Pathology 1. Quiz Charpter 7, 8, 9, 10

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Quizzes Created: 2 | Total Attempts: 497

Questions: 175 | Attempts: 378 | Updated: Mar 21, 2023

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Pathology 1. Quiz Charpter 7, 8, 9, 10 - Quiz

Questions and Answers

1.

What is the etiology of heart failure?
- A.
  
  Cardiac disorders, lung disorders
- B.
  
  Lung disorders, stroke
- C.
  
  Stroke, diarrhea
- D.
  
  Influenza, enuresis
Correct Answer
A. Cardiac disorders, lung disorders

Explanation
Heart failure occurs when the heart is unable to pump enough blood to meet the body's needs. Cardiac disorders, such as coronary artery disease or heart attack, can damage the heart muscle and lead to heart failure. Similarly, lung disorders like chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) or pulmonary hypertension can cause increased pressure in the lungs, putting strain on the heart and leading to heart failure. Therefore, the etiology of heart failure involves both cardiac disorders and lung disorders.

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2.

What are cardiac dysfunction?
- A.
  
  Failure of the pump, conduction problems, an obstruction to flow, regurgitation flow
- B.
  
  Regurgitation flow, gastritis, volvulus, esophagitis,
- C.
  
  Coronary arteries, ventricles, veins
- D.
  
  Carcinoma of the gallbladder, adenomas, carcinomas
Correct Answer
A. Failure of the pump, conduction problems, an obstruction to flow, regurgitation flow

Explanation
Cardiac dysfunction refers to a condition where the heart is unable to effectively pump blood and perform its normal functions. This can occur due to various reasons such as failure of the pump, conduction problems, an obstruction to flow, and regurgitation flow. Failure of the pump refers to the inability of the heart to pump blood adequately, conduction problems involve issues with the electrical signals that control the heart's rhythm, an obstruction to flow can occur when there is a blockage in the blood vessels, and regurgitation flow happens when blood leaks backward through the heart valves.

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3.

Pulmonary edema is consequence of
- A.
  
  LHF
- B.
  
  RHF
- C.
  
  LHF and RHF
- D.
  
  Angina pectoris
Correct Answer
A. LHF

Explanation
Pulmonary edema is a condition characterized by the accumulation of fluid in the lungs, leading to difficulty in breathing. It occurs as a consequence of Left Heart Failure (LHF). LHF is a condition in which the left side of the heart is unable to pump blood effectively, causing a backup of fluid in the lungs. This fluid accumulation leads to pulmonary edema. Right Heart Failure (RHF) can also cause fluid accumulation, but in this case, it primarily affects other parts of the body rather than the lungs. Angina pectoris, on the other hand, is chest pain caused by reduced blood flow to the heart and is not directly related to pulmonary edema.

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4.

Systemic venous congestion is consequence of
- A.
  
  LHF
- B.
  
  RHF
- C.
  
  RHF and LHF
- D.
  
  Atherosclerosis
Correct Answer
B. RHF

Explanation
Systemic venous congestion is a consequence of right-sided heart failure (RHF). When the right side of the heart is unable to pump blood effectively, it can lead to a buildup of blood in the systemic veins, causing congestion. This can result in symptoms such as peripheral edema, jugular venous distention, and hepatomegaly. Left-sided heart failure (LHF) can also cause congestion, but in this case, the correct answer specifically states that RHF is the cause. Atherosclerosis, on the other hand, is a condition that involves the buildup of plaque in the arteries and does not directly cause systemic venous congestion.

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5.

Coronary arthery disease CAD etiology
- A.
  
  Atherosclerosis
- B.
  
  Angina pectoris
- C.
  
  Chest pain
- D.
  
  Smoking
Correct Answer
A. Atherosclerosis

Explanation
Atherosclerosis is the correct answer because it is a leading cause of coronary artery disease (CAD). CAD occurs when the arteries that supply blood to the heart become narrowed or blocked due to the buildup of plaque, which is primarily made up of cholesterol and other substances. This narrowing of the arteries can lead to reduced blood flow to the heart, resulting in symptoms such as angina pectoris (chest pain). Smoking is also a risk factor for developing atherosclerosis and CAD, further supporting the association between atherosclerosis and CAD.

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6.

Etiology: Ischemic heart disease, hypertension, mitral valve disease myocardial disease.
- A.
  
  LHF
- B.
  
  RHF
- C.
  
  Failure of the pump
- D.
  
  Edema
Correct Answer
A. LHF

Explanation
The given answer, LHF (Left Heart Failure), is the correct answer because the etiology mentioned in the question, which includes ischemic heart disease, hypertension, mitral valve disease, and myocardial disease, are all conditions that can lead to left-sided heart failure. Left heart failure occurs when the left side of the heart is unable to effectively pump blood to the rest of the body, leading to symptoms such as fluid buildup (edema) and decreased cardiac output, which can result in systemic congestion and pulmonary edema. Right heart failure (RHF) may also occur as a consequence of left heart failure, but the question specifically asks for the type of heart failure associated with the given etiology.

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7.

Clinic: dyspnea, orthopnea, nocturnal dyspnea, cerebral hypoxia, stupor, coma, cyanosis
- A.
  
  LHF
- B.
  
