Trivia Quiz: Can You Pass This Toughest Psychopathology Test?

1. An altruistic suicide is committed by people who believe that taking their own life will benefit society in some way.

True

False

Altruistic suicide refers to a type of suicide committed by individuals who believe that their own death will bring about some form of benefit or improvement to society. These individuals may sacrifice themselves for the greater good or to fulfill societal expectations. This type of suicide is often seen in cultures or societies where self-sacrifice is highly valued and individuals prioritize the needs of the community over their own. Therefore, the given statement that altruistic suicide is committed by people who believe that taking their own life will benefit society is true.

Explanation

Altruistic suicide refers to a type of suicide committed by individuals who believe that their own death will bring about some form of benefit or improvement to society. These individuals may sacrifice themselves for the greater good or to fulfill societal expectations. This type of suicide is often seen in cultures or societies where self-sacrifice is highly valued and individuals prioritize the needs of the community over their own. Therefore, the given statement that altruistic suicide is committed by people who believe that taking their own life will benefit society is true.

2. Classical conditioning can be used to understand how some phobias develop.

True

False

Classical conditioning is a psychological concept that explains how certain behaviors and responses can be learned through associations. Phobias, which are intense and irrational fears, can also be developed through classical conditioning. For example, if someone has a traumatic experience with a spider, they may associate spiders with fear and develop a phobia. This shows that classical conditioning can be used to understand the development of phobias. Therefore, the statement "Classical conditioning can be used to understand how some phobias develop" is true.

Explanation

Classical conditioning is a psychological concept that explains how certain behaviors and responses can be learned through associations. Phobias, which are intense and irrational fears, can also be developed through classical conditioning. For example, if someone has a traumatic experience with a spider, they may associate spiders with fear and develop a phobia. This shows that classical conditioning can be used to understand the development of phobias. Therefore, the statement "Classical conditioning can be used to understand how some phobias develop" is true.

3. The _______ approach is based on the assumption that humans have an innate capacity for goodness and for living a full life.

Behaviorist

Psychoanalytic

Family systems

Humanistic

The humanistic approach is based on the assumption that humans have an innate capacity for goodness and for living a full life. This approach focuses on the individual's potential for growth, self-actualization, and personal fulfillment. It emphasizes the importance of self-awareness, self-acceptance, and personal choice in shaping one's behavior and experiences. This approach believes in the inherent value and worth of every individual and seeks to promote their well-being and personal development.

Explanation

The humanistic approach is based on the assumption that humans have an innate capacity for goodness and for living a full life. This approach focuses on the individual's potential for growth, self-actualization, and personal fulfillment. It emphasizes the importance of self-awareness, self-acceptance, and personal choice in shaping one's behavior and experiences. This approach believes in the inherent value and worth of every individual and seeks to promote their well-being and personal development.

4. For the past 4 years, Bridget, age 23, has experienced an episode of major depression during November through February. She complains that it's like clockwork—she'll be fine during March through October but every November, she feels an episode coming on. Bridget has depression with

A) atypical features.

B) melancholic features.

C) seasonal pattern.

D) adult onset.

The correct answer is C) seasonal pattern. This is because Bridget experiences a recurring episode of major depression during the same months each year, specifically November through February. This pattern suggests that her depression is influenced by the changing seasons, which is characteristic of seasonal pattern depression. This type of depression is often referred to as seasonal affective disorder (SAD) and is commonly associated with the winter months.

Explanation

The correct answer is C) seasonal pattern. This is because Bridget experiences a recurring episode of major depression during the same months each year, specifically November through February. This pattern suggests that her depression is influenced by the changing seasons, which is characteristic of seasonal pattern depression. This type of depression is often referred to as seasonal affective disorder (SAD) and is commonly associated with the winter months.

