. Pigments are substances that give color to materials through their selective absorption and reflection of light. By mixing different pigments together, a wide range of colors can be achieved. This is in contrast to additive color theory, where colors are created by combining different colored lights.

Explanation
Black & White Photography refers to the technique of capturing images using only shades of gray, without any color. This technique has been used since the early days of photography and is known for its timeless and classic aesthetic. It allows photographers to focus on composition, lighting, and texture, as color distractions are eliminated. Panchromatic Photography, on the other hand, refers to the ability of a photographic film or sensor to capture a wide spectrum of colors. Therefore, the given answer is correct as it accurately describes the technique of capturing images using shades of gray only.

Explanation
Color film typically consists of three emulsion layers, each sensitive to a different primary color (red, green, and blue). These layers capture different wavelengths of light and combine to create a full-color image. Additionally, color film may include a filter layer that blocks out wavelengths of light that are not desired, enhancing the accuracy and vibrancy of the colors in the final image. The combination of these emulsion layers and the filter layer allows color film to accurately reproduce colors in a photograph.

Explanation
Near Infrared refers to the portion of the electromagnetic spectrum with wavelengths ranging from 700 to 900 nanometers. It is not considered thermal infrared because it does not primarily represent heat.

Explanation
William Herschel is credited with discovering Near Infrared (IR). He was a British astronomer who made significant contributions to the field of astronomy in the late 18th century. While studying the spectrum of sunlight, Herschel placed thermometers at different positions beyond the red end of the visible spectrum. He observed an increase in temperature, which led him to discover the existence of infrared radiation. This discovery was groundbreaking and laid the foundation for further studies and applications of infrared technology in various fields.

Explanation
The given formula calculates the area of a photo by multiplying the length of the photo by the scale factor, and then multiplying the width of the photo by the scale factor. This is done because the scale factor represents the ratio of the actual size of the photo to the size represented in the given measurements. By multiplying the length and width by the scale factor, we can find the actual dimensions of the photo and then calculate its area.

Explanation
The correct answer is "Extraction of Vegetation." This answer is supported by the given options, which include patterns associated with clearing, texture of new growth, texture of cleared areas, and cable logging. All of these options are related to the process of extracting or removing vegetation. Therefore, "Extraction of Vegetation" is the most appropriate explanation for the given answer.

Explanation
This answer suggests that there are multiple ways to identify cover types, including plant ecology, field work, air photos, and inferential cover type identifications. Plant ecology involves studying the different types of plants present in an area to determine the cover types. Field work involves physically visiting the area and observing the vegetation to identify the cover types. Air photos can be used to analyze the aerial view of an area and identify the cover types based on the patterns and colors of the vegetation. Inferential cover type identifications involve using statistical analysis and modeling techniques to infer the cover types based on various data sources.

Explanation
The given answer options, Landscape Planning or Assessment, Management, Research, and Drive Models, all relate to different uses and applications of Land Use and Land Cover data. Landscape Planning or Assessment involves using this data to make informed decisions about land use and development. Management refers to utilizing the data to effectively manage and maintain land resources. Research involves studying and analyzing the data to gain insights and knowledge about land use patterns. Drive Models involve using the data to create predictive models for future land use scenarios.

Explanation
The spectral signature is a unique pattern of reflectance or emission of electromagnetic radiation that is characteristic of a specific object or material. It can be used to identify and classify various features on Earth's surface, such as crops, diseases, water boundaries, and vegetation types. By analyzing the spectral signature of an area, remote sensing techniques can provide valuable information about the composition and health of the land, helping in agricultural monitoring, disease detection, and land management.

Explanation
Spectral signatures refer to the specific knowledge of emitted, reflected, or absorbed electromagnetic radiation at varying wavelengths that can uniquely identify an object. By analyzing the spectral signatures of an object, scientists can determine its composition, properties, and characteristics. This information is crucial in various fields such as remote sensing, geology, astronomy, and environmental science. Spectral signatures allow researchers to identify and differentiate objects based on their unique electromagnetic radiation patterns, enabling them to study and understand the physical and chemical properties of these objects in detail.

Explanation
The given answer lists various uses and applications of infrared technology. Infrared radiation has the ability to penetrate the skin to a certain extent, which is useful in medical applications such as monitoring blood flow or detecting tumors. Dental photography can also benefit from infrared technology as it helps in capturing detailed images of teeth and gums. In astronomy, infrared radiation is used to study celestial objects that emit little or no visible light. Lastly, infrared technology is used in vegetative studies to monitor plant health and growth.

Explanation
Spatial resolution refers to the ability of an image forming device, such as a camera or microscope, to distinguish small details of an object. It determines the level of detail that can be captured and displayed in an image. A higher spatial resolution means that smaller details can be seen and distinguished, while a lower spatial resolution results in less detail and potentially blurry or pixelated images. Therefore, spatial resolution is a crucial factor in determining the quality and clarity of images produced by various devices.

Explanation
The requirements for measuring area include level terrain, accurate photo scale, and vertical photos. Level terrain ensures that the measurements are not affected by slopes or uneven ground. Accurate photo scale is necessary to accurately measure distances and areas in the photos. Vertical photos, taken from directly above the area, provide a true representation of the area and eliminate any distortion that may occur with oblique angles. These three requirements are essential for obtaining precise and reliable measurements of area.

Explanation
Dot Grid, Polar Planimeters, Line Transect, and GIS are all instruments used for measuring area.

Dot Grid is a simple tool consisting of a grid of dots, where each dot represents a specific unit of area. By counting the number of dots within a given area, the total area can be determined.

Polar Planimeters are mechanical devices used to measure the area of irregular shapes. They consist of a wheel that traces the perimeter of the shape, while another arm measures the radius. By calculating the product of the wheel's rotation and the radius, the area can be determined.

Line Transect is a method used in ecology to estimate the area covered by a specific type of vegetation or habitat. It involves walking along a predetermined line and recording the presence or absence of the target habitat at regular intervals. The total area can then be estimated based on the length of the transect and the frequency of occurrence.

GIS (Geographic Information System) is a computer-based tool used for capturing, storing, analyzing, and displaying spatial data. It allows for the measurement of area by overlaying different layers of data and calculating the area of the resulting polygons.

Overall, these instruments provide different approaches to measuring area, catering to various needs and contexts.

Explanation
Differential parallax refers to the difference in the absolute stereoscopic parallax at the top and base of an object. Stereoscopic parallax is the apparent shift in position of an object when viewed from different angles. In this case, the differential parallax represents the variation in the perceived depth of the object between its top and base.

Explanation
CCD is the correct answer because it is a type of image sensor commonly used in digital cameras. CCDs consist of an array of photosites, with each photosite sensing one pixel. This means that each pixel in the image is represented by a discrete photosite on the CCD. Therefore, the statement "Each photosite sense 1 pixel" accurately describes how CCDs work. Additionally, CCDs are typically monochromatic, meaning they capture images in black and white or grayscale, which aligns with the given term "Monochromatic".

Explanation
Absolute stereoscopic parallax refers to the difference in the apparent position of an object when viewed from two different perspectives. In this context, the answer suggests that the correct answer is related to the sum of the distances of corresponding image objects from their respective nadirs (principal points) to the base of the object. This implies that the answer is describing the absolute difference in the apparent position of the object when viewed from two different perspectives.