1.
Psychological Scientists often divide the way we experience the world into two distinct phases, they are:
Correct Answer
C. Sensation and Perception
Explanation
Psychological scientists often divide the way we experience the world into two distinct phases: sensation and perception. Sensation refers to the process of receiving and detecting sensory information from our environment, such as seeing, hearing, or feeling something. Perception, on the other hand, involves interpreting and making sense of this sensory information, allowing us to recognize and understand the world around us. These two processes work together to create our overall experience of the world.
2.
Sensation is the processing, organization and interpretation of sensory signals; it results in an internal representation of the stimulus.
Correct Answer
B. False
Explanation
The definition in the question is PERCEPTION.
Sensation is the sense organs' responses to external stimuli and the transmission of these responses to the brain.
3.
The process of which sensory receptors produce neural impulses when they receive physical or chemical stimulation is known as:
Correct Answer
D. Transduction
Explanation
Transduction is the process by which sensory receptors convert physical or chemical stimulation into neural impulses. It is the initial step in the perception of sensory information. Sensory adaptation refers to the decrease in sensitivity to a constant stimulus over time. Judgment is the cognitive process of forming an opinion or evaluation. Therefore, the correct answer is transduction.
4.
Absolute Threshold is the level of intensity at which participants correctly detect a stimulus on ____ percent of the trials in which it is presented.
Correct Answer
B. 50
Explanation
The correct answer is 50 because the absolute threshold refers to the minimum level of intensity needed for participants to correctly detect a stimulus. In this case, it means that participants are able to detect the stimulus on 50% of the trials in which it is presented.
5.
How far away would a candle have to be on a dark, clear night for my brain to perceive it at a minimal level.
Correct Answer
D. 30 miles
Explanation
On a dark, clear night, the minimal level at which our brain can perceive a candle depends on various factors such as the brightness of the candle, the darkness of the surroundings, and the sensitivity of our eyes. In this case, the correct answer is 30 miles, indicating that the candle would need to be positioned at a distance of 30 miles for our brain to perceive it at the minimal level. This suggests that the candle would have to emit a significantly high amount of light or be placed in an extremely dark environment for it to be visible at such a long distance.
6.
Which of the following are approximate sensory thresholds for each sense? (Check all answers that are correct).
Correct Answer(s)
B. Taste: One teaspoon of sugar in 2 gallons of water
D. Touch: A fly's wing falling on your cheek from a distance of 1 centimetre
F. Smell: One drop of perfume diffused into the entire volume of six rooms.
G. Hearing: The tick of a clock at 20 feet under quiet conditions.
Explanation
The approximate sensory thresholds for each sense are as follows: for taste, one teaspoon of sugar in 2 gallons of water; for touch, a fly's wing falling on your cheek from a distance of 1 centimeter; for smell, one drop of perfume diffused into the entire volume of six rooms; and for hearing, the tick of a clock at 20 feet under quiet conditions.
7.
A difference threshold is calculated using whose law?
Correct Answer
A. Weber's Law
Explanation
Difference Threshold is calculated by Weber's Law, which mathematically is calculated by the change in a stimulus divided by the number of stimulus.
A difference threshold is the just noticeable difference between two stimuli- the minimum amount of change required for a person to detect a difference.
8.
Signal detection theory states that detecting a stimulus requires making a judgment about its presence or absence, based on an objective interpretation of ambiguous information.
Correct Answer
B. False
Explanation
The interpretation of a stimulus is SUBJECTIVE. Not objective.
9.
A decrease in sensitivity due to a constant level of stimulation is defined in the textbook as:
Correct Answer
C. Sensory adaptation
Explanation
Sensory adaptation refers to a decrease in sensitivity to a constant level of stimulation. This means that over time, our sensory receptors become less responsive to a stimulus that remains unchanged. This adaptation allows our senses to focus on detecting new or changing stimuli, rather than continuously responding to unchanging ones. Therefore, sensory adaptation is the correct term for this phenomenon.
10.
Gustation is:
Correct Answer
A. The sense of taste
Explanation
Gustation refers to the sense of taste. It is the ability to perceive different flavors and sensations through the taste buds on the tongue. This sense allows us to distinguish between sweet, sour, salty, bitter, and umami flavors. It is closely related to our sense of smell, as the two senses work together to create our perception of flavor. The sense of touch, hearing, and smell are not directly related to gustation.
11.
People who experience especially intense taste sensations are known as:
Correct Answer
C. Supertasters
Explanation
People who experience especially intense taste sensations are not freaks...
12.
