A&p II- The Digestive System
Review for test 3
Questions and Answers
- 1.
What causes cholecystokinin & secretin to be secreted?
- A.
Fats
- B.
Carbohydrates
- C.
Partially digested proteins
- D.
Saliva
- E.
H+
Correct Answer(s)
A. Fats
C. Partially digested proteins
E. H+Explanation
Cholecystokinin and secretin are hormones that are secreted in response to certain stimuli. In this case, the correct answer is fats, partially digested proteins, and H+. When fats and partially digested proteins are present in the small intestine, they trigger the release of cholecystokinin and secretin. These hormones help in the digestion and absorption of nutrients. Additionally, the presence of H+ (hydrogen ions) in the stomach also stimulates the secretion of these hormones.Rate this question:
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- 2.
This is made up of undigested food residue, mucus, sloughed-off epithelial cells, bacteria, water.
- A.
Chyme
- B.
Bile
- C.
Feces
- D.
Saliva
Correct Answer
C. FecesExplanation
Feces is the correct answer because it is made up of undigested food residue, mucus, sloughed-off epithelial cells, bacteria, and water. Feces is the waste product that is eliminated from the body through the rectum and anus. It is formed in the large intestine through the process of digestion and absorption of nutrients in the small intestine. The remaining waste material is then compacted and formed into feces before being eliminated from the body.Rate this question:
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- 3.
The thoracic duct is part of the ______________ system.
Correct Answer
lymphatic
lymphExplanation
The thoracic duct is a major component of the lymphatic system. It is responsible for collecting lymph, a clear fluid that contains white blood cells and waste products, from various parts of the body and returning it to the bloodstream. The lymphatic system plays a crucial role in immune function and maintaining fluid balance in the body. Therefore, the correct answer is "lymphatic" as it accurately describes the system that the thoracic duct is a part of.Rate this question:
- 4.
CCK is responsible for contractions of the ___________________, and the small intestine secretes CCK in response to __________ _____________.
Correct Answer
gallbladder, fatty chyme
gall bladder, fatty chymeExplanation
CCK, or cholecystokinin, is a hormone responsible for contractions of the gallbladder. It is secreted by the small intestine in response to the presence of fatty chyme, which is the partially digested food that enters the small intestine from the stomach. Therefore, when fatty chyme is present in the small intestine, CCK is released and causes the gallbladder to contract. Both the gallbladder and the small intestine play a role in the digestion and absorption of fats.Rate this question:
- 5.
The ___________ system helps absorb lipids via the ______________.
Correct Answer
lymphatic, lacteals
lymph, lactealsExplanation
The lymphatic system helps absorb lipids via the lacteals. Lacteals are specialized lymphatic vessels found in the small intestine. They absorb dietary fats and fat-soluble vitamins from the intestines and transport them into the lymphatic system. The absorbed fats are then transported through the lymphatic vessels and eventually enter the bloodstream. This process is essential for the absorption and transportation of dietary lipids in the body.Rate this question:
- 6.
____________ are lymph capillaries in the core of villi which absorbs fats.
- A.
Peyer's patches
- B.
Lacteals
- C.
Border brushes
- D.
Serosa
Correct Answer
B. LactealsExplanation
Lacteals are lymph capillaries in the core of villi that absorb fats.Rate this question:
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- 7.
The _________ ___________ controls the exit of food from the _________ to the ___________ intestine.
Correct Answer
pyloric sphincter, stomach, smallExplanation
The pyloric sphincter is a ring of muscle located at the lower end of the stomach. It controls the exit of food from the stomach to the small intestine. The contraction and relaxation of the pyloric sphincter help regulate the flow of partially digested food, allowing it to pass through in small amounts for further digestion and absorption in the small intestine.Rate this question:
- 8.
This is a bolus of food mixed with the secretions of the stomach that is converted to a fatty or acidic paste.
- A.
Chyme
- B.
Bile
- C.
Saliva
- D.
Feces
- E.
Paste
Correct Answer
A. ChymeExplanation
Chyme is the correct answer because it is the term used to describe the bolus of food mixed with stomach secretions. It is converted into a fatty or acidic paste as it moves through the digestive system. Bile is a substance produced by the liver that helps with the digestion and absorption of fats. Saliva is the watery substance produced by the salivary glands that helps in the initial breakdown of food. Feces refers to the waste material that is eliminated from the body. Paste is a general term that does not specifically describe the bolus of food mixed with stomach secretions.Rate this question:
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- 9.
This prevents digestion, by enzymes and the acidic environment, of the stomach itself.
- A.
Villi
- B.
