Practice Quiz For A&p II (Ans, Senses, And Endocrine)

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  • 1/116 Questions

    How would a molecule that mimics cAMP affect an olfactory receptor?

    • It would increase sodium permeability.
    • It would open chemically gated sodium channels.
    • It would depolarize the olfactory receptor.
    • It could trigger an action potential.
    • All of the above
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Physiology Quizzes & Trivia
About This Quiz

This Practice Quiz for A&P II focuses on the Autonomic Nervous System, Senses, and Endocrine functions. It tests understanding of sympathetic and parasympathetic systems, dual innervation, and control of autonomic function, essential for students in medical fields.

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  • 2. 

    Injury to the cervical sympathetic chain ganglia would affect the function of the

    • Heart.

    • Pupils.

    • Salivary glands.

    • Lungs.

    • All of the above

    Correct Answer
    A. All of the above
    Explanation
    Injury to the cervical sympathetic chain ganglia would affect the function of the heart, pupils, salivary glands, and lungs. The cervical sympathetic chain ganglia are responsible for controlling various functions in the body, including the dilation of blood vessels, regulation of heart rate, constriction of pupils, secretion of saliva, and dilation of the bronchi in the lungs. Therefore, damage to these ganglia would result in impaired function in all of these organs.

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  • 3. 

    Hormones can be divided into different groups based on their chemistry. These categories include

    • Peptides

    • Lipid derivatives

    • Amino acid derivatives.

    • All of the above

    Correct Answer
    A. All of the above
    Explanation
    The correct answer is "all of the above" because hormones can indeed be divided into different groups based on their chemistry. Peptides are one group of hormones that are made up of amino acids. Lipid derivatives are another group, which are derived from lipids or fatty acids. Amino acid derivatives are also a category of hormones, as they are derived from amino acids. Therefore, all three categories mentioned in the answer (peptides, lipid derivatives, and amino acid derivatives) are valid groups in which hormones can be classified.

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  • 4. 

    The quantity of neurotransmitter that is released by a hair cell

    • Responds to almost any mechanical stimulation of the hair cell.

    • Is sensitive to which way stereocilia are bent with respect to the kinocilium.

    • Determines if a sensory neuron will be excited.

    • All of the above

    Correct Answer
    A. All of the above
    Explanation
    The correct answer is "all of the above." This means that the quantity of neurotransmitter released by a hair cell can respond to almost any mechanical stimulation of the hair cell, it is sensitive to the way stereocilia are bent with respect to the kinocilium, and it determines if a sensory neuron will be excited. In other words, all of these factors play a role in determining the quantity of neurotransmitter released by a hair cell.

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  • 5. 

    The external ear ends at the

    • Vestibule

    • Cochlea

    • Ossicles

    • Tympanic membrane.

    • Pinna.

    Correct Answer
    A. Tympanic membrane.
    Explanation
    The external ear consists of the pinna, ear canal, and tympanic membrane. The pinna is the visible part of the ear, while the ear canal leads to the tympanic membrane, also known as the eardrum. The tympanic membrane marks the end of the external ear and separates it from the middle ear. It vibrates in response to sound waves and transmits them to the middle ear, where the ossicles (tiny bones) amplify the sound further before it reaches the cochlea in the inner ear. Therefore, the correct answer is the tympanic membrane.

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  • 6. 

    Gustatory receptors are located

    • In the eye.

    • In the ear.

    • On the surface of the tongue.

    • In the nose.

    • On the skin.

    Correct Answer
    A. On the surface of the tongue.
    Explanation
    Gustatory receptors are located on the surface of the tongue because they are responsible for detecting taste. These receptors are specialized cells that are sensitive to different taste sensations such as sweet, sour, salty, and bitter. They are found in taste buds, which are small structures located on the papillae of the tongue. When food or drink comes into contact with the taste buds, the gustatory receptors send signals to the brain, allowing us to perceive and differentiate various tastes.

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  • 7. 

