Honors Biology Final Review

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All cells use energy carried by phosphate and ATP. Phosphate is an essential component of ATP, which is the main energy currency in cells. When ATP is broken down into ADP (adenosine diphosphate) and inorganic phosphate, energy is released and can be used by cells for various processes such as muscle contraction, active transport, and synthesis of molecules. Therefore, both phosphate and ATP play crucial roles in cellular energy metabolism.

The stomach's main function is to break down food after feeding and extract the necessary nutrients to the body by putting it in a mixture called chyme. This process is known as digestion and is crucial for the body to obtain the energy and nutrients it needs to function properly. Therefore, the statement "True" accurately reflects the main function of the stomach.

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The given answer is correct because it states that abiotic factors are nonliving and biotic factors are living. Abiotic factors refer to the nonliving components of an ecosystem, such as temperature, sunlight, water, and soil. Biotic factors, on the other hand, include all living organisms present in an ecosystem, including plants, animals, and microorganisms. This distinction between living and nonliving factors is essential in understanding the interactions and dynamics within an ecosystem.

The large intestine, also known as the colon, plays a crucial role in the digestive system. Its primary function is to transport waste materials from the small intestine to the rectum for elimination. Additionally, the large intestine is responsible for absorbing water and electrolytes from the waste material, which helps in maintaining the body's fluid balance. This process ensures that the waste material becomes more solid and compact before being excreted as feces. Therefore, the statement that the primary function of the large intestine is the transportation of waste and re-absorption of water from it before it is excreted is true.

A codon is a sequence of three bases on an mRNA molecule that corresponds to a specific amino acid. This means that each codon codes for a particular amino acid, which is essential for protein synthesis. Therefore, the statement "a codon is three bases on an mRNA molecule that code for a specific amino acid" is true.

The given order of levels of organization is correct. The correct order is Biome, Ecosystem, Community, and Population. This order represents the hierarchical structure of ecological systems, starting from the largest and most inclusive level (biome) to the smallest and most specific level (population). A biome is a large geographical area characterized by its climate and vegetation. An ecosystem is a smaller unit within a biome, consisting of all living organisms and their physical environment. A community refers to the different populations of species living together in an ecosystem. Finally, a population refers to a group of individuals of the same species living in a specific area.

The small intestine is responsible for the majority of nutrient absorption in the digestive system. It has a large surface area due to its numerous folds and villi, which increases the efficiency of nutrient absorption. The small intestine absorbs nutrients such as carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins, and minerals from the food we eat, allowing them to enter the bloodstream and be transported to cells throughout the body. Therefore, the statement that the main function of the small intestine is to absorb nutrients found within the food is true.

A virus is indeed an infectious particle made of DNA or RNA with a protein coat called a capsid. Viruses are not considered living organisms as they cannot reproduce or carry out metabolic activities on their own. Instead, they rely on host cells to replicate and cause infection. The genetic material (DNA or RNA) of the virus is enclosed within the protein coat, which protects it and allows the virus to enter host cells. Therefore, the statement "A virus is an infectious particle made of DNA/RNA with a protein coat called a capsid" is true.

B cells are a type of white blood cell that plays a crucial role in the immune response. They are capable of presenting pieces of antigens, which are foreign substances such as bacteria or viruses, to other immune cells. This process is known as antigen presentation. By presenting antigens, B cells help activate other immune cells, such as T cells, to mount a targeted immune response against the specific antigen. Therefore, the statement that B cells are antigen presenting is true.

The correct answer is glucose (a monosaccharide) because glucose is a type of carbohydrate that is classified as a monosaccharide. Carbohydrates are one of the main sources of energy for the body, and glucose is a simple sugar that can be easily broken down and used by cells for energy.

The correct answer is a lipid. Lipids are organic compounds that include fats, oils, and waxes. They are insoluble in water and soluble in organic solvents. Lipids are an essential component of cell membranes and play a crucial role in energy storage, insulation, and protection of organs. They are made up of fatty acids and glycerol and are an important source of energy for the body.

The equation mentioned in the answer is likely referring to the process of cellular respiration, which is the process by which cells convert glucose and oxygen into carbon dioxide, water, and energy in the form of ATP. This process is essential for the survival of cells and organisms, as it provides the energy needed for various cellular functions.

