Pathogenic Parasites Quiz Questions And Answers

The common name of Paragonimus westermani is the Oriental lung fluke.

Philophthalmus lacrimosus is a common species of eye flukes. Eye flukes are parasitic flatworms that infect the eyes of various animals, including humans. They have a complex life cycle that involves multiple hosts, including snails and birds. Eye flukes can cause inflammation, irritation, and damage to the eyes, leading to vision problems and other complications. Philophthalmus lacrimosus specifically infects the eyes of birds, but it can also occasionally infect humans.

S. haematobium is the correct answer because it is the specific species of Schistosoma that causes urinary bilharziasis. S. japonicum and S. mansoni are other species of Schistosoma that cause different types of schistosomiasis, not specifically urinary bilharziasis. NOTA stands for "None of the above" and is not a valid answer in this case.

S. haematobium is the correct answer because it is a trematode that infects the urinary system, specifically the urinary bladder and ureters. The eggs of S. haematobium are excreted in the urine of infected individuals. This is a characteristic feature of S. haematobium infection and distinguishes it from the other options listed.

P. westermani is a trematode parasite that causes a disease called paragonimiasis. The symptoms mentioned in the question, such as dry cough, bloodstained sputum, and pulmonary pain, are characteristic of paragonimiasis. This parasite primarily affects the lungs and can cause pleurisy and hemoptysis (coughing up blood). Therefore, P. westermani is the most likely cause of the mentioned pathology.

The second intermediate host of Paragonimus westermani is crustaceans. This means that Paragonimus westermani requires crustaceans in order to complete its life cycle. Crustaceans are a group of arthropods that include animals such as crabs, lobsters, and shrimp. These crustaceans act as a host for the parasite, allowing it to develop and reproduce. This is an important step in the life cycle of Paragonimus westermani, as it allows the parasite to move from one host to another and continue its life cycle.

Pulmonary distomiasis is caused by P. westermani, which is a type of parasitic worm known as a lung fluke. This parasite infects the lungs and can cause symptoms such as coughing, chest pain, and difficulty breathing. P. westermani is commonly found in East Asia, particularly in areas where raw or undercooked freshwater crustaceans are consumed. Ingesting these infected crustaceans can lead to the development of pulmonary distomiasis. Other options listed, such as H. heterophyes, S. haematobium, and C. sinensis, are not known to cause pulmonary distomiasis.

The correct answer is S. japonicum. This is because acute schistosomiasis is caused by infection with Schistosoma japonicum, which is one of the three main species of schistosomes that cause the disease. The other two species are S. mansoni and S. haematobium. The presence of NOTA indicates that none of the above options are correct, so the correct answer is S. japonicum.

Colonic polyposis in people with hepatosplenic schistosomiasis

The preferred technique in diagnosing schistosomes is the demonstration of characteristic eggs in stool. This method involves examining a stool sample under a microscope to identify the presence of schistosome eggs, which are a definitive sign of infection. Serologic tests can also be used to detect antibodies against schistosomes, but they may not always be reliable. Liver biopsies and barium swallow are not commonly used for diagnosing schistosomes.

Snails are the correct answer because they serve as the first intermediate host for trematodes. Trematodes are parasitic flatworms that have complex life cycles involving multiple hosts. Snails play a crucial role in the life cycle of trematodes by serving as the primary host where the parasite undergoes asexual reproduction and development. The trematode larvae then leave the snail and infect the next host in the life cycle. Therefore, snails are an essential part of the transmission and survival of trematodes.

Pirenella and Cerithedea are the first intermediate hosts of H. heterophyes. This means that the life cycle of H. heterophyes involves these two hosts in its development and transmission. The first intermediate host is where the parasite undergoes certain developmental stages before moving on to the next host in its life cycle. In the case of H. heterophyes, Pirenella and Cerithedea serve as the initial hosts, playing a crucial role in the parasite's life cycle and transmission.