5. According to our class discussion, psychopaths often wear a "mask of sanity."

True

False

Psychopaths often wear a "mask of sanity" means that they hide their true nature and intentions behind a facade of normalcy. This implies that they are skilled at presenting themselves as mentally stable and socially acceptable individuals, while internally they may lack empathy, have a disregard for others' feelings, and engage in manipulative or harmful behavior. This concept was likely discussed in the class to highlight the deceptive nature of psychopaths and the challenges in identifying them. Therefore, the correct answer is True.

Explanation

Psychopaths often wear a "mask of sanity" means that they hide their true nature and intentions behind a facade of normalcy. This implies that they are skilled at presenting themselves as mentally stable and socially acceptable individuals, while internally they may lack empathy, have a disregard for others' feelings, and engage in manipulative or harmful behavior. This concept was likely discussed in the class to highlight the deceptive nature of psychopaths and the challenges in identifying them. Therefore, the correct answer is True.

6. Neuropsychological tests are used to detect specific cognitive impairments that are common in disorders like dementia.

True

False

Neuropsychological tests are indeed used to detect specific cognitive impairments that are commonly found in disorders like dementia. These tests assess various cognitive functions such as memory, attention, language, and problem-solving abilities. By evaluating an individual's performance on these tests, healthcare professionals can identify any cognitive deficits or impairments that may be indicative of dementia or other related disorders. Therefore, the statement "Neuropsychological tests are used to detect specific cognitive impairments that are common in disorders like dementia" is true.

Explanation

Neuropsychological tests are indeed used to detect specific cognitive impairments that are commonly found in disorders like dementia. These tests assess various cognitive functions such as memory, attention, language, and problem-solving abilities. By evaluating an individual's performance on these tests, healthcare professionals can identify any cognitive deficits or impairments that may be indicative of dementia or other related disorders. Therefore, the statement "Neuropsychological tests are used to detect specific cognitive impairments that are common in disorders like dementia" is true.

7. Based on the extreme changes in appearance and reported obsession with his nose and skin color, Michael Jackson likely suffered from

A) depersonalization disorder.

B) body dysmorphic disorder.

C) atypical depression.

Based on the extreme changes in appearance and reported obsession with his nose and skin color, it can be inferred that Michael Jackson likely suffered from body dysmorphic disorder. This disorder is characterized by a preoccupation with perceived flaws in physical appearance, leading to repetitive behaviors or mental acts in response to these concerns. Jackson's multiple plastic surgeries and his desire to alter his skin color suggest a distorted body image and dissatisfaction with his appearance, which aligns with the symptoms of body dysmorphic disorder.

Explanation

Based on the extreme changes in appearance and reported obsession with his nose and skin color, it can be inferred that Michael Jackson likely suffered from body dysmorphic disorder. This disorder is characterized by a preoccupation with perceived flaws in physical appearance, leading to repetitive behaviors or mental acts in response to these concerns. Jackson's multiple plastic surgeries and his desire to alter his skin color suggest a distorted body image and dissatisfaction with his appearance, which aligns with the symptoms of body dysmorphic disorder.

8. In humanistic therapy, the therapist's goal is to help clients discover their greatest potential through self-exploration.

True

False

In humanistic therapy, the therapist aims to assist clients in uncovering their full potential by encouraging self-exploration. This approach emphasizes personal growth, self-awareness, and self-acceptance. The therapist provides a supportive and non-judgmental environment where clients can gain insight into their emotions, thoughts, and behaviors. By facilitating self-discovery, humanistic therapy helps individuals develop a deeper understanding of themselves and their capabilities, ultimately leading to personal growth and fulfillment. Therefore, the statement "True" accurately reflects the goals of humanistic therapy.

Explanation

In humanistic therapy, the therapist aims to assist clients in uncovering their full potential by encouraging self-exploration. This approach emphasizes personal growth, self-awareness, and self-acceptance. The therapist provides a supportive and non-judgmental environment where clients can gain insight into their emotions, thoughts, and behaviors. By facilitating self-discovery, humanistic therapy helps individuals develop a deeper understanding of themselves and their capabilities, ultimately leading to personal growth and fulfillment. Therefore, the statement "True" accurately reflects the goals of humanistic therapy.