    The neural tunic

    • Contains ganglion cells.

    • Contains the photoreceptor cells.

    • Contains axons.

    • All of the above

    Correct Answer
    A. All of the above
    Explanation
    The neural tunic, also known as the retina, contains ganglion cells, which transmit visual information to the brain. It also contains photoreceptor cells, such as rods and cones, which are responsible for detecting light and converting it into electrical signals. Additionally, the neural tunic contains axons, which are the long fibers that transmit these electrical signals from the photoreceptor cells to the ganglion cells. Therefore, all of the given options are correct as they accurately describe different components of the neural tunic.

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  • 8. 

    When a rod is stimulated by light,

    • Ganglion cells pick up changes in activity in the bipolar cells.

    • The retinal changes to a more linear shape.

    • Neurotransmitter release changes.

    • Na+ permeability changes.

    • All of the above

    Correct Answer
    A. All of the above
    Explanation
    When a rod is stimulated by light, several changes occur in the retina. Ganglion cells detect the changes in activity in the bipolar cells, indicating the presence of light. Additionally, the shape of the retina changes to a more linear shape. Furthermore, neurotransmitter release in the retina also undergoes changes. Finally, the permeability of sodium ions (Na+) in the retina is altered. Therefore, all of the above options are correct explanations for the changes that occur when a rod is stimulated by light.

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  • 9. 

    The most complex endocrine responses that integrate the nervous and endocrine system involve the

    • Thyroid gland.

    • Pancreas.

    • Adrenal glands.

    • Hypothalamus.

    Correct Answer
    A. Hypothalamus.
    Explanation
    The hypothalamus is responsible for regulating the release of hormones from the pituitary gland, which in turn controls the release of hormones from other endocrine glands, including the thyroid gland, pancreas, and adrenal glands. This makes the hypothalamus a key player in integrating the nervous and endocrine systems and coordinating complex endocrine responses.

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  • 10. 

    The part of the eye that determines eye color is the

    • Conjunctiva

    • Cornea.

    • Iris

    • Pupil.

    Correct Answer
    A. Iris
    Explanation
    The iris is the part of the eye that determines eye color. It is a colored, circular muscle that surrounds the pupil and controls the amount of light that enters the eye. The color of the iris is determined by the amount and type of pigment present in the iris. This pigment gives the iris its characteristic color, such as blue, green, brown, or hazel. Therefore, the iris plays a significant role in determining an individual's eye color.

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  • 11. 

    The hypophyseal portal system

    • Has two capillary plexuses connected by short veins.

    • Carries neurosecretions to the anterior lobe of the pituitary.

    • Carries ADH and oxytocin.

    • All of the above

    Correct Answer
    A. All of the above
    Explanation
    The hypophyseal portal system is a complex network of blood vessels that connects two capillary plexuses in the brain. It is responsible for carrying neurosecretions, including hormones like ADH (antidiuretic hormone) and oxytocin, to the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland. Therefore, the correct answer is "all of the above" as all the statements mentioned are true.

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  • 12. 

    The senses of equilibrium and hearing are provided by receptors of the

    • Membranous endolymph.

    • Organ of Schlemm.

    • Inner ear.

    • Bony labyrinth.

    • Perilymph.

    Correct Answer
    A. Inner ear.
    Explanation
    The inner ear is responsible for providing the senses of equilibrium and hearing. It contains the membranous endolymph and perilymph, which are crucial for transmitting sound waves and maintaining balance. The organ of Schlemm is actually part of the eye and is involved in draining aqueous humor. The bony labyrinth refers to the structure that houses the inner ear, while the membranous endolymph is part of the inner ear. Therefore, the correct answer is the inner ear.

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  • 13. 

    Which of the following descriptions applies/apply to the term myopia?