Gall bladder
- C.
Mucus
- D.
Chyme
- E.
Bile
Correct Answer
C. MucusExplanation
Mucus is the correct answer because it forms a protective layer in the stomach, preventing digestion by enzymes and the acidic environment. Mucus acts as a barrier between the stomach lining and the stomach contents, preventing damage to the stomach tissue.Rate this question:
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- 10.
During the ____________ phase, saliva is produced in the mouth and digestive enzymes are produced in the stomach.
Correct Answer
cephalicExplanation
This is triggered by the smell, taste, sight or thought of food.Rate this question:
- 11.
The major function(s) of the large intestine are to:
- A.
Absorb water
- B.
Absorb fats
- C.
Digest proteins
- D.
Eliminate urine
- E.
Eliminate feces
Correct Answer(s)
A. Absorb water
E. Eliminate fecesExplanation
The large intestine has two major functions: absorbing water and eliminating feces. Water absorption is crucial for maintaining the body's fluid balance. The large intestine absorbs excess water from the digested food, which helps in the formation of solid feces. Eliminating feces is the final step of the digestive process, where waste material is removed from the body through the rectum and anus. Therefore, the correct answer is absorb water and eliminate feces.Rate this question:
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- 12.
Digestion is completed here, and virtually all nutrient absorption happens here.
- A.
Mouth
- B.
Stomach
- C.
Small intestine
- D.
Large intestine
- E.
Rectum
Correct Answer
C. Small intestineExplanation
The small intestine is responsible for completing digestion and absorbing nutrients from the food we consume. It is lined with tiny finger-like projections called villi, which increase the surface area for absorption. The small intestine receives partially digested food from the stomach and continues the breakdown process using enzymes from the pancreas and bile from the liver. It absorbs nutrients such as carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins, and minerals, which are then transported to the bloodstream for distribution to the body's cells. The large intestine primarily absorbs water and electrolytes, while the rectum stores and eliminates waste material.Rate this question:
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- 13.
__________________ break down peptides into amino acids.
Correct Answer
AminopeptidasesExplanation
This is a brush border enzyme.Rate this question:
- 14.
___________ hydrolyzes maltose into glucose.
Correct Answer
MaltaseExplanation
This is a brush border enzyme.Rate this question:
- 15.
____________ hydrolyzes sucrose into glucose and fructose.
Correct Answer
SucraseExplanation
This is a brush border enzyme.Rate this question:
- 16.
_________ hydrolyzes lactose into glucose and galactose.
Correct Answer
LactaseExplanation
This is a brush border enzyme.Rate this question:
- 17.
Aerobic respiration produces __ ATP per molecule of glucose.
- A.
4
- B.
6
- C.
36
- D.
2
- E.
32
Correct Answer
C. 36Explanation
Aerobic respiration is a process that occurs in the presence of oxygen and is the most efficient way for cells to produce ATP. During aerobic respiration, one molecule of glucose undergoes a series of reactions in the mitochondria, resulting in the production of a maximum of 36 ATP molecules. This is because aerobic respiration involves the complete breakdown of glucose through processes like glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain, which all contribute to the production of ATP. Therefore, the correct answer is 36.Rate this question:
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- 18.
Anaerobic respiration produces __ ATP per molecule of glucose
- A.
4
- B.
6
- C.
36
- D.
2
- E.
32
Correct Answer
D. 2Explanation
Anaerobic respiration produces 2 ATP per molecule of glucose. This is because anaerobic respiration only involves glycolysis, which produces a net gain of 2 ATP molecules through substrate-level phosphorylation. In contrast, aerobic respiration produces a much larger amount of ATP through the additional steps of the Krebs cycle and oxidative phosphorylation.Rate this question:
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- 19.
_________ respiration uses oxygen.
Correct Answer
Aerobic
aerobicExplanation
Aerobic respiration is a process that uses oxygen to break down glucose and produce energy in the form of ATP. It occurs in the presence of oxygen and is the most efficient way for cells to generate energy. The term "aerobic" refers to the use of oxygen in this process. Therefore, the correct answer is "Aerobic, aerobic."Rate this question:
- 20.
Aerobic respiration produces ____________ ATP than anaerobic.
- A.
More
- B.
Less
Correct Answer
A. MoreExplanation
Aerobic respiration produces more ATP than anaerobic respiration because it involves the complete breakdown of glucose molecules in the presence of oxygen. This process occurs in the mitochondria and includes the Krebs cycle and the electron transport chain, which generate a large amount of ATP. On the other hand, anaerobic respiration occurs in the absence of oxygen and produces a smaller amount of ATP through processes such as glycolysis and fermentation.Rate this question:
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- 21.