The statement is false because it is the liver, not the gallbladder, that produces bile. Bile is a substance that aids in the digestion and absorption of fats and certain vitamins. The gallbladder's main function is to store and concentrate bile produced by the liver. When needed, the gallbladder releases the bile into the small intestine to assist in the digestion process. Therefore, the correct answer is false.

Darwin found that similar organisms lived in similar environments, which suggests that the environment plays a significant role in shaping the characteristics and adaptations of species. He also discovered that related yet different species lived in different habitats in a local area, indicating that species diversify and adapt to their specific ecological niches. This supports the concept of natural selection and the idea that different environments can lead to the development of distinct species.

This question is asking to identify what the given item, amino acid, is an example of. The correct answer is amino acid (a monomer of a protein). Amino acids are the building blocks or monomers of proteins. Proteins are made up of long chains of amino acids linked together, forming the primary structure of proteins. Therefore, an amino acid can be considered as a monomer, or a single unit, that combines with other amino acids to form proteins.

Xylem tissue is a type of vascular tissue found in plants that is responsible for transporting water and nutrients throughout the plant. It consists of specialized cells called tracheids and vessel elements that form long tubes, allowing for the efficient movement of water and dissolved nutrients from the roots to the leaves. This transportation system is essential for the plant's survival and proper functioning, as water is needed for photosynthesis and nutrient uptake. Therefore, the correct answer is "water and nutrients, water."

B cells, also known as B lymphocytes, are a type of white blood cell that play a key role in the immune response. B cells have specialized receptors on their surface called antibodies (Abs) or immunoglobulins, which are proteins that recognize and bind to specific antigens. These antibodies allow B cells to identify and target pathogens or foreign substances in the body. It is true that B cells can have thousands of antibodies on their surface, which enables them to recognize a wide range of antigens and mount an effective immune response.

The pancreas plays a crucial role in the digestion process by secreting digestive enzymes that help break down proteins. These enzymes, such as trypsin and chymotrypsin, are released into the small intestine where they assist in the breakdown of proteins into smaller peptides and amino acids, which can be absorbed by the body. Therefore, the statement that the main role of the pancreas is to excrete digestive enzymes to aid the digestion of proteins is true.

The correct answer is the three domains are Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya. These three domains represent the highest level of classification for all living organisms. Bacteria and Archaea are both prokaryotic domains, meaning their cells lack a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles. Eukarya, on the other hand, is the domain that includes all eukaryotic organisms, which have cells that contain a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles. This classification system helps scientists categorize and understand the diversity of life on Earth.

A phenotype refers to the observable characteristics or traits of an organism, which are determined by the expression of genes. It represents what is visible or expressed on the outside, such as physical appearance, behavior, or other observable traits. This answer accurately describes the concept of a phenotype being the manifestation of genetic information in an organism's observable traits.

Transcription is the process of converting DNA into RNA, not the other way around. RNA acts as a messenger between the nucleus and protein synthesis in the cytoplasm. The steps of transcription include DNA unwinding at a specific site (promoter), the creation of an RNA strand using a complementary DNA strand, and the detachment of the RNA strand while the DNA reconnects.

The statement "When B and T cells connect they deactivate" is false. When B and T cells connect, they actually activate. B cells are responsible for producing antibodies, while T cells help in coordinating the immune response. When these cells come into contact with antigens, they become activated and initiate an immune response to fight against the infection or foreign substance. Therefore, the correct answer is false: they do activate.

An anti-codon is a sequence of three nucleotides on a tRNA molecule that is complementary to a specific codon on the mRNA. This complementary base pairing allows the tRNA to recognize and bind to the mRNA during protein synthesis. Therefore, the statement that an anti-codon matches up with the codons on the mRNA is true.

Darwin discovered that the shells of tortoises varied depending on the specific islands within the Galapagos archipelago. This observation supports the concept of adaptive radiation, where species adapt and evolve differently in different environments. The variation in tortoise shells is a result of natural selection acting on the populations of tortoises on each island, leading to unique shell characteristics that are suited to the specific conditions and resources available on each island.

The statement suggests that Darwin observed that the glyptodont and the armadillo were not similar to each other. However, the correct answer states that this statement is false. In reality, Darwin found that the armadillo was actually a smaller version of the glyptodont and that they lived in the same region.

A population refers to a group of the same species that lives in one area. It specifically focuses on individuals of the same species and their interactions within a given geographic location. It does not include other species or the physical environment.