9. Research on treatments for ADHD indicates that ____________ works best.

A) medication alone

B) a combination of stimulant medication and psychotherapy

C) placebo treatment

D) behavioral therapy alone

Research on treatments for ADHD indicates that a combination of stimulant medication and psychotherapy works best. This is because stimulant medication helps to improve attention and reduce hyperactivity, while psychotherapy helps individuals with ADHD develop coping strategies, improve social skills, and manage their symptoms more effectively. The combination of these two approaches addresses both the biological and psychological aspects of ADHD, leading to better outcomes for individuals with the disorder.

Explanation

Research on treatments for ADHD indicates that a combination of stimulant medication and psychotherapy works best. This is because stimulant medication helps to improve attention and reduce hyperactivity, while psychotherapy helps individuals with ADHD develop coping strategies, improve social skills, and manage their symptoms more effectively. The combination of these two approaches addresses both the biological and psychological aspects of ADHD, leading to better outcomes for individuals with the disorder.

10. Individuals with somatoform disorders experience significant physical symptoms for which there is no apparent organic cause.

True

False

Individuals with somatoform disorders experience physical symptoms that cannot be explained by any underlying medical condition. These symptoms are real and cause distress or impairment in daily functioning. While there may not be any organic cause for these symptoms, they are not intentionally produced or feigned. This is why the statement "Individuals with somatoform disorders experience significant physical symptoms for which there is no apparent organic cause" is true.

Explanation

Individuals with somatoform disorders experience physical symptoms that cannot be explained by any underlying medical condition. These symptoms are real and cause distress or impairment in daily functioning. While there may not be any organic cause for these symptoms, they are not intentionally produced or feigned. This is why the statement "Individuals with somatoform disorders experience significant physical symptoms for which there is no apparent organic cause" is true.

11. Biochemicals that carry impulses from one neuron to another in the brain and in other parts of the nervous system are called _____.

Hormones

Neurotransmitters

Electrical transmissions

Synaptic responses

Neurotransmitters are biochemicals that transmit impulses from one neuron to another in the brain and other parts of the nervous system. They play a crucial role in the communication between neurons, allowing for the transmission of signals and the coordination of various functions in the body. Hormones, on the other hand, are chemical messengers that are produced by glands and travel through the bloodstream to target specific cells or organs. Electrical transmissions refer to the movement of electrical signals within neurons, while synaptic responses describe the overall response of a neuron to neurotransmitters at the synapse.

Explanation

Neurotransmitters are biochemicals that transmit impulses from one neuron to another in the brain and other parts of the nervous system. They play a crucial role in the communication between neurons, allowing for the transmission of signals and the coordination of various functions in the body. Hormones, on the other hand, are chemical messengers that are produced by glands and travel through the bloodstream to target specific cells or organs. Electrical transmissions refer to the movement of electrical signals within neurons, while synaptic responses describe the overall response of a neuron to neurotransmitters at the synapse.

12. Patty believes that her nose is too big, and that others notice the disfigurement of her nose. Her anxiety has perpetuated to the point that she refuses to leave her house. Patty is most likely exhibiting symptoms of _____ disorder.

Generalized anxiety

Factitious

Malingering

Body dysmorphic

Patty's belief that her nose is too big and that others notice it suggests that she may be experiencing body dysmorphic disorder. This disorder is characterized by an excessive preoccupation with perceived flaws in one's appearance, often leading to significant distress and impairment in daily functioning. Patty's refusal to leave her house due to anxiety further supports the idea that her symptoms align with body dysmorphic disorder.

Explanation

Patty's belief that her nose is too big and that others notice it suggests that she may be experiencing body dysmorphic disorder. This disorder is characterized by an excessive preoccupation with perceived flaws in one's appearance, often leading to significant distress and impairment in daily functioning. Patty's refusal to leave her house due to anxiety further supports the idea that her symptoms align with body dysmorphic disorder.

