Principles Of Biology Chapter 2 And 3
The study of biology may not be as flashy as chemistry or physics, but it’s one of the more interesting scientific topics to learn about if you’re somebody who has a passion for animals and the human race in general from a scientific standpoint. What are our bodies made up of, for example? Learn about all that and more in the following college-level quiz on the Principles of Biology.
Questions and Answers
- 1.
What charge does the subatomic particle proton have?
- A.
No charge
- B.
(+) positive
- C.
(-) negative
Correct Answer
B. (+) positiveExplanation
The subatomic particle proton has a positive charge. This is because it contains an elementary positive electric charge, which is equal in magnitude but opposite in sign to the negative charge of an electron. Protons are one of the fundamental particles that make up the nucleus of an atom and play a crucial role in determining the overall charge and stability of an atom.Rate this question:
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- 2.
What charge does the subatomic particle neutron have?
- A.
(-) negative
- B.
(+) positive
- C.
No charge
Correct Answer
C. No chargeExplanation
The subatomic particle neutron has no charge. Neutrons are electrically neutral, meaning they do not have a positive or negative charge. They are composed of three quarks (two down quarks and one up quark) which have fractional charges, but when combined, their charges cancel out, resulting in a particle with no overall charge. Neutrons play a crucial role in atomic nuclei, contributing to the stability and mass of atoms.Rate this question:
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- 3.
What charge does the subatomic particle electron have?
- A.
No charge
- B.
(-) negative
- C.
(+) positive
Correct Answer
B. (-) negativeExplanation
The subatomic particle electron has a negative charge. This is a well-known fact in physics. Electrons are negatively charged particles that orbit around the nucleus of an atom. They have a fundamental charge of -1. This charge is opposite to that of protons, which are positively charged particles. The negative charge of electrons allows them to interact with positively charged particles, creating the basis for chemical reactions and electrical currents.Rate this question:
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- 4.
What are the subatomic particles?
Correct Answer
Proton Neutron ElectronExplanation
Subatomic particles are the fundamental particles that make up atoms. Protons are positively charged particles found in the nucleus of an atom. Neutrons are neutral particles also found in the nucleus. Electrons are negatively charged particles that orbit the nucleus. Together, these three particles make up the building blocks of matter.Rate this question:
- 5.
Which subatomic particle is involved with forming chemical bonds?
- A.
Neutron
- B.
Electron
- C.
Proton
Correct Answer
B. ElectronExplanation
Because they are outside of the nucleus.Rate this question:
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- 6.
What are the levels of organization of living things?
- A.
Atom, Molecule, Class, Tissue, Organ, Organism, Population, Ecosystem, Bioshpere
- B.
Atom, Molecule, Cell, Tissue, Organ, Organ system, Organism, Population, Community, Evolution
- C.
Atom, Molecule, Cell, Tissue, Organ, Organ system, Organism, Population, Community, Ecosystem, Biosphere
- D.
Atom, Cell, Tissue, Organ system, Community, Biosphere
Correct Answer
C. Atom, Molecule, Cell, Tissue, Organ, Organ system, Organism, Population, Community, Ecosystem, BiospHereExplanation
The correct answer is "Atom, Molecule, Cell, Tissue, Organ, Organ system, Organism, Population, Community, Ecosystem, Biosphere." This answer provides a comprehensive and accurate representation of the levels of organization in living things. It starts with the smallest units of matter (atoms and molecules), progresses to cells, tissues, organs, and organ systems, and then encompasses larger scales such as organisms, populations, communities, ecosystems, and the biosphere. This answer covers all the necessary levels and demonstrates a clear understanding of the hierarchical structure of living organisms.Rate this question:
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- 7.
What is the term for atoms that are electrically charged as a result of gaining or losing electrons?
Correct Answer
Ions
IonExplanation
Ions are atoms that have gained or lost electrons, resulting in a positive or negative electrical charge. This occurs when an atom either gains electrons to become negatively charged or loses electrons to become positively charged. Therefore, the term for atoms that are electrically charged as a result of gaining or losing electrons is "ions."Rate this question:
- 8.
Which is the reactant?Ex.A+B ---> C
- A.
A
- B.
B
- C.
A+C
- D.
A+B
- E.
C
Correct Answer
D. A+BExplanation
In the given chemical reaction, A and B combine to form C. Therefore, A and B are the reactants in this reaction.Rate this question:
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- 9.
Which is the product?Ex.A+B ---> C
- A.
A+B
- B.
C
- C.