    • Nearsightedness

    • Corrected with diverging lens

    • Image focused in front of retina

    • All of the above

    Correct Answer
    A. All of the above
    Explanation
    The term myopia refers to nearsightedness, which means that a person can see objects that are close to them clearly, but objects that are far away appear blurry. This condition can be corrected with a diverging lens, which helps to focus the image properly on the retina. Therefore, all of the given descriptions - nearsightedness, corrected with a diverging lens, and image focused in front of the retina - apply to the term myopia.

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  • 14. 

    Norepinephrine and epinephrine are considered to be BLANK when released into the bloodstream, but BLANK when released at synapses.

    • Hormones; neurotransmitters

    • Neuropeptides; neurotransmitters

    • Neurotransmitters; hormones

    • Neurotransmitters; neuropeptides

    • Neuropeptides; neurohormones

    Correct Answer
    A. Hormones; neurotransmitters
    Explanation
    Norepinephrine and epinephrine are considered hormones when released into the bloodstream because they act as chemical messengers that travel throughout the body to target organs and tissues. However, when released at synapses, they are considered neurotransmitters because they transmit signals between nerve cells in the brain and peripheral nervous system.

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  • 15. 

    Endocrine structures

    • Are a type of nerve cell.

    • Release their secretions onto an epithelial surface.

    • Release their secretions directly into body fluids.

    • Contain few vesicles.

    • Are modified connective-tissue cells.

    Correct Answer
    A. Release their secretions directly into body fluids.
    Explanation
    Endocrine structures release their secretions directly into body fluids. This is because endocrine glands are ductless glands that secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream or surrounding body fluids. These hormones then travel through the body and act on target cells or organs, regulating various physiological processes. Unlike exocrine glands, which release their secretions onto epithelial surfaces through ducts, endocrine glands release their secretions directly into the bloodstream or body fluids for systemic distribution.

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  • 16. 

    In which of the following cases would the focal distance be greater?

    • An object 10 inches away from your nose

    • An object 20 feet away

    Correct Answer
    A. An object 10 inches away from your nose
    Explanation
    The focal distance refers to the distance between the lens and the focal point, where the image is formed. In this case, the correct answer is "an object 10 inches away from your nose." This is because the closer the object is to the lens, the greater the focal distance will be. So, when an object is 10 inches away from your nose, it is closer to the lens compared to an object that is 20 feet away, resulting in a greater focal distance.

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  • 17. 

    Dual innervation refers to an organ receiving

    • Two nerves from the spinal cord

    • Both autonomic and somatomotor nerves

    • Both sympathetic and parasympathetic innervation

    • Nerves from both the brain and the spinal cord

    • Two nerves from the spinal cord and both autonomic and somatomotor nerves

    Correct Answer
    A. Both sympathetic and parasympathetic innervation
    Explanation
    Dual innervation refers to an organ receiving both sympathetic and parasympathetic innervation. This means that the organ is innervated by both the sympathetic nervous system, which prepares the body for fight or flight responses, and the parasympathetic nervous system, which promotes rest and digestion. This dual innervation allows for fine control and regulation of the organ's functions, as the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems often have opposing effects on the organ.

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  • 18. 

    The ________ division of the autonomic nervous system is known as the "rest and digest" division

    • Sympathetic

    • Parasympathetic

    • Thoracolumbar

    • Visceral

    • Somatomotor

    Correct Answer
    A. Parasympathetic
    Explanation
    The parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system is known as the "rest and digest" division. It is responsible for conserving energy and promoting relaxation. This division helps in slowing down the heart rate, increasing digestion, and promoting activities that occur during rest and recovery. In contrast, the sympathetic division is responsible for the body's "fight or flight" response, which prepares the body for action and increases heart rate, blood pressure, and alertness.

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  • 19. 

    The beta cells of the pancreatic islets produce

    • Insulin

    • Glucagon.

    • Somatostatin

    • Cortisol

    • Peptide P.

    Correct Answer
    A. Insulin
    Explanation
    The beta cells of the pancreatic islets are responsible for producing insulin. Insulin is a hormone that helps regulate blood sugar levels by allowing cells to take in glucose from the bloodstream. It is essential for the proper functioning of the body's metabolism and is primarily produced in the pancreas.