Proteins yield ___ calories of energy per gram, fats yield __ calories of energy per gram, and carbohydrates yield __ calories of energy per gram.
Correct Answer
4, 9, 4
four, nine, fourExplanation
Proteins yield 4 calories of energy per gram, fats yield 9 calories of energy per gram, and carbohydrates yield 4 calories of energy per gram. This is a standard measure used in nutrition to determine the energy content of different macronutrients.Rate this question:
- 22.
Low pH increases gastrin release.
- A.
True
- B.
False
Correct Answer
B. FalseExplanation
The statement "Low pH increases gastrin release" is false. Gastrin is a hormone that stimulates the secretion of gastric acid in the stomach. However, it is released in response to high pH levels, not low pH levels. When the pH in the stomach becomes too high (above 3.0), gastrin is released to stimulate the production of acid to lower the pH. Therefore, low pH levels would not increase gastrin release.Rate this question:
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- 23.
Acidic chyme in the duodenum increases __________ secretion.
- A.
Increases
- B.
Decreases
- C.
Does not affect
Correct Answer
A. IncreasesExplanation
When acidic chyme enters the duodenum, it stimulates the release of secretin and cholecystokinin hormones. These hormones signal the pancreas to secrete bicarbonate ions and digestive enzymes, which help neutralize the acidity of the chyme. Therefore, the secretion of bicarbonate ions and digestive enzymes is increased in response to the presence of acidic chyme in the duodenum.Rate this question:
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- 24.
Acidic chyme in the ___________ increases CCK secretion.
- A.
Stomach, CCK
- B.
Esophagus, gastrin
- C.
Intestine, CCK
- D.
Intestine, gastrin
Correct Answer
C. Intestine, CCKExplanation
The correct answer is intestine, CCK. CCK (cholecystokinin) is a hormone that is released in response to the presence of acidic chyme (partially digested food) in the intestine. It stimulates the release of digestive enzymes from the pancreas and bile from the gallbladder, which aids in the digestion and absorption of fats.Rate this question:
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- 25.
Low pH _____________ gastrin secretion.
Correct Answer
decreasesExplanation
Gastrin is a hormone that stimulates the secretion of gastric acid in the stomach. pH is a measure of acidity or alkalinity. A low pH indicates high acidity. Since low pH levels already indicate high acidity, there is no need for the body to secrete more gastrin. Therefore, low pH decreases gastrin secretion.Rate this question:
- 26.
When _________ receptors are distended, there is a(n) ____________ in the secretion of _________ and _ _ _.
Correct Answer
stretch, increase, gastrin, CCK
stretch, increase, gastrin, cckExplanation
When stretch receptors are distended, there is an increase in the secretion of gastrin and CCK. The stretch receptors are sensory receptors located in the walls of the stomach and intestines that detect distension or stretching of the organ. When these receptors are stimulated by stretching, they send signals to the brain and stimulate the release of gastrin and CCK. Gastrin is a hormone that stimulates the release of gastric acid in the stomach, while CCK (cholecystokinin) is a hormone that stimulates the release of bile from the gallbladder and pancreatic enzymes.Rate this question:
- 27.
____________ reactions are decomposition reactions
- A.
Catabolic
- B.
Anabolic
- C.
Catastrophic
- D.
Anaerobic
Correct Answer
A. CatabolicExplanation
Catabolic reactions refer to the breakdown of complex molecules into simpler ones, releasing energy in the process. These reactions are often involved in the process of cellular respiration, where carbohydrates, fats, and proteins are broken down to produce ATP, the energy currency of cells. This is in contrast to anabolic reactions, which involve the synthesis of complex molecules from simpler ones, requiring energy input. Therefore, catabolic reactions are decomposition reactions as they involve the breaking down of molecules.Rate this question:
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- 28.
______________ reactions are synthesis reactions.
- A.
Catabolic
- B.
Anabolic
- C.
Catastrophic
- D.
Anaerobic
Correct Answer
B. AnabolicExplanation
Anabolic reactions refer to the metabolic processes in which complex molecules are synthesized from simpler ones, requiring energy input. These reactions are responsible for building up larger molecules and storing energy. In contrast, catabolic reactions involve the breakdown of complex molecules into simpler ones, releasing energy. Catastrophic and anaerobic are unrelated to the given question and do not provide a relevant explanation.Rate this question:
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- 29.