A
- D.
B
- E.
B+C
Correct Answer
B. CExplanation
The correct answer is C because it is the result or product of adding A and B together.Rate this question:
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- 10.
What is the process of smaller things built up to larger?Ex.A+B ---> C(Sm) (L)
- A.
Catabolic
- B.
Anabolic
Correct Answer
B. AnabolicExplanation
The process described in the question, where smaller things are built up to larger, is known as anabolic. In anabolic processes, energy is used to synthesize complex molecules from simpler ones, leading to the growth and development of larger structures. This is the opposite of catabolic processes, where larger molecules are broken down into smaller ones. Therefore, anabolic is the correct answer as it accurately describes the process mentioned in the question.Rate this question:
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- 11.
What is the process of larger things breaking down to smaller?Ex.C ---> A+B(L) (Sm)
- A.
Catabolic
- B.
Anabolic
Correct Answer
A. CatabolicExplanation
The correct answer is "Catabolic." Catabolic refers to the process of larger things breaking down into smaller ones. This process involves the breakdown of complex molecules into simpler ones, releasing energy in the process. In the given example, the larger molecule C is broken down into smaller molecules A and B, with the release of energy (represented by "(L) (Sm)"). Anabolic, on the other hand, refers to the process of building larger molecules from smaller ones.Rate this question:
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- 12.
What elements make up water?
- A.
Oxygen
- B.
Hydrogen
- C.
H2O
Correct Answer
C. H2OExplanation
Water is composed of two elements, oxygen and hydrogen. The chemical formula for water is H2O, indicating that each water molecule is made up of two hydrogen atoms bonded to one oxygen atom. This arrangement of atoms gives water its unique properties, such as its ability to dissolve many substances and its high boiling and melting points.Rate this question:
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- 13.
What type of bond holds the atoms of the molecule together?
- A.
Chemical bond
- B.
Hydrogen bond
- C.
Ionic bond
- D.
Covalent bond
Correct Answer
B. Hydrogen bondExplanation
A hydrogen bond is a type of chemical bond that occurs when a hydrogen atom is attracted to an electronegative atom (such as oxygen or nitrogen) in a different molecule. This bond is weaker than covalent or ionic bonds, but it still plays an important role in stabilizing the structure of many biological molecules, such as DNA and proteins.Rate this question:
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- 14.
What are the properties of water?
- A.
Cohesion, surface tension
- B.
Temperature regulation, freezing properties
- C.
Solvent for biochemical reactions
- D.
All of the above
- E.
None of the above
Correct Answer
D. All of the aboveExplanation
Water has several unique properties that make it essential for life. Cohesion refers to the ability of water molecules to stick together, creating surface tension. This property allows water to form droplets and enables capillary action in plants. Water also has the ability to regulate temperature, acting as a heat sink and maintaining stable conditions in aquatic environments. Additionally, water's freezing properties are crucial for the survival of aquatic organisms, as ice floats, insulating the water below and preventing it from freezing completely. Lastly, water is an excellent solvent for biochemical reactions, facilitating the transport of nutrients and waste products within living organisms. Therefore, all of the mentioned properties are true for water.Rate this question:
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- 15.
The fluids of organisms are _______ solutions.
Correct Answer
aqueousExplanation
The correct answer is "aqueous" because the fluids of organisms, such as blood and cytoplasm, are primarily composed of water. These fluids contain dissolved substances, such as ions, nutrients, and waste products, which are dispersed in the water medium. Therefore, they can be described as aqueous solutions.Rate this question:
- 16.
What is the tool used to measure the hydrogen ion (H+) concentration in a solution?
- A.
Acids
- B.
Bases
- C.
PH scale
Correct Answer
C. pH scaleExplanation
The pH scale is used to measure the hydrogen ion (H+) concentration in a solution. It is a logarithmic scale that ranges from 0 to 14, with 7 being neutral. A pH value below 7 indicates acidity, while a pH value above 7 indicates alkalinity. Therefore, the pH scale is the correct tool for measuring the H+ concentration in a solution.Rate this question:
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- 17.
What is the chemical compound that releases H+ to a solution?
- A.
Bases
- B.
Acids
- C.
Buffers
Correct Answer
B. AcidsExplanation
Acids are chemical compounds that release H+ ions to a solution. When dissolved in water, acids increase the concentration of H+ ions, making the solution more acidic. This release of H+ ions is what gives acids their characteristic sour taste and ability to react with metals, carbonates, and bases. Therefore, acids are the correct answer to the question.Rate this question:
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- 18.