  RHF
- C.
  
  COPD
- D.
  
  MI
Correct Answer
A. LHF

Explanation
LHF stands for Left Heart Failure, which is a condition where the left side of the heart fails to pump blood effectively. The symptoms mentioned in the clinic, such as dyspnea (shortness of breath), orthopnea (difficulty breathing while lying flat), nocturnal dyspnea (waking up at night due to breathlessness), cerebral hypoxia (lack of oxygen to the brain), stupor, coma, and cyanosis (bluish discoloration of the skin) are all associated with LHF. Therefore, LHF is the correct answer.

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8.

Clinic: chest pain that last longer than 15 min.
- A.
  
  Angina pectoris
- B.
  
  MI
- C.
  
  Atheroma
- D.
  
  Trombus
Correct Answer
B. MI

Explanation
The given correct answer, MI (Myocardial Infarction), is a plausible explanation for the symptom of chest pain that lasts longer than 15 minutes. MI refers to the death of heart muscle tissue due to a lack of blood supply, often caused by a blockage in the coronary arteries. This condition is commonly associated with severe chest pain that can last for an extended period. Therefore, MI is a suitable explanation for the given symptom.

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9.

Ischemic necrosis of the heart muscle presenting clinically as chest pain, heart failure or sudden death.
- A.
  
  Myopathy
- B.
  
  MI
- C.
  
  Lymphomas
- D.
  
  Cardio vascular disease
Correct Answer
B. MI

Explanation
The given answer, MI (Myocardial Infarction), is the most suitable explanation for the symptoms described. Ischemic necrosis of the heart muscle, which occurs due to a lack of blood supply, can lead to chest pain, heart failure, or sudden death. MI refers to the death of heart muscle tissue caused by a blockage in one or more of the coronary arteries. This condition is commonly known as a heart attack and is characterized by symptoms such as chest pain, shortness of breath, and fatigue. Therefore, MI is the most appropriate answer in this context.

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10.

The basic lesion of atherosclerosis, characterized by excessive accumulation of lipids in the wall of the aorta and major arteries.
- A.
  
  Atherosclerosis
- B.
  
  Atheroma
- C.
  
  Asthma
- D.
  
  Anaplasia
Correct Answer
B. Atheroma

Explanation
Atheroma is the correct answer because it refers to the excessive accumulation of lipids in the wall of the aorta and major arteries, which is the basic lesion of atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis is a condition where plaque builds up in the arteries, leading to reduced blood flow and potential complications such as heart attacks and strokes. Atheroma is a key feature of atherosclerosis and contributes to the progression of the disease.

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11.

Most common cause of death in person with MI
- A.
  
  Thrombosis
- B.
  
  Pericarditis
- C.
  
  Arrhythmia
- D.
  
  Hemmorrhage
Correct Answer
C. Arrhythmia

Explanation
Arrhythmia refers to an abnormal heart rhythm, which can be a common cause of death in a person with a myocardial infarction (MI). During an MI, the blood flow to a part of the heart is blocked, leading to damage or death of heart muscle cells. This can disrupt the normal electrical signals that control the heart's rhythm, resulting in arrhythmias. Severe arrhythmias, such as ventricular fibrillation, can cause the heart to stop pumping blood effectively, leading to cardiac arrest and potentially death. Therefore, arrhythmia is a likely cause of death in a person with MI.

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12.

Clinic: chest pain that can radiate to the arm that lasts more than 15 sec and less than 15 min
- A.
  
  Angina pectoris
- B.
  
  MI
- C.
  
  Atherosclerosis
- D.
  
  LHF
Correct Answer
A. Angina pectoris

Explanation
The given symptoms of chest pain that can radiate to the arm and lasts for a specific duration (more than 15 sec and less than 15 min) are indicative of angina pectoris. Angina pectoris is a condition characterized by temporary chest discomfort or pain caused by reduced blood flow to the heart muscle. It is often triggered by physical exertion or emotional stress and typically lasts for a few minutes. MI (myocardial infarction) refers to a heart attack, which involves prolonged and severe chest pain. Atherosclerosis is the buildup of plaque in the arteries, which can lead to angina and other cardiovascular diseases. LHF (left heart failure) is not directly related to the given symptoms.

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13.

Causes of hypertension are:
- A.
  
  Essential, secondary, renal, endocrine, neurogenic, drugs
- B.
  
  Stroke, cardiac hypertrophy, atherosclerosis
- C.
  
  Cardiac output, angiotensin, epinephrine
- D.
  
  Pituitary, growth hormone, necrosis, inflammation
Correct Answer
A. Essential, secondary, renal, endocrine, neurogenic, drugs

Explanation
The given answer lists the causes of hypertension, which include essential (unknown cause), secondary (caused by an underlying condition), renal (related to kidney problems), endocrine (related to hormonal imbalances), neurogenic (caused by nerve disorders), and drugs (caused by certain medications). These factors can contribute to the development of hypertension, leading to complications such as stroke, cardiac hypertrophy (enlargement of the heart), and atherosclerosis (hardening of the arteries). Additionally, hypertension can be influenced by factors like cardiac output (the amount of blood pumped by the heart), angiotensin (a hormone that affects blood pressure), and epinephrine (a hormone that increases heart rate). The pituitary gland, growth hormone, necrosis (cell death), and inflammation are not directly mentioned as causes of hypertension in the given options.