13. Individuals with an ego disturbance look to other people for acceptance and often avoid situations where failure or disapproval may occur.

True

False

Individuals with an ego disturbance tend to have low self-esteem and rely heavily on the approval and acceptance of others. They fear failure or disapproval, so they often avoid situations that could potentially lead to these outcomes. This behavior is driven by their need to maintain a positive self-image and avoid any negative evaluation from others. Therefore, the statement that individuals with an ego disturbance look to other people for acceptance and avoid situations where failure or disapproval may occur is true.

Explanation

Individuals with an ego disturbance tend to have low self-esteem and rely heavily on the approval and acceptance of others. They fear failure or disapproval, so they often avoid situations that could potentially lead to these outcomes. This behavior is driven by their need to maintain a positive self-image and avoid any negative evaluation from others. Therefore, the statement that individuals with an ego disturbance look to other people for acceptance and avoid situations where failure or disapproval may occur is true.

14. Individuals with ______ personality disorder have grandiose thoughts and feelings of one's own worth. They are also oblivious to others' needs.

A) antisocial

B) borderline

C) odd-eccentric

D) narcissistic

Individuals with narcissistic personality disorder have an inflated sense of self-importance and believe that they are superior to others. They have grandiose thoughts and feelings about their own worth and abilities. They also lack empathy and are oblivious to the needs and feelings of others.

Explanation

Individuals with narcissistic personality disorder have an inflated sense of self-importance and believe that they are superior to others. They have grandiose thoughts and feelings about their own worth and abilities. They also lack empathy and are oblivious to the needs and feelings of others.

15. In some parts of the world, corporal punishment is a traditional child rearing practice, while in other places, the practice is frowned upon. This is an example of which of the following criteria for abnormality?

A. Mental illness

B. Dysfunction

C. Distress

D. Cultural relativism

This question is asking about a criteria for abnormality. The fact that corporal punishment is considered a traditional child rearing practice in some parts of the world, while it is frowned upon in other places, suggests that the perception of what is considered abnormal or acceptable behavior varies across different cultures. This aligns with the concept of cultural relativism, which states that behavior should be evaluated within the context of the culture in which it occurs. Therefore, the correct answer is d. Cultural relativism.

Explanation

This question is asking about a criteria for abnormality. The fact that corporal punishment is considered a traditional child rearing practice in some parts of the world, while it is frowned upon in other places, suggests that the perception of what is considered abnormal or acceptable behavior varies across different cultures. This aligns with the concept of cultural relativism, which states that behavior should be evaluated within the context of the culture in which it occurs. Therefore, the correct answer is d. Cultural relativism.

16. Which of the following is NOT an example of a compulsion?

A) hand washing

B) checking the stove

C) refraining from stepping on cracks

D) feeling like someone is watching you

The feeling of someone watching you is not an example of a compulsion because it does not involve a repetitive behavior or action that is performed in response to an obsessive thought or to prevent a feared consequence. Compulsions are typically repetitive behaviors or mental acts that are performed to reduce anxiety or prevent a feared event from happening. In contrast, the feeling of someone watching you is a subjective experience and does not involve any specific action or behavior.

Explanation

The feeling of someone watching you is not an example of a compulsion because it does not involve a repetitive behavior or action that is performed in response to an obsessive thought or to prevent a feared consequence. Compulsions are typically repetitive behaviors or mental acts that are performed to reduce anxiety or prevent a feared event from happening. In contrast, the feeling of someone watching you is a subjective experience and does not involve any specific action or behavior.

17. Tom believes frequently brags to others that he has a genius IQ, despite having a long history of mental illness and limited formal education. He tells family members that he is friends with celebrities and that he will soon be managing some of the biggest stars in Hollywood. Tom is demonstrating

A) persecutory delusions

B) delusions of reference

C) grandiose delusions

D) self-deceptions

Tom's belief that he has a genius IQ, his bragging about it, and his claims of being friends with celebrities and managing big stars in Hollywood despite his mental illness and limited education indicate that he is demonstrating grandiose delusions. Grandiose delusions are characterized by an exaggerated sense of self-importance, unrealistic beliefs about one's abilities, and a tendency to boast about achievements or connections that are not based in reality.