What compound accepts H+ and removes it from solution?
- A.
Acids
- B.
Bases
- C.
Buffers
Correct Answer
B. BasesExplanation
Bases are compounds that can accept H+ ions (protons) from a solution, effectively removing them. They have the ability to neutralize acids by accepting the H+ ions and forming water molecules. This process is known as protonation. Bases typically have a pH greater than 7 and can be identified by their bitter taste and slippery feel. Examples of bases include hydroxides, carbonates, and ammonia.Rate this question:
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- 19.
What pH level makes a solution chemically neutral?
- A.
Above 7
- B.
Below 7
- C.
7
Correct Answer
C. 7Explanation
A pH level of 7 indicates a chemically neutral solution. At this level, the concentration of hydrogen ions (H+) is equal to the concentration of hydroxide ions (OH-), resulting in a balanced solution. Solutions with a pH below 7 are acidic, while solutions with a pH above 7 are alkaline or basic. Therefore, a pH level of 7 is considered neutral.Rate this question:
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- 20.
How many bonds does carbon form?
- A.
2
- B.
5
- C.
4
- D.
1
- E.
3
Correct Answer
C. 4Explanation
Carbon forms four bonds because it has four valence electrons. These electrons can form covalent bonds with other atoms, allowing carbon to form stable compounds with a wide variety of elements. This ability to form multiple bonds is essential for the diversity and complexity of organic molecules, making carbon the backbone of organic chemistry.Rate this question:
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- 21.
How many bonds do hydrogen form?
- A.
3
- B.
1
- C.
4
- D.
2
- E.
5
Correct Answer
B. 1Explanation
Hydrogen forms only one bond. This is because hydrogen has only one electron in its outer shell, and it requires one more electron to achieve a stable configuration. Therefore, hydrogen can only form one bond by sharing its electron with another atom.Rate this question:
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- 22.
In correct order, what does HONC stand for?
Correct Answer
Hydrogen Oxygen Nitrogen CarbonExplanation
HONC is an acronym used in organic chemistry to represent the four most common elements found in organic molecules: Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, and Carbon. These elements are essential building blocks for organic compounds, and their arrangement and bonding determine the properties and functions of the molecules. Remembering the order of HONC helps students understand the basic composition of organic compounds and aids in predicting their behavior and reactivity.Rate this question:
- 23.
The organic molecules that make up a cell are very large. What are they called?
Correct Answer
MacromoleculesExplanation
Macro means large.Rate this question:
- 24.
What are the 4 macromolecules that make up the cell?
- A.
Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen
- B.
Proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids
- C.
None of the above
Correct Answer
B. Proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acidsExplanation
The correct answer is proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids. These four macromolecules are essential components of cells. Proteins are involved in various cellular functions and are made up of amino acids. Carbohydrates provide energy to the cell and are composed of sugars. Lipids are important for cell membrane structure and function. Nucleic acids, such as DNA and RNA, carry genetic information and are involved in protein synthesis.Rate this question:
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- 25.
What are the 4 elements that are most prevalent in biology?
- A.
Carbon dioxide, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen
- B.
Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acid
- C.
Carbon, proteins, oxygen, nucleic acid
- D.
Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen
Correct Answer
D. Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogenExplanation
The 4 elements that are most prevalent in biology are carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen. These elements are essential for the structure and function of biological molecules such as carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. Carbon serves as the backbone of organic molecules, hydrogen and oxygen are important for water and energy production, and nitrogen is necessary for the synthesis of proteins and nucleic acids. These elements are found in abundance in living organisms and play crucial roles in various biological processes.Rate this question:
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- 26.
A _____ is a long chain of repeating subunits. Also known by being large molecules made by stringing together many smaller molecules.
Correct Answer
polymerExplanation
A polymer is a large molecule made by stringing together many smaller molecules, known as repeating subunits. It is a long chain of these repeating subunits, which gives polymers their unique properties.Rate this question:
- 27.
3 of the macromolecules are also polymers. Which 3 are they?
- A.
Carbohydrates, proteins, lipids
- B.
Proteins, lipids, nucleic acids
- C.
Carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids
Correct Answer
C. Carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acidsExplanation
Carbohydrates, proteins, and nucleic acids are the three macromolecules that are also polymers. Carbohydrates are composed of monosaccharide units that form polysaccharides. Proteins are made up of amino acid monomers that link together through peptide bonds to form polypeptides. Nucleic acids, such as DNA and RNA, are composed of nucleotide monomers that join together to form polynucleotide chains. These three macromolecules exhibit polymerization, where smaller units are linked together to form larger, more complex structures.Rate this question:
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- 28.