______________ is the sum of all the biochemical reactions in our body.
Correct Answer
Metabolism
metabolismExplanation
Metabolism refers to the sum of all the biochemical reactions that occur in our body. It includes processes such as digestion, energy production, and waste elimination. These reactions help to maintain the body's functions and support growth, repair, and reproduction. Metabolism is essential for the body to obtain energy from food and convert it into usable forms. It also plays a role in regulating body temperature, hormone levels, and the overall balance of nutrients in the body.Rate this question:
- 30.
_______ is a plant-derived, water ___________ polysaccharide. One example is _________.
Correct Answer
Starch, insoluble, glucoseExplanation
Starch is a plant-derived, water-insoluble polysaccharide. It is made up of glucose molecules.Rate this question:
- 31.
________ __________ __________ are building blocks of protein that the body needs and does not synthesize.
Correct Answer
Essential amino acidsExplanation
Essential amino acids are the building blocks of protein that are necessary for the body but cannot be produced by the body itself. These amino acids must be obtained through the diet. They play a crucial role in various physiological processes such as muscle growth, tissue repair, and hormone production. Without an adequate intake of essential amino acids, the body may experience protein deficiency, which can lead to impaired growth, weakened immune function, and other health problems.Rate this question:
- 32.
Females have a _________ BMR than males.
Correct Answer
lowerExplanation
Females have more fatty tissue, and males have more muscle mass.Rate this question:
- 33.
Young people have a ____________ BMR than older people.
Correct Answer
higherExplanation
Young people need to burn lots of calories to grow, and older people tend to lose calorie-burning muscle mass as they age.Rate this question:
- 34.
During this process, fatty acids are broken down 2 carbons at a time and then are converted to acetyl CoA to enter the Krebs' cycle.
Correct Answer
Beta oxidation
beta oxidationExplanation
Beta oxidation is the process in which fatty acids are broken down into two-carbon units, which are then converted to acetyl CoA to enter the Krebs' cycle. This process occurs in the mitochondria and is an important step in the metabolism of fatty acids for energy production.Rate this question:
- 35.
Which vitamins are fat soluble?
- A.
A
- B.
D
- C.
E
- D.
K
- E.
All of the above
Correct Answer
E. All of the aboveExplanation
All of the vitamins listed (A, D, E, and K) are fat soluble. This means that they are absorbed and stored in the body's fat tissues. Unlike water-soluble vitamins, which are not stored in the body and need to be replenished regularly, fat-soluble vitamins can be stored for longer periods of time. They are also best absorbed when consumed with dietary fat.Rate this question:
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- 36.
It is possible to overdose on ______-soluble vitamins.
Correct Answer
fatExplanation
They are stored in fat and not excreted in urine as water-soluble vitamins are.Rate this question:
- 37.
Where small intestine joins large intestine, this sphincter prevents the food that is pushed past entrance from going backwards into the illeum again.
- A.
Ileocecal valve
- B.
Pyloric sphincter
- C.
Anal sphincter
Correct Answer
A. Ileocecal valveExplanation
The ileocecal valve is located at the junction between the small intestine and the large intestine. It acts as a sphincter, preventing food from flowing back into the ileum (part of the small intestine) once it has entered the large intestine. This valve helps to maintain the flow of digested food in one direction, allowing for proper digestion and absorption in the small intestine without backflow.Rate this question:
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- 38.
The pH of saliva is around __.
Correct Answer
7
sevenExplanation
The pH of saliva is around 7, which is considered neutral on the pH scale. Saliva helps to maintain a neutral pH in the mouth, which is important for overall oral health. A neutral pH is necessary to prevent tooth decay and maintain a healthy balance of bacteria in the mouth.Rate this question:
- 39.
The pH of the _______ is 5-7.
Correct Answer
esophagusExplanation
The esophagus is a muscular tube that connects the throat to the stomach. It plays a crucial role in the digestion process by transporting food from the mouth to the stomach. The pH of the esophagus is mildly acidic, ranging from 5-7. This acidity helps in the breakdown of food and the prevention of bacterial growth. It also protects the esophageal lining from damage caused by stomach acid that may reflux into the esophagus.Rate this question:
- 40.
The pH of the large intestine is
- A.
8
- B.
5.5
- C.
7
- D.
5.5-7
Correct Answer
D. 5.5-7Explanation
The pH of the large intestine is slightly acidic to neutral, ranging from 5.5 to 7. This pH range is necessary for the proper functioning of the large intestine, as it allows for the breakdown and absorption of nutrients from the remaining food particles. Additionally, this pH range helps maintain a healthy balance of beneficial bacteria in the large intestine, which aids in digestion and overall gut health.Rate this question:
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- 41.
A pH below __ inhibits gastrin release.
- A.