Prokaryotes are identified by various characteristics, such as shape, Gram staining, how they reproduce, and whether they are anaerobic or aerobic. However, their identification is not based on where they are found. The location of their habitat does not provide specific information about their identity or classification. Therefore, "where they are found" is not one of the ways prokaryotes are identified.

Antibodies are not agranulocytes because they are not cells. They are proteins produced by certain white blood cells called B cells. Agranulocytes are a type of white blood cell that lack granules in their cytoplasm, which includes monocytes, lymphocytes, and NK cells.

Homologous chromosomes are pairs of chromosomes that come from each parent. In humans, each parent contributes 23 chromosomes, resulting in a total of 46 chromosomes. Homologous chromosomes have the same genes in the same order but may have different versions of those genes (alleles). During meiosis, homologous chromosomes pair up and exchange genetic material through a process called recombination, leading to genetic diversity in offspring.

Bacteria are prokaryotes, which means they lack a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles. They are unicellular organisms, meaning they consist of a single cell. Therefore, bacteria are not multicellular.

The correct answer is "a group of different species that live in one area." This answer accurately describes a community as a collection of various species that coexist in a specific geographical location. It implies that within this area, multiple organisms interact and depend on each other for survival, forming a complex ecological network. The other options either focus on a single species or fail to encompass the diversity of species within a community.

GLYCOLYSIS is a metabolic pathway that breaks down a 6 carbon glucose molecule into two molecules of pyruvic acid, each containing 2 carbons. It is an anaerobic process, meaning it does not require oxygen. GLYCOLYSIS takes place in the cytoplasm of the cell and results in the production of 2 ATP molecules.

The specific keystone species talked about in class is the beaver with its dam. Keystone species are crucial for maintaining the balance and health of an ecosystem. Beavers create dams that alter the flow of water and create wetland habitats, which benefit a wide range of other species. These dams provide shelter, food, and breeding grounds for many other organisms, making the beaver a keystone species.

An allele refers to a different form or variant of a gene. Genes are segments of DNA that contain the instructions for the development and functioning of living organisms. Each gene can have multiple alleles, which are alternative versions of the same gene that can result in different traits or characteristics. These alleles can differ in their DNA sequence, resulting in variations in the expression or function of the gene. Therefore, the correct answer is "A different form of a gene."

CD8 cytotoxic cells are a type of immune cells that play a crucial role in eliminating virus-infected cells and tumor cells. These cells recognize specific antigens on the surface of infected or abnormal cells and release toxic substances, such as perforin and granzymes, to induce cell death. By targeting and eliminating these harmful cells, CD8 cytotoxic cells help to control viral infections and prevent the development and spread of tumors.

The four main pieces for homeostasis are sensors, control center, communication system, and targets. Sensors gather information about the conditions inside or outside the body. The control center receives information from the sensors and responds accordingly. The communication system, which is controlled by the nervous and endocrine systems, carries messages to all parts of the body. Targets refer to any organ tissue or cell that changes its level of activity in response to these messages.

GLYCOLYSIS is a metabolic pathway that breaks down a 6 carbon glucose molecule into 2 molecules of pyruvic acid, each containing 2 carbons. It is an anaerobic process, meaning it does not require oxygen. It takes place in the cytoplasm of cells. Additionally, it produces 2 ATP molecules, which are a source of energy for cellular processes.

Translation is the process of converting mRNA into a string of amino acids, which is true according to the given statement. However, it is not true that translation takes place in the cytoplasm in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. In prokaryotic cells, translation occurs in the cytoplasm, but in eukaryotic cells, it takes place in the cytoplasm on ribosomes or in the rough endoplasmic reticulum.

Archaea are single-celled prokaryotes that have a cell wall different from bacteria. They are known to be some of the oldest organisms on Earth and are capable of surviving in extreme environments such as hot springs, deep-sea hydrothermal vents, and salt lakes. Therefore, the statement that archaea live in comfortable environments, not extreme ones, is incorrect.

Eukarya is a domain that includes both single-celled and multicellular organisms. These organisms are eukaryotic, meaning they have cells with a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles. Eukarya includes four of the six kingdoms: Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia. This means that a wide range of organisms, including algae, fungi, plants, and animals, are classified under the domain Eukarya.

A characteristic of a chordate in their life cycle is the presence of fur. However, the question asks for a characteristic that is NOT present in chordates. Therefore, fur is not a characteristic of chordates in their life cycle.