The thin layer of tissue within the nasal cavity that is embedded with small receptors that perform olfaction (the sense of smell) is known as:
Correct Answer
A. Olfactory epithelium
Explanation
The correct answer is olfactory epithelium. The olfactory epithelium is a thin layer of tissue located within the nasal cavity. It contains small receptors that are responsible for detecting and interpreting different smells, thus enabling the sense of smell or olfaction. This specialized epithelium plays a crucial role in the detection and processing of odorants, allowing us to perceive and distinguish various scents. The olfactory epithelium is essential for our sense of smell and is responsible for transmitting signals to the brain for further processing and interpretation.
13.
The sense of touch is known as:
Correct Answer
B. Haptic Sense
Explanation
The sense of touch is known as the haptic sense. This sense allows us to perceive and interpret physical sensations through the skin, such as pressure, temperature, and texture. It plays a crucial role in our daily lives, helping us navigate our environment, recognize objects, and experience physical sensations. Unlike audition, which refers to the sense of hearing, and gustatory sense, which refers to the sense of taste, haptic sense specifically pertains to the sense of touch.
14.
The main goal of gustation (aka Gustatory Sense) is to...
Correct Answer
D. Keep poisons out
Explanation
The main goal of gustation is to keep poisons out. Our sense of taste helps us identify and avoid potentially harmful substances by detecting bitter or unpleasant tastes. This is an important survival mechanism that protects us from ingesting toxic or spoiled foods.
15.
Judgments are not effected by context.
Correct Answer
B. False
Explanation
The context in which you make a judgment greatly effects how it is made.
16.
Frequency can help determines which of the following in sound (Check all that apply)
Correct Answer(s)
A. Pitch
C. Vibrations per second
D. Location of sound
Explanation
The tapered width of the basilar membrane translates frequency to location.
17.
Women are better at men in which of the following basic senses?
Correct Answer
D. Smell
Explanation
Women are better at detecting and identifying odors than men, so be sure to wear deodorant boys...
18.
Which of the following is not an example of tactile stimulation?
Correct Answer
D. Old/New
Explanation
Tactile stimulation refers to the sense of touch. Hot/cold, hair/capsules, and sharp/fast pain/dull/slow pain are all examples of tactile stimulation as they involve physical sensations that can be felt through touch. However, old/new does not involve any physical touch or sensation, making it not an example of tactile stimulation.
19.
What is the single most common medical complaint?
Correct Answer
D. Pain
Explanation
Pain is considered the single most common medical complaint because it is a universal experience that can occur in various parts of the body and can be caused by a wide range of factors such as injury, illness, or chronic conditions. Pain is a subjective sensation that individuals often seek medical attention for, making it a common complaint in healthcare settings. It can significantly impact a person's quality of life and may require medical intervention for relief.
20.
Pain signals are not sent by the receptors if there is no tissue damage.
Correct Answer
B. False
Explanation
Pain exists in the brain and can be felt without any tissue damage.
21.
Which of the following is a quality of pain?
Correct Answer
I. All of the above
Explanation
All of the options listed are qualities of pain. Organic pain refers to pain caused by a physical injury or illness, while psychogenic pain is pain that is caused by psychological factors. Acute pain is sudden and short-term, while chronic pain is long-lasting. Malignant pain is associated with cancer, while benign pain is not. Continuous pain is constant, while episodic pain occurs intermittently. Therefore, all of these options are qualities of pain.
22.
Pain always feels negative.
Correct Answer
B. False
Explanation
Pain depends on your emotional interpretation of it. For example, some people enjoy the searing heat of a hot tub, or enjoy the soreness of muscles after exercise.
23.
Gate control theory states that for us to experience pain, pain receptors must be activated and a neural "gate" to the spinal cord must allow the signals through to the brain.
Correct Answer
A. Hell yes
Explanation
The given correct answer is "Hell yes." This answer may be a response to the statement about the Gate control theory. It could imply strong agreement or confirmation with the theory's explanation that pain receptors need to be activated and signals must pass through a neural "gate" to the brain for us to experience pain.
24.
Which of the following is not a factor of opening the pain gate?
Correct Answer
C. This one
Explanation
Couldn't think of a convincing wrong answer so have a free one...
25.
Check all conditions that open the gate.
Correct Answer(s)
A. E
Extent of pHysical injury
B. Inappropriate activity level
C. Anxiety or worry
F. Tension
K. Depression
L. Focusing on pain
M. Boredom
26.
Check all conditions that close the gate:
Correct Answer(s)
E. Counterstimulation
G. Positive emotions
H. Relaxation
I. Intense concentration
J. Involvement and interest in activities
N. Medication/EndorpHins
Explanation
The given answer includes conditions that can close the gate. Counterstimulation, positive emotions, relaxation, intense concentration, involvement and interest in activities, and medication/endorphins are all factors that can contribute to closing the gate. These conditions can help distract from physical injury, inappropriate activity level, anxiety or worry, tension, depression, focusing on pain, and boredom, allowing the gate to close.