Mono means:
- A.
Many
- B.
One
- C.
Several
Correct Answer
B. OneExplanation
The word "mono" means "one." It is derived from the Greek word "monos," which also means "one." In English, "mono" is often used as a prefix to indicate singularity or uniqueness, such as in words like "monotone" or "monopoly." Therefore, "one" is the correct answer as it accurately represents the meaning of "mono."Rate this question:
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- 29.
Poly means:
- A.
Several
- B.
Many
- C.
One
Correct Answer
B. ManyExplanation
Poly is a prefix derived from the Greek word "polys," meaning "many" or "multiple." It is commonly used in English to indicate the presence of multiple or several things. Therefore, the correct answer for the meaning of "poly" is "many."Rate this question:
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- 30.
Oligo means:
- A.
One
- B.
Many
- C.
Several
Correct Answer
C. SeveralExplanation
Oligo is a prefix derived from the Greek word "oligos" which means "few" or "little." In scientific terminology, oligo is used to indicate a small or limited number of something. Therefore, the correct answer "several" aligns with the meaning of oligo, as it implies a number that is more than one but not necessarily many.Rate this question:
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- 31.
What is the name for the smaller molecules that are strung together to form polymers?
Correct Answer
monomersExplanation
Monomers are the smaller molecules that are joined together to form polymers. They act as the building blocks of polymers, undergoing a chemical reaction called polymerization to form long chains or networks. Monomers can be identical or different, and their arrangement and sequence determine the properties and characteristics of the resulting polymer.Rate this question:
- 32.
If the polymer is a carbohydrate what are the monomers?
- A.
Amino acids
- B.
Monosaccharides
- C.
Nucleotides
Correct Answer
B. MonosaccharidesExplanation
If the polymer is a carbohydrate, the monomers are monosaccharides. Carbohydrates are macromolecules made up of repeating units of monosaccharides, which are simple sugars. Monosaccharides are the building blocks of carbohydrates and can be linked together through glycosidic bonds to form larger carbohydrate molecules. Therefore, if the polymer is a carbohydrate, the monomers that make up the polymer are monosaccharides.Rate this question:
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- 33.
If the polymer is a protein what are the monomers?
- A.
Monosaccharides
- B.
Nucleotides
- C.
Amino acids
Correct Answer
C. Amino acidsExplanation
If the polymer is a protein, the monomers are amino acids. Proteins are made up of long chains of amino acids that are linked together by peptide bonds. Each amino acid has a central carbon atom bonded to an amino group, a carboxyl group, a hydrogen atom, and a unique side chain. The sequence and arrangement of these amino acids determine the structure and function of the protein.Rate this question:
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- 34.
If the polymer is a nucleic acid then what are the monomers?
- A.
Amino acids
- B.
Nucleotides
- C.
Monosaccharides
Correct Answer
B. NucleotidesExplanation
If the polymer is a nucleic acid, the monomers are nucleotides. Nucleic acids, such as DNA and RNA, are composed of long chains of nucleotides. Each nucleotide consists of a phosphate group, a sugar molecule (ribose in RNA and deoxyribose in DNA), and a nitrogenous base (adenine, guanine, cytosine, or thymine in DNA and uracil in RNA). These nucleotides join together through phosphodiester bonds to form the polymer, which carries genetic information and plays a crucial role in protein synthesis and other cellular processes.Rate this question:
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- 35.
What are the functional group(s) of an amino acid?
- A.
Amino group
- B.
Carboxyl group
- C.
All of the above
- D.
None of the above
Correct Answer
C. All of the aboveExplanation
The functional groups of an amino acid are the amino group and the carboxyl group. The amino group (-NH2) is responsible for giving the amino acid its basic properties, while the carboxyl group (-COOH) is responsible for giving the amino acid its acidic properties. Therefore, both groups are present in an amino acid, making the correct answer "all of the above".Rate this question:
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- 36.
What type of bond holds the monomers of polymers together?
- A.
Chemical bond
- B.
Peptide bond
- C.
Hydrogen bond
- D.
Ionic bond
- E.
Covalent bond
Correct Answer
B. Peptide bondExplanation
The correct answer is peptide bond. Peptide bonds are a type of covalent bond that holds the monomers of proteins, called amino acids, together. These bonds form between the carboxyl group of one amino acid and the amino group of another amino acid, resulting in the formation of a peptide chain. This bond is crucial for the structure and function of proteins, as it determines the specific sequence of amino acids in the protein molecule.Rate this question:
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- 37.