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  • 20. 

    Mary accidentally ate poison mushrooms that contain muscarine. What symptoms would you expect to observe?

    • Diarrhea

    • Salivation

    • Very low heart rate

    • Sweating

    • All of the above

    Correct Answer
    A. All of the above
    Explanation
    If Mary accidentally ate poison mushrooms containing muscarine, she would likely experience symptoms such as diarrhea, salivation, a very low heart rate, and sweating. Muscarine is a toxin that affects the parasympathetic nervous system, leading to increased activity in certain organs and glands. This can result in excessive salivation, increased intestinal motility causing diarrhea, a slowed heart rate, and sweating due to increased activity of sweat glands. Therefore, all of the above symptoms would be expected in this scenario.

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  • 21. 

    The zona fasciculata of the adrenal cortex produces

    • Androgens

    • Glucocorticoids

    • Mineralocorticoids

    • Epinephrine

    • Norepinephrine

    Correct Answer
    A. Glucocorticoids
    Explanation
    The zona fasciculata of the adrenal cortex produces glucocorticoids. Glucocorticoids are a type of steroid hormone that helps regulate metabolism, immune function, and stress response in the body. They play a crucial role in maintaining blood sugar levels, reducing inflammation, and suppressing the immune system. Some examples of glucocorticoids include cortisol and corticosterone.

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  • 22. 

    Which of the following hormones increases and prolongs effects of the sympathetic nervous system

    • Cortisol

    • Parathyroid hormone

    • Insulin

    • Growth hormone

    • Epinephrine

    Correct Answer
    A. Epinephrine
    Explanation
    Epinephrine is the correct answer because it is a hormone that is released by the adrenal glands in response to stress or fear. It increases and prolongs the effects of the sympathetic nervous system, which is responsible for the body's "fight or flight" response. Epinephrine increases heart rate, blood pressure, and blood sugar levels, preparing the body for immediate action in response to a perceived threat. It also dilates the airways and increases oxygen delivery to the muscles, enhancing physical performance. Overall, epinephrine plays a crucial role in the body's response to stress and helps to mobilize energy resources for survival.

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  • 23. 

    The celiac ganglion innervates the

    • Stomach

    • Liver

    • Pancreas

    • All of the above

    Correct Answer
    A. All of the above
    Explanation
    The celiac ganglion is a cluster of nerves located in the abdomen. It is responsible for innervating various organs in the abdominal area, including the stomach, liver, and pancreas. Therefore, the correct answer is "all of the above" because the celiac ganglion innervates all three organs mentioned.

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  • 24. 

    The statement "It controls the diameter of the pupil." is

    • True only for the parasympathetic nervous system.

    • True only for the sympathetic nervous system.

    • True for both the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems.

    • Not true for either the parasympathetic or sympathetic nervous systems

    Correct Answer
    A. True for both the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems.
    Explanation
    The statement "It controls the diameter of the pupil" is true for both the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems. The parasympathetic nervous system causes the pupil to constrict or become smaller, while the sympathetic nervous system causes the pupil to dilate or become larger. Therefore, both systems play a role in controlling the diameter of the pupil.

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  • 25. 

    Almost 75 percent of all parasympathetic outflow travels along the

    • Splanchnic nerves

    • Facial nerves

    • Vagus nerves

    • Glossopharyngeal nerves

    • Trigeminal nerve

    Correct Answer
    A. Vagus nerves
    Explanation
    The correct answer is vagus nerves. The vagus nerves are responsible for carrying almost 75 percent of all parasympathetic outflow. These nerves are part of the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system and innervate various organs in the body including the heart, lungs, and digestive system. They play a crucial role in regulating the body's rest and digest response, promoting relaxation and digestion.

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  • 26. 