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14.

Clinic: headache, blurred vision, 140/90, most will be asymptomatic.
- A.
  
  Endocarditis
- B.
  
  Myocarditis
- C.
  
  Rheumatic heart disease
- D.
  
  Systemic hypertension
Correct Answer
D. Systemic hypertension

Explanation
The given symptoms of headache, blurred vision, and a blood pressure reading of 140/90 suggest the possibility of systemic hypertension. Systemic hypertension, also known as high blood pressure, is a condition where the force of blood against the artery walls is too high. It can lead to various symptoms, including headaches and blurred vision. The fact that most individuals with systemic hypertension are asymptomatic further supports this answer. Endocarditis, myocarditis, and rheumatic heart disease are not typically associated with these symptoms or blood pressure readings.

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15.

Cause of endocrine hypertension
- A.
  
  Unknown
- B.
  
  Kidney disease
- C.
  
  Pheochromocytoma
- D.
  
  Complex
Correct Answer
C. pHeochromocytoma

Explanation
Pheochromocytoma is a known cause of endocrine hypertension. It is a rare tumor that develops in the adrenal glands, which are located on top of the kidneys. This tumor causes the adrenal glands to produce excessive amounts of adrenaline and noradrenaline, leading to high blood pressure. Pheochromocytoma can be difficult to diagnose as its symptoms are similar to other conditions, but once identified, it can be treated with surgery to remove the tumor.

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16.

What is the treatment for essential hypertension?
- A.
  
  Sedatives
- B.
  
  Surgery
- C.
  
  Drugs
- D.
  
  Discontinue drug intake
Correct Answer
C. Drugs

Explanation
The correct answer is drugs. Essential hypertension is a chronic condition characterized by high blood pressure with no identifiable cause. It is typically managed through the use of antihypertensive medications, which help to lower blood pressure and reduce the risk of complications. Sedatives may not be effective in treating hypertension as they primarily target anxiety and sleep disorders. Surgery is usually reserved for cases where hypertension is caused by an underlying condition that can be surgically corrected. Discontinuing drug intake is not a recommended treatment option as it can lead to uncontrolled high blood pressure and increased risk of complications.

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17.

Stroke (bleeding), cardiac hyperthrophy, renal disease, accelerated atherosclerosis, hypertensive retinopathy. Are complications of:
- A.
  
  Vascular pathology
- B.
  
  Hypertension
- C.
  
  Adrenal cortex
- D.
  
  Aldosterone
Correct Answer
B. Hypertension

Explanation
The given complications, such as stroke (bleeding), cardiac hypertrophy, renal disease, accelerated atherosclerosis, and hypertensive retinopathy, are all commonly associated with hypertension. Hypertension refers to high blood pressure, which can lead to damage in various organs and systems of the body over time. The increased pressure can cause blood vessels to weaken and rupture, leading to bleeding in the brain (stroke) and damage to the kidneys (renal disease). It can also cause the heart to work harder, leading to cardiac hypertrophy. Additionally, the increased pressure can accelerate the development of atherosclerosis (hardening of the arteries) and cause damage to the blood vessels in the eyes (hypertensive retinopathy).

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18.

Etiology: reumatic fever which is a systemic, immunologically mediated disease related to streptococcal infections.
- A.
  
  Endocarditis
- B.
  
  Peritonitis
- C.
  
  Myocardial
- D.
  
  Rheumatic heart disease
Correct Answer
D. Rheumatic heart disease

Explanation
Rheumatic heart disease is the correct answer because it is a systemic, immunologically mediated disease that is related to streptococcal infections, specifically rheumatic fever. Rheumatic fever is caused by an untreated or inadequately treated streptococcal infection, and it can lead to long-term damage to the heart valves, resulting in rheumatic heart disease. The other options, endocarditis, peritonitis, and myocardial, do not specifically relate to streptococcal infections or the systemic nature of rheumatic heart disease.

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19.

Affects heart, but also others organs and tissues suach as the joints, the skin and occasionally the brain.
- A.
  
  Rheumatic heart disease
- B.
  
  Pericarditis
- C.
  
  Mitral heart disease
- D.
  
  Aneurysm
Correct Answer
A. Rheumatic heart disease

Explanation
Rheumatic heart disease is the correct answer because it is a condition that not only affects the heart but also other organs and tissues such as the joints, skin, and occasionally the brain. This disease is a complication of rheumatic fever, which is caused by a bacterial infection. Rheumatic heart disease can lead to damage of the heart valves, causing symptoms such as chest pain, shortness of breath, and fatigue. It can also cause inflammation in other parts of the body, leading to joint pain, skin rashes, and in rare cases, brain involvement.

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20.

Most serious infection (bacterial infection). Clinic: valve damage (CHF), high fever, chills, weakness, fatigue, anorexia, chest pain, heart murmurs.
- A.
  
  Myocarditis
- B.
  
  Endocarditis
- C.
  
  Pericarditis
- D.
  