The covalent bond that holds the monomers of polymers together is formed by the chemical process of ________.
Correct Answer
dehydration synthesisExplanation
Dehydration synthesis is the chemical process that forms covalent bonds between monomers to create polymers. During dehydration synthesis, water molecules are removed from the monomers, allowing them to bond together and form a larger molecule. This process is essential for the formation of many biological macromolecules, such as proteins, nucleic acids, and carbohydrates.Rate this question:
- 38.
The process by which the covalent bonds between monomers and polymers are broken is called ______.
Correct Answer
hydrolysisExplanation
Hydrolysis is the process in which the covalent bonds between monomers and polymers are broken. It involves the addition of water molecules to the bonds, causing them to break and separate the monomers. This process is important for the breakdown of complex molecules into simpler components, allowing for digestion, recycling of nutrients, and the synthesis of new molecules. Hydrolysis is a fundamental process in biological systems and is essential for various cellular functions.Rate this question:
- 39.
How many amino acids make up the proteins in the human body?
- A.
4
- B.
23
- C.
20
- D.
3
- E.
1
Correct Answer
C. 20Explanation
Proteins in the human body are made up of 20 different amino acids. Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins and each protein is composed of a specific sequence of these amino acids. These amino acids are essential for various biological functions and play a crucial role in the structure and function of proteins.Rate this question:
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- 40.
In carbohydrates what are the monosaccharides that contain 6 carbon sugars?
- A.
Glyceraldehyde, dihydroxyacetone - Triose Sugars
- B.
Ribose, ribulose - Pentose Sugars
- C.
Glucose, fructose, galactose - Hexose Sugars
Correct Answer
C. Glucose, fructose, galactose - Hexose SugarsExplanation
The monosaccharides glucose, fructose, and galactose are classified as hexose sugars because they contain six carbon atoms. Hexose sugars are important in metabolism as they serve as a source of energy for cells. Glucose is the primary fuel for cellular respiration and is commonly found in foods like fruits, honey, and sweetened beverages. Fructose is naturally occurring in fruits and vegetables and is commonly used as a sweetener. Galactose is less common but is found in lactose, the sugar present in milk and dairy products.Rate this question:
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- 41.
Starch, glycogen, and cellulose are called homopolysaccharides because they all consist of only one monosaccharide that repeats. What monosaccharide is it?
Correct Answer
GlucoseExplanation
Starch, glycogen, and cellulose are classified as homopolysaccharides because they are composed of only one type of monosaccharide, which is glucose. This means that the repeating unit in all three polysaccharides is glucose. Glucose is a simple sugar and is the primary source of energy for many organisms.Rate this question:
- 42.
As the size of the carbohydrate increases it becomes _____ soluble.
- A.
Less
- B.
More
Correct Answer
A. LessExplanation
As the size of the carbohydrate increases, it becomes less soluble. This is because larger carbohydrates have more complex structures and more hydrophobic regions, making it harder for them to dissolve in water. Additionally, larger carbohydrates tend to have more hydrogen bonds with each other, further reducing their solubility. Therefore, the increase in size leads to a decrease in solubility.Rate this question:
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- 43.
Almost all carbohydrates are ______, which means "water-loving".
- A.
Hydrophilic
- B.
Hydrophobic
Correct Answer
A. HydropHilicExplanation
Carbohydrates are hydrophilic, meaning they have an affinity for water. This is because carbohydrates contain hydroxyl groups (-OH) which can form hydrogen bonds with water molecules. These hydrogen bonds allow carbohydrates to dissolve in water and interact with other hydrophilic molecules. In contrast, hydrophobic substances repel water and do not dissolve easily in it.Rate this question:
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- 44.
In contrast to carbohydrates, lipids are ______, which means that they do not mix with water ("water-fearing").
- A.
Hydrophilic
- B.
Hydrophobic
Correct Answer
B. HydropHobicExplanation
Lipids are hydrophobic, meaning they do not mix with water. Unlike carbohydrates, which are hydrophilic and can dissolve in water, lipids repel water and are insoluble in it. This is due to the chemical structure of lipids, which consists of long hydrocarbon chains that are nonpolar and therefore do not interact with the polar water molecules. Instead, lipids tend to cluster together and form separate droplets when in contact with water.Rate this question:
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