Metagonimus yokogawai differs from Heterophyes heterophyes based on the color and thickness of their eggs. The correct answer states that M. yokogawai eggs are light yellow and thin-shelled, while H. heterophyes eggs are light brown and thick-shelled. This indicates a clear distinction between the two species in terms of their egg characteristics.

Fasciola gigantica is a parasite that primarily affects the liver. It causes hepatomegaly, which is an enlargement of the liver, and obstruction of biliary ducts, leading to symptoms such as jaundice. Stomach upset, however, is not a specific pathology or clinical manifestation associated with Fasciola gigantica infection. While gastrointestinal symptoms like nausea and vomiting can occur, stomach upset is a general term that does not specifically relate to the effects of this parasite. Therefore, stomach upset is not a pathology/clinical manifestation of Fasciola gigantica.

P. westermani is the correct answer because its adult morphology resembles a spoon with one end contracted or preserved an oval, flattened coffee bean.

Watsonius watsoni is the correct answer because it is described as a parasite of monkeys and baboons. It is a fluke that has a large, powerful ventral sucker which causes trauma to the intestinal mucosa of primates, leading to severe diarrhea and toxic inanition in humans. The other options, Alaria spp., Euparyphium ilocanum, and Opistorchis felineus, do not match the given description.

The infective stage of schistosomes is the fork-tailed cercaria. Schistosomes are parasitic flatworms that cause schistosomiasis in humans. The fork-tailed cercaria is the final larval stage of the schistosome life cycle, and it is released from freshwater snails into the water. It has a forked tail that helps it swim and penetrate the skin of humans who come into contact with contaminated water. Once inside the human body, the fork-tailed cercaria transforms into an adult worm and starts reproducing, leading to the development of schistosomiasis.

After entering the body, the parasite undergoes morphologic and biochemical alterations of its membrane and covers itself with host antigens to evade immune attack. The correct answer, schistomula, refers to the stage of the parasite's life cycle where it has transformed from a cercaria (a free-swimming larval form) into a schistosomula (a stage where it has developed a protective covering and is ready to establish itself in the host's tissues).

Hepatosplenic schistosomiasis is a parasitic infection caused by Schistosoma mansoni, Schistosoma japonicum, or Schistosoma mekongi. This infection leads to chronic inflammation and fibrosis of the liver and spleen. As a result, the liver becomes enlarged initially but later shrinks in size due to fibrosis. However, the left lobe under the xiphoid process remains prominent due to the presence of portal hypertension, which is a common complication of hepatosplenic schistosomiasis.

Oncomelania is the correct answer because it is the intermediate host of the oriental blood fluke. The oriental blood fluke is a parasitic flatworm that requires an intermediate host to complete its life cycle. Oncomelania is a type of freshwater snail that serves as the intermediate host for the oriental blood fluke. The fluke's eggs are released into the water through the snail's feces, and once they hatch, they infect other organisms such as fish or humans. Therefore, Oncomelania plays a crucial role in the transmission of the oriental blood fluke.

S. intercalatum may have originally arisen as a hybrid with animal schistosomes.

Albendazole and Mebendazole are both anthelmintic drugs commonly used to treat infections caused by nematodes, not trematodes. Trematode infections, also known as fluke infections, are typically treated with Praziquantel or Niclosamide. Therefore, Albendazole + Mebendazole is not a possible treatment for trematode infections.

Opistorchis viverrini is the correct answer because it does not have aquatic plants as its second intermediate host. Opistorchis viverrini is a liver fluke that primarily infects humans and other mammals through the consumption of raw or undercooked fish. Its life cycle involves snails as the first intermediate host and fish as the second intermediate host, but it does not rely on aquatic plants for its life cycle. In contrast, both Fasciola gigantica and Fasciola hepatica, which are also liver flukes, require aquatic plants as their second intermediate host.

Trapa, Eichhornia, Eliocharis, and Zizania are all second intermediate hosts of Fasciolopsis buski.