1
- B.
2
- C.
3
- D.
4
- E.
5
Correct Answer
B. 2Explanation
A pH below 2 inhibits gastrin release. Gastrin is a hormone that stimulates the release of gastric acid in the stomach. When the pH in the stomach drops below 2, it indicates a high concentration of gastric acid already present. In this acidic environment, there is no need for further stimulation of acid secretion, so gastrin release is inhibited.Rate this question:
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- 42.
The pH of an empty stomach would be __________ than the pH of a full stomach.
Correct Answer
lowerExplanation
The pH of an empty stomach is around 2.Rate this question:
- 43.
The pH of the stomach is 2-6.
- A.
True
- B.
False
Correct Answer
B. FalseExplanation
The pH of the stomach is 1.5 to 3.5.Rate this question:
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- 44.
The pH of the duodenum is around _____.
Correct Answer
6-6.5Explanation
The pH of the duodenum, which is the first part of the small intestine, is around 6-6.5. This slightly acidic pH range is important for the optimal functioning of digestive enzymes, such as pancreatic amylase and lipase, which are secreted into the duodenum. These enzymes require a slightly acidic environment to effectively break down carbohydrates and fats from the food we consume. Additionally, the acidic pH helps to neutralize the highly acidic chyme (partially digested food) that enters the duodenum from the stomach, preventing damage to the intestinal lining.Rate this question:
- 45.
The pH of the ileum/jejunum is around _________.
Correct Answer
7.5Explanation
The pH of the ileum/jejunum is around 7.5. The ileum and jejunum are parts of the small intestine where the final stages of digestion and nutrient absorption occur. The pH of the small intestine is slightly alkaline, ranging from 7.5 to 8.5. This alkaline environment is important for the optimal activity of digestive enzymes and the absorption of nutrients.Rate this question:
- 46.
This is a double layer of serous membranes the hold organs in place, provides a route for blood vessels, nerves and lymphatics, and stores adipose tissue.
- A.
Cecum
- B.
Ileum
- C.
Pannus
- D.
Omentum
- E.
Mesentary
Correct Answer
E. MesentaryExplanation
The correct answer is "mesentary." The mesentery is a double layer of serous membranes that hold organs in place, provide a route for blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatics, and store adipose tissue. It plays a crucial role in supporting and protecting the organs in the abdominal cavity.Rate this question:
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- 47.
____________ is the most important molecule in steroid production. It is essential to all human life, is the raw material for ________ _, and is also found in every cell _______, steroid __________, and ______ salts.
Correct Answer
Cholesterol, Vitamin D, membrane, hormone, bile
Cholesterol, Vitamin D, membrane, hormones, bileExplanation
Cholesterol is the most important molecule in steroid production. It is essential to all human life, is the raw material for Vitamin D, is found in every cell membrane, and is also used to produce hormones and bile salts.Rate this question:
- 48.
___________ i s an electron carrier which shuttles electrons from the Krebs' cycle to the electron transport chain.
- A.
NADH
- B.
Lactic acid
- C.
KADH
- D.
LDL
Correct Answer
A. NADHExplanation
NADH is an electron carrier that plays a crucial role in cellular respiration. It is produced during the Krebs' cycle and carries electrons to the electron transport chain, where they are used to generate ATP. NADH is an important molecule in energy production and is essential for the efficient functioning of the cell. Lactic acid, KADH, and LDL are not involved in electron transport and do not serve as electron carriers.Rate this question:
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- 49.
List the four tunics from the lumen side out.___________, ________________, _____________, ________________
Correct Answer
Mucosa, Submucosa, Muscularis Externa, Serosa
mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, serosaExplanation
The four tunics from the lumen side out are mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, and serosa. The mucosa is the innermost layer that lines the lumen and is responsible for absorption and secretion. The submucosa is a connective tissue layer that contains blood vessels, nerves, and glands. The muscularis externa is composed of smooth muscle and is responsible for the movement and contraction of the organ. The serosa is the outermost layer that provides protection and support to the organ.Rate this question:
- 50.
The ________ _________ is responsible for peristalsis and secretion.
Correct Answer
intramural plexusExplanation
The intramural plexus is responsible for peristalsis and secretion. The intramural plexus is a network of nerves located within the walls of the gastrointestinal tract. It controls the coordinated contractions of smooth muscle that propel food through the digestive system, which is known as peristalsis. Additionally, the intramural plexus regulates the secretion of digestive enzymes and hormones that aid in the digestion and absorption of nutrients. Overall, the intramural plexus plays a crucial role in the proper functioning of the digestive system.Rate this question:
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