  MI
Correct Answer
B. Endocarditis

Explanation
Endocarditis is the correct answer because the symptoms described in the clinic, such as valve damage, high fever, chills, weakness, fatigue, anorexia, chest pain, and heart murmurs, are characteristic of this condition. Endocarditis is an infection of the inner lining of the heart chambers and valves, usually caused by bacteria. It can lead to valve damage and congestive heart failure (CHF), which aligns with the symptoms mentioned. Myocarditis refers to inflammation of the heart muscle, pericarditis is inflammation of the outer lining of the heart, and MI (myocardial infarction) refers to a heart attack, none of which fully match the symptoms described.

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21.

Viral infection. CHest discomfort, weakness, mild fever, tachycardia, peipheral cyanosis, asymptomatic.
- A.
  
  Pericarditis
- B.
  
  Myocarditis
- C.
  
  Endocarditis
- D.
  
  MI
Correct Answer
B. Myocarditis

Explanation
The symptoms described in the question, such as chest discomfort, weakness, mild fever, tachycardia, peripheral cyanosis, and being asymptomatic, are consistent with myocarditis. Myocarditis is an inflammation of the heart muscle caused by a viral infection. It can lead to symptoms like chest pain, fatigue, and shortness of breath. In some cases, it may not cause any symptoms at all, which is referred to as asymptomatic myocarditis. Therefore, based on the symptoms provided, myocarditis is the most likely explanation.

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22.

Caused by bacteria, virus and rarely fungi. could be infectious or noninfectious. Exudation of Fluid in the pericardial sac. Clinic: Asymptomatic, severe chest pain.
- A.
  
  Myocariditis
- B.
  
  Pericarditis
- C.
  
  Endocarditis
- D.
  
  MI
Correct Answer
B. Pericarditis

Explanation
Pericarditis is the inflammation of the pericardium, the sac-like membrane that surrounds the heart. It can be caused by bacteria, viruses, or rarely fungi, and can be either infectious or noninfectious. One of the main symptoms of pericarditis is the exudation of fluid in the pericardial sac. While pericarditis can cause severe chest pain, it is often asymptomatic. Therefore, pericarditis is the most appropriate answer given the information provided.

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23.

Group of diseases affecting the myocardium.
- A.
  
  Cardiac tumors
- B.
  
  Cardiomyopathy
- C.
  
  Pericarditis
- D.
  
  Mjural thrombus
Correct Answer
B. Cardiomyopathy

Explanation
Cardiomyopathy refers to a group of diseases that affect the myocardium, which is the muscle tissue of the heart. These diseases can lead to abnormalities in the structure and function of the heart, causing symptoms such as fatigue, shortness of breath, and abnormal heart rhythms. Unlike the other options listed, which are specific conditions or issues related to the heart, cardiomyopathy is a broader term encompassing various diseases that directly impact the myocardium. Therefore, it is the correct answer in this context.

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24.

Forms of cardiomyopathy
- A.
  
  Dilated, hypertrophic, restrictive
- B.
  
  Atrophy, hypertrophic, dilated
- C.
  
  Hypertrophic, hypertrophy, dilated
- D.
  
  Metaplasia, atrophic, hypertrophy
Correct Answer
A. Dilated, hypertropHic, restrictive

Explanation
The correct answer is dilated, hypertrophic, restrictive. Cardiomyopathy refers to diseases of the heart muscle, and there are different forms of cardiomyopathy. Dilated cardiomyopathy is characterized by the enlargement of the heart chambers, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy involves thickening of the heart muscle, and restrictive cardiomyopathy is characterized by stiffening of the heart muscle, which restricts its ability to fill with blood. These three forms are well-known and recognized in the medical field.

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25.

The ventricles are markedly dilated and the heart appears to have a myocardium that is either flabby or thinned and that has been partially replaced by fibrous tissue.
- A.
  
  Cardiomyopathy
- B.
  
  Dilated cardiomyopathy
- C.
  
  Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
- D.
  
  Restrictive cardiomyopathy
Correct Answer
B. Dilated cardiomyopathy

Explanation
The given description of the heart with markedly dilated ventricles and a myocardium that is either flabby or thinned and partially replaced by fibrous tissue is characteristic of dilated cardiomyopathy. In this condition, the heart muscle becomes weakened and stretched, leading to enlargement of the chambers. This can result in impaired pumping function and eventually heart failure. The description does not match the features of hypertrophic or restrictive cardiomyopathy, which involve thickening of the heart muscle or stiffening of the ventricles, respectively.

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26.

Is marked by extensive thickening of the left ventricular myocardium. it is autosomal dominant trait.
- A.
  
  Cardiomyopathy
- B.
  
  Iatrogenic heart
- C.
  
  Restrictive cardiomyopathy
- D.
  
  Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
Correct Answer
D. HypertropHic cardiomyopathy

Explanation
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is a condition characterized by the thickening of the left ventricular myocardium. It is inherited in an autosomal dominant manner, meaning that if one parent has the condition, there is a 50% chance of passing it on to their children. This condition can lead to various symptoms such as shortness of breath, chest pain, and heart palpitations. It can also increase the risk of sudden cardiac arrest, especially in young athletes. Treatment options include medications to manage symptoms, lifestyle modifications, and in some cases, surgical interventions.

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27.

The heart cannot expand adequately to receive the inflowing blood.
- A.
  
  Dilated cardiomyopathy
- B.
  
