Psych 111 Practice Test Three

The sense of touch is known as the haptic sense. This sense allows us to perceive and interpret physical sensations through the skin, such as pressure, temperature, and texture. It plays a crucial role in our daily lives, helping us navigate our environment, recognize objects, and experience physical sensations. Unlike audition, which refers to the sense of hearing, and gustatory sense, which refers to the sense of taste, haptic sense specifically pertains to the sense of touch.

Pain is considered the single most common medical complaint because it is a universal experience that can occur in various parts of the body and can be caused by a wide range of factors such as injury, illness, or chronic conditions. Pain is a subjective sensation that individuals often seek medical attention for, making it a common complaint in healthcare settings. It can significantly impact a person's quality of life and may require medical intervention for relief.

Pain exists in the brain and can be felt without any tissue damage.

Psychological scientists often divide the way we experience the world into two distinct phases: sensation and perception. Sensation refers to the process of receiving and detecting sensory information from our environment, such as seeing, hearing, or feeling something. Perception, on the other hand, involves interpreting and making sense of this sensory information, allowing us to recognize and understand the world around us. These two processes work together to create our overall experience of the world.

Some stimuli are more effective in producing learning. This statement is true because different stimuli can have varying levels of impact on an individual's ability to learn and retain information. Certain stimuli, such as those that are personally relevant or emotionally engaging, tend to be more effective in capturing attention and promoting learning. Additionally, stimuli that are presented in a clear and organized manner are also more likely to facilitate learning. Therefore, it can be concluded that not all stimuli are equally effective in producing learning.

This statement is true because learning occurs through the process of synaptic connections being altered. When cells in the brain fire together, the connections between them strengthen, forming new neural pathways. This allows for the storage and retrieval of information, leading to learning.

The context in which you make a judgment greatly effects how it is made.

Having two ears helps us locate the source of sound due to differences in timing and intensity between the two sounds. When a sound reaches one ear before the other, our brain processes this information to determine the direction from which the sound is coming. Additionally, the intensity or volume of the sound may be slightly different in each ear, allowing us to further pinpoint the source. Therefore, it is true that having two ears assists in sound localization.

Research has shown that people are generally better at recognizing faces of their own race compared to faces of other races. This phenomenon is known as the own-race bias or the cross-race effect. It is believed to be influenced by various factors, including exposure and familiarity. People tend to have more experience and exposure to faces of their own race, leading to increased familiarity and better recognition. This bias can have implications in various fields, such as eyewitness testimony and criminal investigations, where accurate face recognition is crucial.

Difference Threshold is calculated by Weber's Law, which mathematically is calculated by the change in a stimulus divided by the number of stimulus.

A difference threshold is the just noticeable difference between two stimuli- the minimum amount of change required for a person to detect a difference.

The given correct answer is "Hell yes." This answer may be a response to the statement about the Gate control theory. It could imply strong agreement or confirmation with the theory's explanation that pain receptors need to be activated and signals must pass through a neural "gate" to the brain for us to experience pain.

Gustation refers to the sense of taste. It is the ability to perceive different flavors and sensations through the taste buds on the tongue. This sense allows us to distinguish between sweet, sour, salty, bitter, and umami flavors. It is closely related to our sense of smell, as the two senses work together to create our perception of flavor. The sense of touch, hearing, and smell are not directly related to gustation.

The main goal of gustation is to keep poisons out. Our sense of taste helps us identify and avoid potentially harmful substances by detecting bitter or unpleasant tastes. This is an important survival mechanism that protects us from ingesting toxic or spoiled foods.

Transduction is the process by which sensory receptors convert physical or chemical stimulation into neural impulses. It is the initial step in the perception of sensory information. Sensory adaptation refers to the decrease in sensitivity to a constant stimulus over time. Judgment is the cognitive process of forming an opinion or evaluation. Therefore, the correct answer is transduction.

All of the options listed are qualities of pain. Organic pain refers to pain caused by a physical injury or illness, while psychogenic pain is pain that is caused by psychological factors. Acute pain is sudden and short-term, while chronic pain is long-lasting. Malignant pain is associated with cancer, while benign pain is not. Continuous pain is constant, while episodic pain occurs intermittently. Therefore, all of these options are qualities of pain.

An unconditioned response refers to a natural and automatic reaction that does not need to be learned. It is an innate response that occurs in response to an unconditioned stimulus without any prior conditioning or training. This response is typically reflexive and does not require any conscious effort or thought.