The correct answer is "Eggs of M. yokogawai have less distinct opercular groove." This means that when comparing the eggs of M. yokogawai and C. sinensis, the opercular groove on the eggs of M. yokogawai is not as clear or prominent as the opercular groove on the eggs of C. sinensis. This difference can be used to distinguish between the two species.

The correct answer is G. hominis. The given description matches the characteristics of the egg of G. hominis, which is greenish-brown, ovoid in shape, and has a narrow anterior portion and a small operculum. The other options do not match these specific characteristics.

Opistorchis felineus is the correct answer because it is the only option that resembles C. sinensis in terms of size. The adult form of Opistorchis felineus measures 7-12mm by 1.5-3.0mm, which matches the given measurements. The other options, Watsonius watsoni, Alaria spp., and Euparyphium ilocanum, do not have the same size characteristics as C. sinensis, making them incorrect choices.

Symmer's fibrosis resulting in congestive splenomegaly and esophageal varices

In diagnosing schistosomes, the stage of trematodes that is observed is the egg stage. This is because the eggs of schistosomes can be found in the urine or feces of infected individuals, and their presence is used as an indicator of infection. The eggs are usually oval-shaped and have a characteristic appearance under a microscope, allowing for accurate diagnosis of schistosomiasis.

S. japonicum has always been the least responsive to treatment as compared to S. mansoni and S. haematobium.

Schistosomes are parasitic worms that infect humans and can cause schistosomiasis, a disease that affects the urinary and intestinal systems. To diagnose schistosomes, various methods can be used such as stool examination, urine examination, and serological tests. However, a barium swallow, X-rays, and liver ultrasound are not typically used in diagnosing schistosomes as they are not effective in detecting or confirming the presence of the parasite. NOTA (None of the above) is the correct answer as it is the only option that is not relevant to the diagnosis of schistosomes.

The correct answer is P. mexicanus because it is stated that the species mentioned in the list are endemic in South America and Mexico. Since P. mexicanus is included in the list, it fits the given description and is therefore the correct answer.

C. sinensis is a parasitic flatworm commonly known as the Chinese liver fluke. It infects humans through the consumption of raw or undercooked freshwater fish. The infection can lead to a condition called clonorchiasis, which is characterized by chronic inflammation of the bile ducts in the liver. Over time, this chronic inflammation can increase the risk of developing adenocarcinoma, a type of cancer that originates in glandular cells. Therefore, C. sinensis is the correct answer as it is known to cause adenocarcinoma.

Phaneropsolus is a possible correct answer because it is a genus of intestinal parasites that can infect reptiles, birds, and mammals. The question is asking for examples of intestinal parasites in these three groups, and Phaneropsolus fits this criteria. It is important to note that without additional context or information, it is difficult to determine the exact reason why Phaneropsolus is the correct answer.

Dicrocoelium dendriticum is a trematode that has ants (Formica fusca) as its second intermediate host. Trematodes are parasitic flatworms that have complex life cycles involving multiple hosts. In the case of Dicrocoelium dendriticum, the adult worms reside in the bile ducts of herbivores such as sheep and cattle. The eggs are then passed in the feces of the host and are ingested by snails, which serve as the first intermediate host. Inside the snail, the eggs develop into cercariae, which are then released into the environment. These cercariae are ingested by ants while feeding on vegetation, and they migrate to the ant's brain, altering its behavior. The infected ant is then consumed by a herbivore, completing the life cycle of Dicrocoelium dendriticum.

Metagonimus yokogawai is the correct answer because it is a trematode that matches the given description. It is an adult form that measures 1.4 by 0.6 mm and has a pyriform shape with a rounded posterior and tapering anterior end. Heterophyes heterophyes, Paragonimus westermani, and Clonorchis sinensis are other types of trematodes, but they do not match the given description.