    During sympathetic activation, ________ occurs

    • Elevated heart rate

    • Elevated blood pressure

    • Sweating

    • Elevated blood glucose

    • All of the above

    Correct Answer
    A. All of the above
    Explanation
    During sympathetic activation, the body's fight or flight response is triggered, leading to various physiological changes. These changes include an elevated heart rate, which helps pump more blood to the muscles and organs; elevated blood pressure, which helps facilitate blood flow and oxygen delivery to the body; sweating, which helps regulate body temperature; and elevated blood glucose levels, which provide an immediate energy source for the body. Therefore, all of the above options occur during sympathetic activation.

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  • 27. 

    The hypothalamus controls secretion by the anterior pituitary by

    • Direct neural stimulation.

    • Indirect osmotic control.

    • Secreting releasing and inhibiting factors into a tiny portal system.

    • Altering ion concentrations and pH in the anterior pituitary.

    Correct Answer
    A. Secreting releasing and inhibiting factors into a tiny portal system.
    Explanation
    The hypothalamus controls secretion by the anterior pituitary by secreting releasing and inhibiting factors into a tiny portal system. This system allows the hypothalamus to directly communicate with the anterior pituitary and regulate the release of hormones. The releasing factors stimulate the anterior pituitary to release specific hormones, while the inhibiting factors suppress the release of certain hormones. This mechanism ensures precise control over hormone secretion and maintains homeostasis in the body.

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  • 28. 

    Which of the following statements about adrenergic receptors is true?

    • They are proteins in the plasma membrane.

    • Epinephrine activates both alpha and beta types.

    • Norepinephrine activates mainly the alpha type.

    • All of the above

    Correct Answer
    A. All of the above
    Explanation
    The correct answer is "all of the above." This means that all of the statements given about adrenergic receptors are true. Adrenergic receptors are indeed proteins located in the plasma membrane. Additionally, both epinephrine and norepinephrine can activate alpha and beta types of adrenergic receptors, although norepinephrine mainly activates the alpha type.

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  • 29. 

    The pituitary hormone that controls the release of steroid hormones from the adrenal cortex is

    • TSH

    • ACTH.

    • FSH

    • LH.

    • GH

    Correct Answer
    A. ACTH.
    Explanation
    ACTH, or adrenocorticotropic hormone, is the pituitary hormone that controls the release of steroid hormones from the adrenal cortex. It stimulates the production and release of cortisol, a steroid hormone that helps regulate metabolism, immune response, and stress response. ACTH is produced and released by the anterior pituitary gland in response to corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) from the hypothalamus. This hormone then travels through the bloodstream to the adrenal glands, where it stimulates the production and release of cortisol. Therefore, ACTH is the correct answer in this case.

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  • 30. 

    Sympathetic nerves

    • Provoke feelings of sympathy

    • Allow us to relax, rest, and recover

    • Are bundles of postganglionic fibers that innervate organs within the thoracic cavity

    • Control swallowing

    Correct Answer
    A. Are bundles of postganglionic fibers that innervate organs within the thoracic cavity
    Explanation
    Sympathetic nerves are bundles of postganglionic fibers that innervate organs within the thoracic cavity. This means that they are responsible for transmitting signals from the central nervous system to the organs in the chest region. These nerves play a crucial role in regulating various bodily functions such as heart rate, blood pressure, and breathing. They are part of the autonomic nervous system and work in conjunction with the parasympathetic nerves to maintain overall balance and homeostasis in the body.

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  • 31. 

    The first step in the process of photoreception is

    • The bleaching of rods.

    • The bleaching of cones.

    • Absorption of a photon by a visual pigment.

    • Inhibition of the sodium pumps.

    • Release of neurotransmitter.

    Correct Answer
    A. Absorption of a photon by a visual pigment.
    Explanation
    The correct answer is absorption of a photon by a visual pigment. Photoreception is the process by which light is detected and converted into electrical signals in the retina of the eye. This process begins with the absorption of a photon, which is a particle of light, by a visual pigment. This absorption causes a chemical change in the pigment, triggering a series of events that ultimately lead to the generation of an electrical signal that can be transmitted to the brain for further processing and interpretation.