According to behavioral economics, the worth of a reinforcer is influenced by the time it takes to receive the payoff. This means that if the payoff is delayed, the value or effectiveness of the reinforcer may decrease. This aligns with the concept of delay discounting, where individuals tend to value immediate rewards more than delayed rewards. Therefore, it is true that the worth of a reinforcer is affected by the time it takes to get the payoff.

Pain depends on your emotional interpretation of it. For example, some people enjoy the searing heat of a hot tub, or enjoy the soreness of muscles after exercise.

The ability to detect where one's limbs are in space is known as kinesthetic sense. This sense allows us to have a sense of body position and movement without relying on visual cues. It is responsible for our ability to perform coordinated movements and maintain balance. Kinesthetic sense is important for activities such as dancing, playing sports, and even simple tasks like walking and reaching for objects. It involves receptors in our muscles, tendons, and joints that send signals to the brain, giving us a constant awareness of the position and movement of our body parts.

The correct answer is olfactory epithelium. The olfactory epithelium is a thin layer of tissue located within the nasal cavity. It contains small receptors that are responsible for detecting and interpreting different smells, thus enabling the sense of smell or olfaction. This specialized epithelium plays a crucial role in the detection and processing of odorants, allowing us to perceive and distinguish various scents. The olfactory epithelium is essential for our sense of smell and is responsible for transmitting signals to the brain for further processing and interpretation.

Couldn't think of a convincing wrong answer so have a free one...

The definition in the question is PERCEPTION.

Sensation is the sense organs' responses to external stimuli and the transmission of these responses to the brain.

People who experience especially intense taste sensations are not freaks...

This statement is true because of the phenomenon known as center-surround organization in visual processing. In the visual system, there are specialized cells called receptive fields that respond to light stimuli. These receptive fields have a center region and a surrounding region. When light is presented in the center of the receptive field, the firing frequency of neurons increases. On the other hand, when light is presented in the surround region, the firing frequency of neurons decreases. This center-surround organization helps in enhancing contrast and detecting edges in visual stimuli.

In the field of behavioral psychology, a behavioral act can be understood by analyzing three key components: stimulus, response, and reinforcer/punisher. The stimulus refers to the environmental cue or trigger that elicits a response from an individual. The response is the observable behavior or action that occurs as a result of the stimulus. Finally, the reinforcer/punisher is the consequence that follows the response, either increasing or decreasing the likelihood of the behavior occurring again in the future. This three-part framework allows researchers to study and understand the factors that influence and shape behavior.

Nope, dead serious. We are more likely to respond to models that are attractive, high status and similar to ourselves.

Bottom-up processing refers to the way our brain processes information starting from the sensory receptors and moving towards higher-level cognitive processes. It involves taking in raw sensory data and building up a complete understanding of the stimulus. On the other hand, top-down processing involves using our existing knowledge, experiences, and expectations to interpret incoming sensory information. It relies on our cognitive processes to make sense of the world around us. Therefore, the statement that bottom-up processing is based on sensory information while top-down processing is based on our expectations is true.

Learned helplessness refers to a psychological state where an individual feels powerless to change or improve their situation, often due to repeated experiences of failure or lack of control. This belief stems from the understanding that one's behavior has no impact on the outcome, leading to feelings of helplessness and a decrease in motivation to take action. Therefore, the statement that "learned helplessness results from the belief that your behavior will not shape an outcome" is true.

Primary Reinforcers satisfy basic biological needs while Secondary ones do not.

On a dark, clear night, the minimal level at which our brain can perceive a candle depends on various factors such as the brightness of the candle, the darkness of the surroundings, and the sensitivity of our eyes. In this case, the correct answer is 30 miles, indicating that the candle would need to be positioned at a distance of 30 miles for our brain to perceive it at the minimal level. This suggests that the candle would have to emit a significantly high amount of light or be placed in an extremely dark environment for it to be visible at such a long distance.

Mirror Neurons are neurons that are activated when someone observes someone else performing an action.

Subtractive color mixing refers to the process of creating colors by subtracting certain wavelengths of light. It occurs within the stimulus, meaning that it happens when different colored pigments or dyes are mixed together. On the other hand, additive color mixing refers to the process of creating colors by adding different wavelengths of light together. It occurs in the receptors, which are the cells in our eyes that detect light. Therefore, the statement that subtractive color mixing occurs within the stimulus while additive color mixing occurs in the receptors is true.