  Restrictive cardiomyopathy
- C.
  
  Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
- D.
  
  Iatronic cardiomyopathy
Correct Answer
B. Restrictive cardiomyopathy

Explanation
Restrictive cardiomyopathy is a condition where the heart muscle becomes stiff and rigid, which restricts its ability to expand and receive blood properly. This results in inadequate expansion of the heart to accommodate the inflowing blood. Dilated cardiomyopathy is characterized by an enlarged and weakened heart, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is characterized by thickening of the heart muscle, and iatrogenic cardiomyopathy refers to heart muscle damage caused by medical treatments or procedures. None of these conditions specifically explain the inability of the heart to expand adequately, making restrictive cardiomyopathy the correct answer.

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28.

Most important disease affecting the blood vessels.
- A.
  
  MI
- B.
  
  Atheroma
- C.
  
  Atherosclerosis
- D.
  
  LHF
Correct Answer
C. Atherosclerosis

Explanation
Atherosclerosis is the most important disease affecting the blood vessels. It is a condition where plaque builds up inside the arteries, causing them to narrow and harden. This can lead to various cardiovascular complications, including heart attacks and strokes. Atherosclerosis is considered the most significant disease affecting the blood vessels due to its widespread prevalence and its potential to cause severe health problems.

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29.

Clinic: most common in woman and asymptomatic. Auscultation - murmur
- A.
  
  Cardiomyopathy
- B.
  
  Mitral valve prolapse
- C.
  
  Tumors
- D.
  
  MI
Correct Answer
B. Mitral valve prolapse

Explanation
Mitral valve prolapse is the most likely explanation based on the given information. It is a condition that is more commonly found in women and is often asymptomatic. Auscultation of the heart may reveal a murmur, which is consistent with mitral valve prolapse. The other options, such as cardiomyopathy, tumors, and MI, do not specifically match the given information and are less likely to be the correct answer.

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30.

Etiology: primary = unknown , secondary= chemicals (alcohol), infections, autoimmune, neuromuscular disease (Dystrophies), pregnancy, neoplasia.
- A.
  
  Mitral valve prolapse
- B.
  
  Cardiomyopathy
- C.
  
  Tumors
- D.
  
  Neoplasia
Correct Answer
B. Cardiomyopathy

Explanation
Cardiomyopathy is a condition characterized by the weakening of the heart muscle, affecting its ability to pump blood effectively. The given etiology mentions various factors that can contribute to the development of cardiomyopathy, such as chemicals (alcohol), infections, autoimmune diseases, neuromuscular diseases (Dystrophies), pregnancy, and neoplasia. Therefore, considering the etiology provided, cardiomyopathy can be caused by these factors, making it the correct answer.

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31.

Somatotropic adenoma secrets which one of the these chemicals;
- A.
  
  Insulin
- B.
  
  Prolactin
- C.
  
  Acth
- D.
  
  Growth hormone
Correct Answer
D. Growth hormone

Explanation
A somatotropic adenoma is a type of pituitary tumor that secretes growth hormone. Growth hormone plays a crucial role in stimulating the growth and development of various tissues and organs in the body. When there is an excessive secretion of growth hormone due to a somatotropic adenoma, it can lead to a condition called acromegaly in adults or gigantism in children. These conditions are characterized by abnormal growth of the bones, tissues, and organs. Therefore, the correct answer is growth hormone.

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32.

Presence of hypothyroidism, hypogonadism and hypothyroidism is associated with
- A.
  
  Absent ovaries
- B.
  
  Gastrinoma
- C.
  
  Large pituitary adenoma
- D.
  
  Lung cancer
- E.
  
  Carcinoid in appendix vermiformis
Correct Answer
C. Large pituitary adenoma

Explanation
The presence of hypothyroidism, hypogonadism, and hypothyroidism is associated with a large pituitary adenoma. This is because a large pituitary adenoma can disrupt the normal functioning of the pituitary gland, leading to hormonal imbalances such as hypothyroidism and hypogonadism. The pituitary gland plays a crucial role in regulating various hormones in the body, including thyroid hormones and sex hormones. Therefore, the presence of these hormonal imbalances suggests the presence of a large pituitary adenoma.

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33.

Autoantibodies against tsh receptors are found in which one of these conditions?
- A.
  
  Grave's disease
- B.
  
  Atheroma
- C.
  
  Suppurative thyroiditis
- D.
  
  Cardiomyopathy
Correct Answer
A. Grave's disease

Explanation
In Grave's disease, autoantibodies against TSH receptors are found. This is an autoimmune disorder where the immune system mistakenly targets the thyroid gland, causing it to produce excessive amounts of thyroid hormone. These autoantibodies bind to the TSH receptors on the thyroid gland, stimulating it to produce more thyroid hormone. This leads to symptoms such as hyperthyroidism, goiter, and eye problems. Atheroma, suppurative thyroiditis, and cardiomyopathy are not associated with the presence of autoantibodies against TSH receptors.

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34.

Most commomn type of thyroid neoplasm which carries also best prognosis is:
- A.
  
  Anaplastyc
- B.
  
  Atrophic
- C.
  
  Follicular
- D.
  