Explanation

Tom's belief that he has a genius IQ, his bragging about it, and his claims of being friends with celebrities and managing big stars in Hollywood despite his mental illness and limited education indicate that he is demonstrating grandiose delusions. Grandiose delusions are characterized by an exaggerated sense of self-importance, unrealistic beliefs about one's abilities, and a tendency to boast about achievements or connections that are not based in reality.

18. Lucy is concerned because her family pays little or no attention to each other. They seem to constantly go their own way, and have little interest in having a meal together. According to family systems theory, Lucy's family is a(n) _____ family.

A. inflexible.

B. emeshed

C. disengaged

D. triangular

According to family systems theory, a disengaged family is characterized by members who pay little or no attention to each other and have little interest in spending time together, such as having a meal together. This aligns with Lucy's concern about her family constantly going their own way and not having a strong sense of connection or togetherness.

Explanation

According to family systems theory, a disengaged family is characterized by members who pay little or no attention to each other and have little interest in spending time together, such as having a meal together. This aligns with Lucy's concern about her family constantly going their own way and not having a strong sense of connection or togetherness.

19. Dysthymic disorder is less severe but more chronic than major depression.

True

False

Dysthymic disorder is indeed less severe but more chronic than major depression. While major depression is characterized by intense and debilitating symptoms that can last for weeks or months, dysthymic disorder involves milder symptoms that persist for a longer duration, typically for at least two years. This chronicity makes dysthymic disorder less severe, but the persistent nature of the symptoms can have a significant impact on a person's daily functioning and overall quality of life.

Explanation

Dysthymic disorder is indeed less severe but more chronic than major depression. While major depression is characterized by intense and debilitating symptoms that can last for weeks or months, dysthymic disorder involves milder symptoms that persist for a longer duration, typically for at least two years. This chronicity makes dysthymic disorder less severe, but the persistent nature of the symptoms can have a significant impact on a person's daily functioning and overall quality of life.

20. According to the psychodynamic approach, transference occurs when the client reacts to the therapist as if he or she is a significant person in the client's life.

True

False

According to the psychodynamic approach, transference occurs when the client projects their feelings, emotions, and expectations onto the therapist, as if the therapist represents a significant person in the client's life. This can happen because the therapist's role and dynamics in therapy can trigger unresolved issues and emotions from the client's past relationships or experiences. Transference is considered an important aspect of therapy as it provides insight into the client's unconscious thoughts and feelings, allowing for exploration and resolution of underlying conflicts. Therefore, the statement "True" accurately reflects the concept of transference in the psychodynamic approach.

Explanation

According to the psychodynamic approach, transference occurs when the client projects their feelings, emotions, and expectations onto the therapist, as if the therapist represents a significant person in the client's life. This can happen because the therapist's role and dynamics in therapy can trigger unresolved issues and emotions from the client's past relationships or experiences. Transference is considered an important aspect of therapy as it provides insight into the client's unconscious thoughts and feelings, allowing for exploration and resolution of underlying conflicts. Therefore, the statement "True" accurately reflects the concept of transference in the psychodynamic approach.

21. Obsessions can be defined as

Persistent fear reactions, out of proportion to actual danger.

Magical thinking.

Repetitive behavior or mental acts.

Recurrent, persistent thoughts, impulses, or images.

Obsessions are defined as recurrent, persistent thoughts, impulses, or images. This means that individuals with obsessions experience intrusive and unwanted thoughts, urges, or mental images that are difficult to control or get rid of. These thoughts or images can cause significant distress and anxiety to the person, and they often try to neutralize or suppress them through repetitive behaviors or mental acts. Obsessions are not simply fear reactions or magical thinking, but rather specific types of thoughts or impulses that persistently recur in an individual's mind.

