Psychology Quiz On Learning

Ivan Pavlov experimented with classical conditioning. Classical conditioning is a type of learning in which a neutral stimulus becomes associated with a meaningful stimulus and acquires the ability to elicit a similar response. Pavlov's most famous experiment involved conditioning dogs to salivate at the sound of a bell by pairing the bell with the presentation of food. This demonstrated how a previously neutral stimulus (the bell) could come to elicit a conditioned response (salivation) through repeated association with an unconditioned stimulus (food).

This statement is a play on words based on the phrase "cells that fire together, wire together." It suggests that when nerve cells in the brain are activated at the same time, their connections become stronger, forming a neural pathway. This concept is known as Hebbian plasticity, which is a fundamental principle in neuroscience. The word "wire" is used metaphorically to represent the strengthening of connections between cells.

The principle of classical conditioning states that organisms can learn to distinguish between similar but distinct stimuli. This ability is known as discrimination. Through repeated pairing of a conditioned stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus, an organism can learn to respond differently to similar stimuli based on their association with a specific outcome. This process of discrimination allows the organism to differentiate between stimuli and respond selectively.

In classical conditioning, generalization refers to the process where a conditioned response (CR) is observed even when the conditioned stimulus (CS) is slightly different from the original one used during acquisition. This means that the individual or animal has generalized the learned response to similar stimuli, showing that they have associated the CR with a broader range of stimuli. This is different from discrimination, where the individual or animal is able to differentiate between similar stimuli and only respond to the specific CS that was used during acquisition. Extinction refers to the gradual disappearance of the CR when the CS is no longer paired with the unconditioned stimulus (US), and spontaneous recovery refers to the reappearance of the CR after a period of rest following extinction.

The given scenario describes habituation, which is the process of becoming accustomed to or desensitized to a repeated stimulus over time. In this case, the individual initially finds the traffic jams frustrating and maddening, but after experiencing them regularly for a year, they no longer have the same strong emotional response. The individual has become habituated to the traffic jams, and they have become part of their routine.

Contiguity refers to the idea that the CS (conditioned stimulus) and US (unconditioned stimulus) should be presented close together in time and space for effective learning to occur. However, contiguity alone is not sufficient to create CS-US associations. Other factors such as contingency, predictability, and attention also play crucial roles in the formation of these associations. Therefore, the correct answer is no.

This scenario demonstrates the evolutionary significance of conditioned food aversions. The individual's body associates the consumption of tequila with vomiting, creating an aversion to tequila. This aversion is a protective mechanism that has evolved over time to prevent the individual from consuming potentially harmful substances.

When the likelihood of an action potential in a post-synaptic neuron is increased by the electrical stimulation of a pre-synaptic neuron, it leads to Long-Term Potentiation (LTP). LTP is a process in which the strength of the synapse between two neurons is enhanced, resulting in increased efficiency of signal transmission. This increased likelihood of an action potential allows for improved communication between neurons and can contribute to the formation of new memories and learning.

Habituation is a simple form of learning where an organism becomes accustomed to a repeated or constant stimulus and gradually reduces its response to it. This process allows the organism to conserve energy and resources by not responding to irrelevant or non-threatening stimuli. It is a basic form of learning that is observed in many different species and is essential for survival.