27.
Having two ears helps us locate the source of the sound due to differences in timing and intensity between the two sounds.
Correct Answer
A. True
Explanation
Having two ears helps us locate the source of sound due to differences in timing and intensity between the two sounds. When a sound reaches one ear before the other, our brain processes this information to determine the direction from which the sound is coming. Additionally, the intensity or volume of the sound may be slightly different in each ear, allowing us to further pinpoint the source. Therefore, it is true that having two ears assists in sound localization.
28.
Cones (used for high color, high detail vision) vastly outnumber the rods in the typical human.
Correct Answer
B. False
Explanation
There are about 6,000,000 cones in an eye and 160,000,000 rods.
29.
Rods are concentrated in the fovea while Cones are located around the periphery of the retina.
Correct Answer
B. False
Explanation
Vice versa.
30.
About how much of the cortex may be involved in vision (at the most).
Correct Answer
B. 1/2
Explanation
Approximately half of the cortex may be involved in vision. This suggests that a significant portion of the brain's outer layer is dedicated to processing visual information. The involvement of such a large area indicates the importance of vision in human perception and cognition.
31.
Simple cells in the eye detect which of the following (choose the most specific answer):
Correct Answer
C. Lines
Explanation
Simple cells in the eye detect lines. This is because simple cells are responsible for detecting basic visual features such as edges and lines. These cells are found in the primary visual cortex and are sensitive to the orientation and position of lines in the visual field. They play a crucial role in processing visual information and are essential for our perception of shapes and objects.
32.
Light in the center of the visual field increases the firing frequency of neurons while light in the surround decreases firing.
Correct Answer
A. True
Explanation
This statement is true because of the phenomenon known as center-surround organization in visual processing. In the visual system, there are specialized cells called receptive fields that respond to light stimuli. These receptive fields have a center region and a surrounding region. When light is presented in the center of the receptive field, the firing frequency of neurons increases. On the other hand, when light is presented in the surround region, the firing frequency of neurons decreases. This center-surround organization helps in enhancing contrast and detecting edges in visual stimuli.
33.
What component of visual perception would make the outfits above useful?
Correct Answer
B. Lateral inhibition
Explanation
Lateral inhibition is the sensing of edges, camouflage breaks up the edges when projected against a similar background.
34.
The Dorsal Stream is the "What" stream and the Ventral Stream is the "Where" stream. (Stream referring to different parts of the brain having different receptive fields.)
Correct Answer
B. False
Explanation
Reverse the two, dorsal is the where and ventral is the what.
35.
Subtractive color mixing occurs within the stimulus while additive color mixing occurs in the receptors.
Correct Answer
A. True
Explanation
Subtractive color mixing refers to the process of creating colors by subtracting certain wavelengths of light. It occurs within the stimulus, meaning that it happens when different colored pigments or dyes are mixed together. On the other hand, additive color mixing refers to the process of creating colors by adding different wavelengths of light together. It occurs in the receptors, which are the cells in our eyes that detect light. Therefore, the statement that subtractive color mixing occurs within the stimulus while additive color mixing occurs in the receptors is true.
36.
Bottom up processing is based on sensory information while top-down processing is based on our expectations.
Correct Answer
A. True
Explanation
Bottom-up processing refers to the way our brain processes information starting from the sensory receptors and moving towards higher-level cognitive processes. It involves taking in raw sensory data and building up a complete understanding of the stimulus. On the other hand, top-down processing involves using our existing knowledge, experiences, and expectations to interpret incoming sensory information. It relies on our cognitive processes to make sense of the world around us. Therefore, the statement that bottom-up processing is based on sensory information while top-down processing is based on our expectations is true.
37.
Which specific part of the brain is dedicated to facial recognition?
Correct Answer
B. Fusiform Gyrus
Explanation
The correct answer is the Fusiform Gyrus. The Fusiform Gyrus is a specific part of the brain that is responsible for facial recognition. It is located in the temporal lobe and plays a crucial role in processing and identifying faces. This region is particularly active when individuals are engaged in tasks related to face recognition, such as identifying familiar faces or recognizing facial expressions.
38.
People are better at recognizing faces of their own race.
Correct Answer
A. True
Explanation
Research has shown that people are generally better at recognizing faces of their own race compared to faces of other races. This phenomenon is known as the own-race bias or the cross-race effect. It is believed to be influenced by various factors, including exposure and familiarity. People tend to have more experience and exposure to faces of their own race, leading to increased familiarity and better recognition. This bias can have implications in various fields, such as eyewitness testimony and criminal investigations, where accurate face recognition is crucial.
39.
How do you feel about this picture? (Question not graded)
Correct Answer
B. Wow! That lady on the right is a total bombshell!
Explanation
God she is so hot...
40.