Shaping is the correct answer because it refers to the process of rewarding successive approximations of a desired behavior. This means that instead of waiting for the exact behavior to occur, small steps towards the desired behavior are reinforced. Through this process, the individual gradually learns and develops the desired behavior. Habituation refers to a decrease in response to a repeated stimulus, sensitization is an increase in response to a repeated stimulus, and latent learning refers to learning that occurs without any immediate reinforcement or motivation.

Vice versa.

A reinforcer is a stimulus that occurs after a response and increases the likelihood that the response will be repeated. It can be anything that is perceived as rewarding or satisfying, such as praise, a treat, or a desired outcome. By providing a positive consequence, a reinforcer strengthens the association between the response and the desired behavior, making it more likely to occur again in the future.

Negative reinforcement refers to the increase in the probability of a behavior being repeated through the removal or avoidance of a stimulus. In other words, negative reinforcement occurs when a behavior is strengthened by the removal of an unpleasant or aversive stimulus. This can lead to the desired behavior being repeated in order to avoid or escape the unpleasant stimulus.

There is evidence, it is just often misinterpreted and generalized too often outside of the laboratory.

Spontaneous recovery refers to the reappearance of a conditioned response after it has been extinguished. In this scenario, the dog had learned to associate the sound of the bell with the presentation of food, but when the food was no longer given, the behavior of drooling in response to the bell was extinguished. However, after a few days, the dog started drooling again when the bell was rang, even though there was no food present. This reappearance of the conditioned response is known as spontaneous recovery.

The given response "Right Chief" indicates that the person understands and acknowledges the statement made about the textbook. The subsequent response "I've already read it all" suggests that the person has already completed the required reading. The final response "kthxbai" is an abbreviation for "okay, thanks, bye," indicating that the person is ending the conversation. Therefore, the correct answer implies that the person has already read and studied the textbook, and there is no need for further reading.

Tactile stimulation refers to the sense of touch. Hot/cold, hair/capsules, and sharp/fast pain/dull/slow pain are all examples of tactile stimulation as they involve physical sensations that can be felt through touch. However, old/new does not involve any physical touch or sensation, making it not an example of tactile stimulation.

Operant conditioning is a learning process in which the consequences of an action determine the likelihood of it being repeated in the future. It involves the use of reinforcement or punishment to strengthen or weaken a behavior. This type of conditioning is based on the principle that behaviors that are followed by positive consequences are more likely to be repeated, while behaviors followed by negative consequences are less likely to be repeated. Therefore, operant conditioning is the correct answer as it best describes the learning process mentioned in the question.

Long-Term Potentiation refers to the process of strengthening a synaptic connection, making it easier for the post-synaptic neurons to be activated. This phenomenon is important for learning and memory formation in the brain. Short-Term Potentiation, on the other hand, refers to a temporary increase in synaptic strength. Incranial self-stimulation is a method of electrical brain stimulation, and Tourette's Syndrome is a neurological disorder characterized by involuntary movements and vocalizations.

Exposure Therapy treats anxieties by exposing people (in imagination or reality) to the things they fear and avoid.

Aversive conditioning treats unwanted behaviors by associating it with an unwanted state.

Sensory adaptation refers to a decrease in sensitivity to a constant level of stimulation. This means that over time, our sensory receptors become less responsive to a stimulus that remains unchanged. This adaptation allows our senses to focus on detecting new or changing stimuli, rather than continuously responding to unchanging ones. Therefore, sensory adaptation is the correct term for this phenomenon.

There are about 6,000,000 cones in an eye and 160,000,000 rods.

The correct answer is the Fusiform Gyrus. The Fusiform Gyrus is a specific part of the brain that is responsible for facial recognition. It is located in the temporal lobe and plays a crucial role in processing and identifying faces. This region is particularly active when individuals are engaged in tasks related to face recognition, such as identifying familiar faces or recognizing facial expressions.

Punishment by definition is reasonable, immediate and unpleasant.

An extinction burst occurs when a behavior that was previously reinforced suddenly stops being reinforced. In this case, Fred used to press the button and the TV would turn on, which reinforced his behavior. However, when he presses the button multiple times and nothing happens, the reinforcement is no longer present. As a result, Fred may increase the intensity or frequency of pressing the button in an attempt to get the TV to turn on. This increased behavior is known as an extinction burst.

It is actually easier to fool them.

A unit of knowledge transferred within a culture is known as a meme. A meme can be an idea, behavior, or style that spreads from person to person within a culture. It can be in the form of a joke, a catchphrase, an image, or a video that becomes popular and widely shared. Memes often reflect and comment on various aspects of society, and they can evolve and change over time as they are passed on and adapted by different individuals.