  Papillary
Correct Answer
D. Papillary

Explanation
Papillary thyroid neoplasm is the most common type of thyroid neoplasm and it also has the best prognosis. This means that it is the most frequently occurring type of thyroid tumor and it is associated with a higher likelihood of successful treatment and a better overall outcome for the patient compared to other types of thyroid neoplasms such as anaplastic, atrophic, or follicular.

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35.

Hyperactive osteoclast activity with osteoporosis development are found in which one of these conditions?
- A.
  
  Somatoform adenoma
- B.
  
  Hyperparathyroidism
- C.
  
  Thyroid adenoma
- D.
  
  Diabetes insipidus
Correct Answer
B. Hyperparathyroidism

Explanation
Hyperparathyroidism is a condition characterized by overactivity of the parathyroid glands, which are responsible for regulating calcium levels in the body. In hyperparathyroidism, there is an excessive production of parathyroid hormone (PTH), leading to increased osteoclast activity. Osteoclasts are cells responsible for breaking down bone tissue, and their hyperactivity can result in the development of osteoporosis, a condition characterized by weak and brittle bones. Therefore, hyperactive osteoclast activity with osteoporosis development is commonly found in individuals with hyperparathyroidism.

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36.

Which one of these symptoms is not found in hyperthyroidism?
- A.
  
  Tachycardia
- B.
  
  Constipation
- C.
  
  Weight loss
- D.
  
  Exophthalmos
Correct Answer
B. Constipation

Explanation
Hyperthyroidism is a condition where the thyroid gland produces an excessive amount of thyroid hormones. This leads to an increased metabolic rate, resulting in symptoms such as tachycardia (rapid heartbeat), weight loss, and exophthalmos (bulging eyes). However, constipation is not typically associated with hyperthyroidism. In fact, individuals with hyperthyroidism often experience diarrhea or frequent bowel movements due to the increased metabolic activity.

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37.

Conn's syndrome is associated with:
- A.
  
  Hyperaldosteronism
- B.
  
  Hypergonadism
- C.
  
  Hyperglycemia
- D.
  
  Hyperinsulin
Correct Answer
A. Hyperaldosteronism

Explanation
Conn's syndrome is a condition associated with hyperaldosteronism. Hyperaldosteronism refers to the overproduction of aldosterone hormone by the adrenal glands, leading to an imbalance of electrolytes, particularly sodium and potassium, in the body. This can result in high blood pressure, low potassium levels, and increased fluid retention. Conn's syndrome is typically caused by a benign tumor in the adrenal glands, which leads to excessive aldosterone production. Treatment usually involves medication to control blood pressure and surgery to remove the tumor.

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38.

The most common etiologic factor for acute pancreatitis is:
- A.
  
  Alcohol
- B.
  
  Smoking
- C.
  
  Nitrated in food
- D.
  
  Sun exposure
Correct Answer
A. Alcohol

Explanation
Alcohol is the most common etiologic factor for acute pancreatitis. Excessive alcohol consumption can lead to inflammation of the pancreas, causing the condition. Alcohol stimulates the production of digestive enzymes, which can accumulate and cause damage to the pancreatic tissue. It can also lead to the formation of gallstones, which can block the pancreatic duct and trigger pancreatitis. Smoking, nitrated food, and sun exposure are not commonly associated with acute pancreatitis.

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39.

Patients presents with pain that radiates to back, nausea, vomiting, jaundice and fever, ascites, sterile peritonitis an schok. Which one of these conditions is most likely cause of these symptoms?
- A.
  
  Sickle cell anemia
- B.
  
  Acute pancreatitis
- C.
  
  Aplastic anemia
- D.
  
  Acute cholecystitis
Correct Answer
B. Acute pancreatitis

Explanation
The symptoms described in the question, such as pain radiating to the back, nausea, vomiting, jaundice, fever, ascites, sterile peritonitis, and shock, are all commonly associated with acute pancreatitis. Acute pancreatitis is an inflammatory condition of the pancreas that can cause severe abdominal pain, digestive problems, and other systemic symptoms. The other conditions listed, such as sickle cell anemia, aplastic anemia, and acute cholecystitis, do not typically present with the same combination of symptoms as described in the question.

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40.

Zollinger -Ellison syndrome with multiple peptic ulcers in esophagus, stomach and small intestine unresponsive to medical therapy, is due to
- A.
  
  Polycythemia
- B.
  
  Acute pancreatitis
- C.
  
  Gastrinoma
- D.
  
  Insulinoma
Correct Answer
C. Gastrinoma

Explanation
Zollinger-Ellison syndrome is a rare condition characterized by the presence of gastrinomas, which are tumors that secrete excessive amounts of gastrin hormone. Gastrin stimulates the production of gastric acid, leading to the development of multiple peptic ulcers in the esophagus, stomach, and small intestine. These ulcers are often resistant to medical therapy. Therefore, the correct answer is gastrinoma, as it is the underlying cause of Zollinger-Ellison syndrome.

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41.

Disease which is associated with genetically predisposed resistance to insulin is:
- A.
  
  IDDM
- B.
  
  NIDDM
- C.
  
  Diabetes insipidus
- D.
  