Echinostomate flukes do not have a sporocystic stage. This means that they do not go through the typical life cycle stage where sporocysts develop within the intermediate host. Instead, they directly infect the definitive host, which is usually a vertebrate. This is different from many other flukes that have a sporocystic stage as part of their life cycle.

Nanophyetus (Troglotrema) salmincola causes salmon poisoning in dogs. This parasite is commonly found in raw or undercooked fish, particularly salmon, and can infect dogs when they consume infected fish. The parasite releases a toxin that affects the dog's gastrointestinal tract, leading to symptoms such as diarrhea, vomiting, and dehydration. If left untreated, salmon poisoning can be fatal. Therefore, it is important to ensure that dogs are not fed raw or undercooked fish to prevent infection.

Haplorchis taichui is the correct answer because it is an intestinal fluke that is known to inhabit the wall of the small bowel. It has been reported in Mindanao in the Philippines and Thailand. The other options, Phaneropsolus, Gymnophalloides, and Acanthoparyphium, are not specifically associated with living in the small bowel, making them incorrect choices.

The given answer, Acanthoparyphium, is the correct one because it is the only option that fits the description provided in the question. The question states that the parasite was originally described as an echinomastid intestinal parasite of ducks in Korea, and Acanthoparyphium is the only option that matches this description. The other options, Phaneropsolus, Haplorchis taichui, and Gymnophalloides, do not fit the given information.

Gymnophalloides is the correct answer because it was first discovered in the stool of patients who had epigastric pain and diarrhea in a small island village off the southwest coast of Korea. This parasite infects marine bivalves and raw oysters.

S. haematobium is the correct answer because it is known to have the longest maturation period compared to the other species mentioned (S. japonicum and S. mansoni). This means that it takes a longer time for S. haematobium to reach maturity and reproduce compared to the other species.

The correct answer is S. japonicum. Oriental schistosomiasis is caused by Schistosoma japonicum, which is a parasitic worm. It is one of the three main species of Schistosoma that cause schistosomiasis in humans, the other two being S. mansoni and S. haematobium. S. japonicum is primarily found in East Asia, particularly in China, the Philippines, and Indonesia. It is transmitted through contact with contaminated freshwater where the intermediate host snail is present. The infection can cause various symptoms, including fever, abdominal pain, diarrhea, and liver and spleen enlargement.

The correct answer is S. japonicum and S. mansoni. Chronic typhoid fever is a condition caused by the bacteria Salmonella typhi. However, the given options do not mention any bacteria related to typhoid fever. Instead, they mention different species of Schistosoma, which are parasitic worms that cause schistosomiasis. Therefore, the given question is incomplete and does not provide enough information to determine a correct answer.

The correct answer is S. haematobium. Vesical schistosomiasis is a disease caused by the parasitic infection of Schistosoma haematobium. This particular species of Schistosoma is known to primarily affect the urinary system, specifically the bladder and ureters. It is transmitted through contact with contaminated freshwater, where the parasite's larvae (cercariae) are released by infected snails. Once inside the body, the larvae develop into adult worms that lay eggs in the blood vessels surrounding the bladder. The eggs are then passed out through urine, leading to various urinary symptoms and potentially causing long-term complications such as bladder cancer.

The correct answer is S. mansoni. This is because S. mansoni is one of the three main species of Schistosoma that cause intestinal bilharziasis, also known as schistosomiasis. The other two species are S. japonicum and S. haematobium. Therefore, S. mansoni is the most appropriate answer in this context.

Bulimus, Physopsis, and Biomphalaria are all intermediate hosts of Schistosoma haematobium. Schistosoma haematobium is a trematode parasite that causes schistosomiasis, a disease commonly found in Africa and the Middle East. These intermediate hosts play a crucial role in the life cycle of the parasite by allowing it to develop and reproduce before infecting humans.

The correct answer is "All of the above." This means that all three options - Gastrodiscoides hominis, Echinochasmus perfoliatus, and Fasciola hepatica - resemble the egg of Fasciolopsis buski.