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  • 32. 

    The transparent portion of the fibrous tunic is the

    • Conjunctiva

    • Cornea.

    • Iris.

    • Pupil

    • Canthus

    Correct Answer
    A. Cornea.
    Explanation
    The transparent portion of the fibrous tunic refers to the outermost layer of the eye, which is the cornea. The cornea is a clear, dome-shaped structure that covers the front of the eye and helps to focus light onto the retina. It plays a crucial role in the eye's ability to refract light and is responsible for a significant portion of the eye's focusing power. The conjunctiva, iris, pupil, and canthus are not transparent portions of the fibrous tunic and do not fulfill the same function as the cornea.

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  • 33. 

    Preganglionic fibers of parasympathetic neurons are present in all of the following cranial nerves, except N

    • III

    • VII

    • IX

    • X

    • I

    Correct Answer
    A. I
    Explanation
    The explanation for the given correct answer is that cranial nerve I, also known as the olfactory nerve, is responsible for the sense of smell and does not have any parasympathetic function. On the other hand, cranial nerves III, VII, IX, and X all have preganglionic fibers of parasympathetic neurons that innervate various organs and glands in the head and neck region. Therefore, the correct answer is I.

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  • 34. 

    In general, sympathetic preganglionic fibers are ________ and postganglionic fibers are ________.

    • Long; short

    • Short; long

    Correct Answer
    A. Short; long
    Explanation
    Sympathetic preganglionic fibers are short because they originate from the spinal cord and synapse with ganglionic neurons in the sympathetic ganglia, which are located close to the spinal cord. On the other hand, sympathetic postganglionic fibers are long because they extend from the ganglia to innervate target organs or tissues located throughout the body. This allows for a widespread and coordinated response to stress or danger, which is characteristic of the sympathetic nervous system.

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  • 35. 

    Which of the following is not one of the six primary taste sensations?

    • Sweet

    • Peppery

    • Sour

    • Salty

    • Umami

    Correct Answer
    A. Peppery
    Explanation
    The taste sensation "peppery" is not one of the six primary taste sensations. The six primary taste sensations are sweet, sour, salty, umami, bitter, and metallic. Peppery taste is often associated with the sensation of heat or spiciness, which is a different sensory experience than the primary taste sensations.

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  • 36. 

    Which of the following is a component of the lamina propria of the olfactory organ?

    • Areolar tissue

    • Blood vessels

    • Nerves

    • Olfactory glands

    • All of the above

    Correct Answer
    A. All of the above
    Explanation
    The lamina propria of the olfactory organ is a connective tissue layer that supports the olfactory epithelium. It contains various components such as areolar tissue, blood vessels, nerves, and olfactory glands. Areolar tissue provides structural support, blood vessels supply oxygen and nutrients, nerves transmit olfactory signals to the brain, and olfactory glands secrete mucus that helps in odor detection. Therefore, all of the options mentioned are components of the lamina propria of the olfactory organ.

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  • 37. 

    In which of the following cases would the focal distance be greater?

    • A round lens

    • A flat lens

    Correct Answer
    A. A flat lens
    Explanation
    A flat lens would have a greater focal distance compared to a round lens. This is because a flat lens has a less curved surface, which causes light rays to converge at a greater distance from the lens. In contrast, a round lens has a more curved surface, causing the light rays to converge at a shorter distance. Therefore, the flat lens has a greater focal distance.

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  • 38. 

    The posterior pituitary gland secretes

    • FSH

    • TSH.

    • ACTH.

    • ADH.

    • MSH.

    Correct Answer
    A. ADH.
    Explanation
    The posterior pituitary gland secretes ADH, also known as antidiuretic hormone. ADH plays a crucial role in regulating water balance in the body by controlling the reabsorption of water in the kidneys. It acts on the collecting ducts of the kidneys, increasing their permeability to water and reducing the amount of water excreted in urine. This helps to prevent excessive water loss and maintain proper hydration levels in the body.