Explanation

Obsessions are defined as recurrent, persistent thoughts, impulses, or images. This means that individuals with obsessions experience intrusive and unwanted thoughts, urges, or mental images that are difficult to control or get rid of. These thoughts or images can cause significant distress and anxiety to the person, and they often try to neutralize or suppress them through repetitive behaviors or mental acts. Obsessions are not simply fear reactions or magical thinking, but rather specific types of thoughts or impulses that persistently recur in an individual's mind.

22. Social learning theory emphasizes that:

A. people learn behaviors by watching other people.

B. learning is the direct result of rewards and punishments.

C. learning primarily occurs by observing random people.

D. learning occurs when two stimuli are paired together.

Social learning theory emphasizes that people learn behaviors by watching other people. This theory suggests that individuals observe and imitate the behaviors of others, particularly those who are seen as role models or have higher status. It emphasizes the importance of observational learning and the influence of social interactions on learning. Through this process, individuals acquire new behaviors, attitudes, and beliefs by observing and imitating others, which can have a significant impact on their own behavior and development.

Explanation

Social learning theory emphasizes that people learn behaviors by watching other people. This theory suggests that individuals observe and imitate the behaviors of others, particularly those who are seen as role models or have higher status. It emphasizes the importance of observational learning and the influence of social interactions on learning. Through this process, individuals acquire new behaviors, attitudes, and beliefs by observing and imitating others, which can have a significant impact on their own behavior and development.

23. Petra has hypochondriasis. She recently developed a mild cough and immediately worried that her cough was a symptom of lung cancer. After a series of medical tests, the doctor has confirmed that Petra does not have cancer or any other lung ailment. Based on what you know about this disorder—Upon hearing this news, Petra is likely to

Feel relieved, as the doctor has determined that nothing is wrong.

Fake new symptoms in order to get attention.

Look to psychotherapy to better understand why she always feels sick.

Feel no relief, believing that the doctor has missed something.

People with hypochondriasis have a persistent fear of having a serious medical condition, despite medical reassurance. Even when medical tests confirm that there is no underlying illness, individuals with hypochondriasis often continue to believe that something has been missed or that the doctor is wrong. Therefore, Petra is likely to feel no relief and continue to believe that the doctor has missed something, despite the confirmation that she does not have cancer or any other lung ailment.

Explanation

People with hypochondriasis have a persistent fear of having a serious medical condition, despite medical reassurance. Even when medical tests confirm that there is no underlying illness, individuals with hypochondriasis often continue to believe that something has been missed or that the doctor is wrong. Therefore, Petra is likely to feel no relief and continue to believe that the doctor has missed something, despite the confirmation that she does not have cancer or any other lung ailment.

24. Munchhausen's syndrome is a type of factitious disorder.

True

False

Munchhausen's syndrome is indeed a type of factitious disorder. Factitious disorders involve individuals intentionally producing or exaggerating physical or psychological symptoms in order to assume the role of a sick person. Munchhausen's syndrome specifically refers to the chronic fabrication of symptoms, medical histories, and even self-inflicted injuries to gain attention and sympathy from healthcare professionals. This behavior is not driven by any external incentives, such as financial gain, but rather by the desire for attention and the satisfaction derived from assuming the sick role.

Explanation

Munchhausen's syndrome is indeed a type of factitious disorder. Factitious disorders involve individuals intentionally producing or exaggerating physical or psychological symptoms in order to assume the role of a sick person. Munchhausen's syndrome specifically refers to the chronic fabrication of symptoms, medical histories, and even self-inflicted injuries to gain attention and sympathy from healthcare professionals. This behavior is not driven by any external incentives, such as financial gain, but rather by the desire for attention and the satisfaction derived from assuming the sick role.