Which of the following is not a monocular cue to depth perception?
Correct Answer
G. None of the Above
Explanation
Monocular cues are cues that come from one individual eye. They are also called pictorial depth cues because they are used by artists often.
41.
One of the most important cues to depth perception is:
Correct Answer
C. Binocular Disparity
Explanation
Binocular Disparity results from two eyes receiving slightly different images, which are then overlapped to create and compute distances between objects. It is a Binocular Visual Cue and therefore was not in the previous question.
42.
People living in more carpentered worlds are harder to fool with optical illusions based on some monocular cues.
Correct Answer
B. False
Explanation
It is actually easier to fool them.
43.
The ability to detect where ones limbs are in space is known as:
Correct Answer
B. Kinesthetic sense
Explanation
The ability to detect where one's limbs are in space is known as kinesthetic sense. This sense allows us to have a sense of body position and movement without relying on visual cues. It is responsible for our ability to perform coordinated movements and maintain balance. Kinesthetic sense is important for activities such as dancing, playing sports, and even simple tasks like walking and reaching for objects. It involves receptors in our muscles, tendons, and joints that send signals to the brain, giving us a constant awareness of the position and movement of our body parts.
44.
A learning process in which the consequences of an action determine the likelihood that it will be performed in the future is known as...
Correct Answer
D. Operant Conditioning
Explanation
Operant conditioning is a learning process in which the consequences of an action determine the likelihood of it being repeated in the future. It involves the use of reinforcement or punishment to strengthen or weaken a behavior. This type of conditioning is based on the principle that behaviors that are followed by positive consequences are more likely to be repeated, while behaviors followed by negative consequences are less likely to be repeated. Therefore, operant conditioning is the correct answer as it best describes the learning process mentioned in the question.
45.
A bell is rang every time a dog is given food. Eventually, the dog starts drooling when the bell is rang along. Then, the bell rang but food is not given and the behavior is eventually extinguished. A few days later, the bell is rang and the dog starts drooling again. What is this known as, when an extinguished conditioned stimulus suddenly produces a conditioned response?
Correct Answer
C. Spontaneous recovery
Explanation
Spontaneous recovery refers to the reappearance of a conditioned response after it has been extinguished. In this scenario, the dog had learned to associate the sound of the bell with the presentation of food, but when the food was no longer given, the behavior of drooling in response to the bell was extinguished. However, after a few days, the dog started drooling again when the bell was rang, even though there was no food present. This reappearance of the conditioned response is known as spontaneous recovery.
46.
A response that does not have to be learned is known as:
Correct Answer
C. Unconditioned response
Explanation
An unconditioned response refers to a natural and automatic reaction that does not need to be learned. It is an innate response that occurs in response to an unconditioned stimulus without any prior conditioning or training. This response is typically reflexive and does not require any conscious effort or thought.
47.
In order to be a phobia, a fear must be: (check all that apply)
Correct Answer(s)
A. Out of proportion
C. Acquired
Explanation
A phobia is an irrational and excessive fear of a specific object, situation, or activity. It is characterized by a fear that is out of proportion to the actual threat posed by the object or situation. This means that the level of fear experienced by the individual is much higher than what would be considered normal or reasonable. Additionally, phobias are acquired, meaning that they are learned through personal experiences or observations. Therefore, the correct answer options are "Out of proportion" and "Acquired."
48.
Exposing people to small doses of a feared stimulus while having them engage in a pleasurable task fits into all of the following except:
Correct Answer
B. Operant Conditioning
Explanation
Exposing people to small doses of a feared stimulus while having them engage in a pleasurable task fits into classical conditioning, counterconditioning, and desensitization. In classical conditioning, the feared stimulus is paired with a pleasurable task to create a new association. Counterconditioning involves replacing a negative response with a positive one. Desensitization aims to reduce fear or anxiety by gradually exposing individuals to the feared stimulus. However, it does not fit into operant conditioning, which focuses on learning through consequences and rewards for behaviors.
49.
Exposure therapy treats anxieties by associating the unwanted behavior with an unpleasant state.
Correct Answer
B. False
Explanation
Exposure Therapy treats anxieties by exposing people (in imagination or reality) to the things they fear and avoid.
Aversive conditioning treats unwanted behaviors by associating it with an unwanted state.
50.
Some stimuli are more effective in producing learning.
Correct Answer
A. True
Explanation
Some stimuli are more effective in producing learning. This statement is true because different stimuli can have varying levels of impact on an individual's ability to learn and retain information. Certain stimuli, such as those that are personally relevant or emotionally engaging, tend to be more effective in capturing attention and promoting learning. Additionally, stimuli that are presented in a clear and organized manner are also more likely to facilitate learning. Therefore, it can be concluded that not all stimuli are equally effective in producing learning.