  Insulinoma
Correct Answer
B. NIDDM

Explanation
NIDDM (Non-Insulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus), also known as type 2 diabetes, is a disease associated with genetically predisposed resistance to insulin. In this condition, the body's cells become resistant to the effects of insulin, leading to elevated blood sugar levels. Unlike IDDM (Insulin-Dependent Diabetes Mellitus), which is caused by an autoimmune reaction destroying the insulin-producing cells in the pancreas, NIDDM is primarily influenced by genetic factors and lifestyle choices. This explanation suggests that NIDDM is the correct answer as it matches the description provided.

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42.

Clinic: polyuria, polydipsia, poliphagia. hyperglycemia
- A.
  
  IDDM, NIDDM
- B.
  
  Diabetes insipidus
- C.
  
  Insulinoma
- D.
  
  Hyperthyroidism
Correct Answer
A. IDDM, NIDDM

Explanation
The symptoms mentioned in the clinic, such as polyuria (excessive urination), polydipsia (excessive thirst), and polyphagia (excessive hunger), along with hyperglycemia (high blood sugar levels), are indicative of diabetes mellitus. IDDM (Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus) and NIDDM (Non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus) are both types of diabetes mellitus. Therefore, IDDM and NIDDM are the correct answers as they align with the symptoms described in the clinic.

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43.

All congenital heart defects developed before the tenth week of pregnancy?
- A.
  
  True
- B.
  
  False
Correct Answer
A. True

Explanation
Congenital heart defects are abnormalities in the structure of the heart that are present at birth. These defects typically develop during the first 8 weeks of pregnancy, when the baby's heart is forming. Therefore, it is true that all congenital heart defects develop before the tenth week of pregnancy.

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44.

The fist cause of hypertension is:
- A.
  
  Essential
- B.
  
  Drugs
- C.
  
  Kidney
- D.
  
  Endocrine
Correct Answer
A. Essential

Explanation
Essential hypertension refers to high blood pressure with no identifiable cause. It is the most common type of hypertension, accounting for about 90-95% of cases. Unlike secondary hypertension, which can be attributed to specific underlying conditions such as kidney disease or hormonal disorders, essential hypertension develops gradually over time and is influenced by various factors including genetics, lifestyle, and diet. Therefore, the correct answer is "essential" as it accurately represents the primary cause of hypertension in the majority of cases.

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45.

Cardiomegaly, is a consequence of:
- A.
  
  Septal hypertrophy,
- B.
  
  Hypertensive stroke
- C.
  
  Vascular pathology
- D.
  
  Accelerated atherosclerosis
Correct Answer
A. Septal hypertropHy,

Explanation
Cardiomegaly refers to an enlarged heart, and septal hypertrophy is a condition characterized by thickening of the septum, the wall that separates the chambers of the heart. This thickening can lead to an increase in the size of the heart, resulting in cardiomegaly. The other options, hypertensive stroke, vascular pathology, and accelerated atherosclerosis, may be associated with cardiovascular issues, but they are not directly linked to the enlargement of the heart.

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46.

Leukemia and amyloidosis are examples of:
- A.
  
  Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
- B.
  
  Restrictive cardiomyopathy
- C.
  
  Dilated cardiomyopathy
- D.
  
  Tumors
Correct Answer
B. Restrictive cardiomyopathy

Explanation
Leukemia and amyloidosis are not examples of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy or dilated cardiomyopathy, which are conditions characterized by abnormal thickening or enlargement of the heart muscle. Instead, they are both examples of restrictive cardiomyopathy, a condition where the heart muscle becomes stiff and rigid, impairing its ability to relax and fill with blood properly. Leukemia is a type of cancer that affects the blood and bone marrow, while amyloidosis is a disease where abnormal proteins build up in organs and tissues, including the heart. Both conditions can lead to restrictive cardiomyopathy and affect the heart's function.

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47.

Which one of these terms indicated fluid high in protein and low in cells?
- A.
  
  Serous
- B.
  
  Catarrhal
- C.
  
  Suppurative
- D.
  
  Membranous
Correct Answer
A. Serous

Explanation
Serous fluid is a term used to describe a fluid that is high in protein and low in cells. It is a clear, watery fluid that is typically found in body cavities such as the pleural, pericardial, and peritoneal cavities. This type of fluid is often associated with conditions such as inflammation or infection, where there is an increase in protein content but a decrease in the number of cells present. Therefore, the term "serous" accurately describes a fluid that is high in protein and low in cells.

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48.

Which one of these is chemoatractan?
- A.
  
  Prostoglandin
- B.
  
  Histamine
- C.
  
  Bradykidin
- D.
  
  C5a
Correct Answer
D. C5a

Explanation
C5a is a chemoattractant. It is a small protein fragment released during inflammation and immune responses. It attracts and activates immune cells, such as neutrophils and macrophages, to the site of infection or injury. This recruitment of immune cells helps in the elimination of pathogens and promotes tissue repair. Prostaglandin, histamine, and bradykinin are also involved in inflammation, but they do not have the specific chemoattractant properties of C5a.

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49.

61 y/o woman with enlarge breast mass, 3 cm mass in the right upper quadrant. Biopsy reveals complete loss of cell differentiation and lack of tissue organization. what they found?
- A.
  
  Metaplasia
- B.
  
  Anaplasia
- C.
  
  HYPERPLESIA
- D.
  