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  • 39. 

    Hormones can operate on the BLANK level of organization.

    • Cellular

    • Tissue

    • Organ

    • Organismic

    • All of the above

    Correct Answer
    A. All of the above
    Explanation
    Hormones can operate on the cellular level of organization by directly affecting individual cells. They can also operate on the tissue level by influencing the behavior of groups of cells that work together to perform a specific function. Additionally, hormones can operate on the organ level by regulating the activities and functions of organs within the body. Lastly, hormones can also operate on the organismic level by coordinating and regulating various physiological processes throughout the entire organism. Therefore, all of the above levels of organization can be influenced by hormones.

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  • 40. 

    The parathyroid glands produce a hormone that

    • Stimulates the formation of white blood cells.

    • Increases the level of calcium ions in the blood.

    • Increases the level of sodium ions in the blood.

    • Increases the level of potassium ions in the blood.

    • Increases the level of glucose in the blood.

    Correct Answer
    A. Increases the level of calcium ions in the blood.
    Explanation
    The parathyroid glands produce a hormone called parathyroid hormone (PTH) which is responsible for regulating the levels of calcium ions in the blood. PTH acts on the bones, kidneys, and intestines to increase the release of calcium into the bloodstream, thus increasing the level of calcium ions in the blood. This is important for maintaining proper calcium balance in the body, as calcium is essential for various physiological processes such as muscle contraction, nerve transmission, and bone health.

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  • 41. 

    Preganglionic neurons of the autonomic nervous system are located in

    • The brain stem

    • The lateral gray horns of the spinal cord

    • The posterior gray horns of the spinal cord

    • Both the brain stem and the lateral gray horns of the spinal cord

    • The anterior gray horns of the spinal cord

    Correct Answer
    A. Both the brain stem and the lateral gray horns of the spinal cord
    Explanation
    The correct answer is both the brain stem and the lateral gray horns of the spinal cord. Preganglionic neurons of the autonomic nervous system are located in both the brain stem and the lateral gray horns of the spinal cord. The brain stem contains preganglionic neurons that control autonomic functions in the head and neck, while the lateral gray horns of the spinal cord contain preganglionic neurons that control autonomic functions in the rest of the body. Therefore, both regions play a role in regulating the autonomic nervous system.

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  • 42. 

    Which of the following descriptions best matches the term ossicles?

    • Move up and down when the stapes moves back and forth

    • Transmit movement of the tympanic membrane to the inner ear

    • Bending these produces receptor potential in hair cells

    • Tiny weights necessary for the static sense of equilibrium

    Correct Answer
    A. Transmit movement of the tympanic membrane to the inner ear
    Explanation
    The term "ossicles" refers to the tiny bones in the middle ear, specifically the malleus, incus, and stapes. These bones transmit the movement of the tympanic membrane (eardrum) to the inner ear, specifically to the oval window. This movement helps to amplify and transmit sound waves, allowing us to hear.

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  • 43. 

    Thyroxine and calcitonin are secreted by the

    • Kidneys

    • Heart

    • Thyroid gland.

    • Gonads

    • Pituitary gland.

    Correct Answer
    A. Thyroid gland.
    Explanation
    Thyroxine and calcitonin are hormones that play important roles in regulating metabolism and calcium levels in the body. The kidneys primarily regulate water and electrolyte balance, while the heart is responsible for pumping blood. The gonads secrete sex hormones, and the pituitary gland produces various hormones that control other endocrine glands. Therefore, the correct answer is the thyroid gland, as it is the main gland responsible for secreting thyroxine and calcitonin.

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  • 44. 

    Which of the following substances acts as a second messenger?