  DYSPLACIA
Correct Answer
B. Anaplasia

Explanation
The correct answer is anaplasia. Anaplasia refers to the loss of normal cell differentiation and tissue organization. In this case, the biopsy revealed complete loss of cell differentiation and lack of tissue organization in the breast mass. This suggests that the cells in the mass have become undifferentiated and are growing in a disorganized manner, which is characteristic of anaplasia.

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50.

WHICH ONE OF THESE IS CAUSE OF TYPE II HYPERSENSITIVE REACTION?
- A.
  
  ANTIBODY PRODUCTION AGAINS SELF ANTIGEN
- B.
  
  COMPLEMENT DEPOSITION
- C.
  
  CELL MEDIATED
- D.
  
  CHEMICAL MEDIATED
Correct Answer
A. ANTIBODY PRODUCTION AGAINS SELF ANTIGEN

Explanation
In a type II hypersensitive reaction, the cause is antibody production against self-antigens. This means that the body's immune system mistakenly produces antibodies that target its own cells or tissues. These antibodies bind to the self-antigens, leading to the activation of the complement system and subsequent destruction of the affected cells. This immune response against self-antigens is characteristic of autoimmune diseases, where the immune system mistakenly attacks the body's own tissues.

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Nov 08, 2011

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Pathology 1. Quiz Charpter 7, 8, 9, 10

What is the etiology of heart failure?

What are cardiac dysfunction?

Pulmonary edema is consequence of

Systemic venous congestion is consequence of

Coronary arthery disease CAD etiology

Etiology: Ischemic heart disease, hypertension, mitral valve disease myocardial disease.

Clinic: dyspnea, orthopnea, nocturnal dyspnea, cerebral hypoxia, stupor, coma, cyanosis

Clinic: chest pain that last longer than 15 min.

Ischemic necrosis of the heart muscle presenting clinically as chest pain, heart failure or sudden death.

The basic lesion of atherosclerosis, characterized by excessive accumulation of lipids in the wall of the aorta and major arteries.

Most common cause of death in person with MI

Clinic: chest pain that can radiate to the arm that lasts more than 15 sec and less than 15 min

Causes of hypertension are:

Clinic: headache, blurred vision, 140/90, most will be asymptomatic.

Cause of endocrine hypertension

What is the treatment for essential hypertension?

Stroke (bleeding), cardiac hyperthrophy, renal disease, accelerated atherosclerosis, hypertensive retinopathy. Are complications of:

Etiology: reumatic fever which is a systemic, immunologically mediated disease related to streptococcal infections.

Affects heart, but also others organs and tissues suach as the joints, the skin and occasionally the brain.

Most serious infection (bacterial infection). Clinic: valve damage (CHF), high fever, chills, weakness, fatigue, anorexia, chest pain, heart murmurs.

Viral infection. CHest discomfort, weakness, mild fever, tachycardia, peipheral cyanosis, asymptomatic.

Caused by bacteria, virus and rarely fungi. could be infectious or noninfectious. Exudation of Fluid in the pericardial sac. Clinic: Asymptomatic, severe chest pain.

Group of diseases affecting the myocardium.

Forms of cardiomyopathy

The ventricles are markedly dilated and the heart appears to have a myocardium that is either flabby or thinned and that has been partially replaced by fibrous tissue.

Is marked by extensive thickening of the left ventricular myocardium. it is autosomal dominant trait.

The heart cannot expand adequately to receive the inflowing blood.

Most important disease affecting the blood vessels.

Clinic: most common in woman and asymptomatic. Auscultation - murmur

Etiology: primary = unknown , secondary= chemicals (alcohol), infections, autoimmune, neuromuscular disease (Dystrophies), pregnancy, neoplasia.

Somatotropic adenoma secrets which one of the these chemicals;

Presence of hypothyroidism, hypogonadism and hypothyroidism is associated with

Autoantibodies against tsh receptors are found in which one of these conditions?

Most commomn type of thyroid neoplasm which carries also best prognosis is:

Hyperactive osteoclast activity with osteoporosis development are found in which one of these conditions?

Which one of these symptoms is not found in hyperthyroidism?

Conn's syndrome is associated with:

The most common etiologic factor for acute pancreatitis is:

Patients presents with pain that radiates to back, nausea, vomiting, jaundice and fever, ascites, sterile peritonitis an schok. Which one of these conditions is most likely cause of these symptoms?

Zollinger -Ellison syndrome with multiple peptic ulcers in esophagus, stomach and small intestine unresponsive to medical therapy, is due to

Disease which is associated with genetically predisposed resistance to insulin is:

Clinic: polyuria, polydipsia, poliphagia. hyperglycemia

All congenital heart defects developed before the tenth week of pregnancy?

The fist cause of hypertension is:

Cardiomegaly, is a consequence of:

Leukemia and amyloidosis are examples of:

Which one of these terms indicated fluid high in protein and low in cells?

Which one of these is chemoatractan?

61 y/o woman with enlarge breast mass, 3 cm mass in the right upper quadrant. Biopsy reveals complete loss of cell differentiation and lack of tissue organization. what they found?

WHICH ONE OF THESE IS CAUSE OF TYPE II HYPERSENSITIVE REACTION?