    • Insulin

    • ACTH

    • Epinephrine

    • Cyclic AMP

    Correct Answer
    A. Cyclic AMP
    Explanation
    Cyclic AMP acts as a second messenger. Second messengers are molecules that relay signals from the cell surface to the interior of the cell, amplifying and transmitting the signal. Cyclic AMP is produced in response to the activation of certain cell surface receptors by hormones or neurotransmitters. It then activates protein kinase A, which in turn phosphorylates target proteins, leading to various cellular responses. Insulin, ACTH, and epinephrine are hormones but do not directly function as second messengers.

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  • 45. 

    Nicotinic receptors

    • Respond to epinephrine

    • Respond to norepinephrine

    • Open chemically gated sodium ion channels

    • Open chemically gated calcium ion channels

    Correct Answer
    A. Open chemically gated sodium ion channels
    Explanation
    Nicotinic receptors are a type of receptor found in the nervous system that respond to the neurotransmitter acetylcholine. When acetylcholine binds to these receptors, they open chemically gated sodium ion channels, allowing sodium ions to enter the cell. This influx of sodium ions depolarizes the cell membrane, leading to the generation of an action potential. Therefore, the correct answer is that nicotinic receptors open chemically gated sodium ion channels.

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  • 46. 

    A person is confronted by a dangerous dog. His heart begins to race and beat strongly, his pupils dilate, and his hairs stand up. These signs are the result of

    • Sympathetic activation

    • Increased levels of epinephrine in the blood

    • Increased activity of autonomic centers in the hypothalamus

    • All of the above

    Correct Answer
    A. All of the above
    Explanation
    The person's physiological responses of increased heart rate, dilated pupils, and raised hairs are all signs of sympathetic activation. Sympathetic activation is the body's automatic response to a perceived threat or danger. This response is controlled by the autonomic centers in the hypothalamus, which increase activity to prepare the body for fight or flight. Additionally, this sympathetic activation triggers the release of epinephrine (also known as adrenaline) into the bloodstream, which further enhances the physiological responses. Therefore, all of the given options are correct explanations for the person's signs.

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  • 47. 

    Control of the diameter of the respiratory passages depends upon

    • Sympathetic stimulation only

    • Parasympathetic stimulation only

    • Somatomotor stimulation only

    • Both parasympathetic and sympathetic levels of stimulation

    • Sensory receptors sensitive to changes in lung ventilation

    Correct Answer
    A. Both parasympathetic and sympathetic levels of stimulation
    Explanation
    The control of the diameter of the respiratory passages depends on both parasympathetic and sympathetic levels of stimulation. The parasympathetic nervous system causes bronchoconstriction, which narrows the airways, while the sympathetic nervous system causes bronchodilation, which widens the airways. Both systems work together to regulate the diameter of the respiratory passages and maintain proper airflow in the lungs.

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  • 48. 

    The sensory neurons within the olfactory organ are stimulated by ________ in the air.

    • Pressure

    • Chemicals

    • Proteins

    • Water

    • Dust

    Correct Answer
    A. Chemicals
    Explanation
    The sensory neurons within the olfactory organ are stimulated by chemicals in the air. This is because the olfactory system is responsible for our sense of smell, and it detects and interprets different chemical compounds present in the air. These chemicals bind to receptors on the sensory neurons, triggering nerve impulses that are then transmitted to the brain, allowing us to perceive and distinguish various smells.

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  • 49. 

    Which of the following descriptions best matches the term aqueous humor?

    • Gelatinous fluid that fills posterior chamber

    • Secreted in bright light

    • Constantly produced and recycled

    • Converts to vitreous humor with age

    Correct Answer
    A. Constantly produced and recycled
    Explanation
    The term "aqueous humor" refers to a gelatinous fluid that is constantly produced and recycled. This fluid fills the posterior chamber of the eye and helps maintain its shape and nourish the surrounding tissues. It also plays a role in regulating intraocular pressure.

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Quiz Review Timeline (Updated): Mar 21, 2023 +

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  • Current Version
  • Mar 21, 2023
    Quiz Edited by
    ProProfs Editorial Team
  • Sep 07, 2012
    Quiz Created by
    Sroyston

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