25. Which of the following is an example of a biological therapy?

Medication

Psychoanalysis

Classical conditioning

Systematic desensitization

Medication is considered a biological therapy because it involves the use of chemicals or drugs to treat or manage physical or mental health conditions. Biological therapies target biological processes in the body, such as neurotransmitter imbalances or immune system dysfunction, to alleviate symptoms and promote healing. Medications can be prescribed for a wide range of conditions, including depression, anxiety, schizophrenia, and diabetes. They can work by altering brain chemistry, regulating hormones, boosting immune responses, or targeting specific disease-causing agents. Therefore, medication is an example of a biological therapy.

Explanation

Medication is considered a biological therapy because it involves the use of chemicals or drugs to treat or manage physical or mental health conditions. Biological therapies target biological processes in the body, such as neurotransmitter imbalances or immune system dysfunction, to alleviate symptoms and promote healing. Medications can be prescribed for a wide range of conditions, including depression, anxiety, schizophrenia, and diabetes. They can work by altering brain chemistry, regulating hormones, boosting immune responses, or targeting specific disease-causing agents. Therefore, medication is an example of a biological therapy.

26. Bernadette has experienced mental health problems since she was a child. She is clingy, idealizes someone one moment and despises the person the next, is manipulative, has extreme mood swings, and has attempted suicide 3 times. Anytime she gets into a conflict with her family or a significant other, she threatens suicide or engages in parasuicidal behavior, such as cutting. Bernadette has a diagnosis of ________ disorder.

A) borderline personality

B) narcissistic personality

C) schizoaffective

D) brief psychotic

Bernadette's symptoms, including extreme mood swings, unstable relationships, manipulative behavior, self-harm, and suicidal tendencies, are consistent with borderline personality disorder. This disorder is characterized by difficulties in regulating emotions and maintaining stable relationships, as well as impulsivity and self-destructive behaviors. The other options, narcissistic personality disorder, schizoaffective disorder, and brief psychotic disorder, do not align with the given symptoms.

Explanation

Bernadette's symptoms, including extreme mood swings, unstable relationships, manipulative behavior, self-harm, and suicidal tendencies, are consistent with borderline personality disorder. This disorder is characterized by difficulties in regulating emotions and maintaining stable relationships, as well as impulsivity and self-destructive behaviors. The other options, narcissistic personality disorder, schizoaffective disorder, and brief psychotic disorder, do not align with the given symptoms.

27. _____ is the study of the impact of reinforcements and punishments on behavior.

Behaviorism

Cognition

Psychoanalysis

Observational learning

Behaviorism is the study of the impact of reinforcements and punishments on behavior. It focuses on observable behaviors and how they are influenced by external stimuli. Behaviorists believe that behavior can be learned and modified through conditioning, where positive reinforcements increase the likelihood of a behavior being repeated, and punishments decrease the likelihood. Behaviorism rejects the study of internal mental processes and instead emphasizes the importance of studying behavior in a scientific and objective manner.

Explanation

Behaviorism is the study of the impact of reinforcements and punishments on behavior. It focuses on observable behaviors and how they are influenced by external stimuli. Behaviorists believe that behavior can be learned and modified through conditioning, where positive reinforcements increase the likelihood of a behavior being repeated, and punishments decrease the likelihood. Behaviorism rejects the study of internal mental processes and instead emphasizes the importance of studying behavior in a scientific and objective manner.

28. Val works at a mental health center. When a client is referred for services, Val gathers information about the symptoms and the possible causes of these symptoms. Val is _________.

Conducting an assessment

Making a diagnosis

Implementing a treatment

Engaging in countertransference.

Val is conducting an assessment because they are gathering information about the client's symptoms and possible causes. This implies that Val is in the process of evaluating the client's mental health condition and determining the appropriate course of action. Making a diagnosis and implementing treatment would come after the assessment, while engaging in countertransference is unrelated to the given scenario.

Explanation

Val is conducting an assessment because they are gathering information about the client's symptoms and possible causes. This implies that Val is in the process of evaluating the client's mental health condition and determining the appropriate course of action. Making a diagnosis and implementing treatment would come after the assessment, while engaging in countertransference is unrelated to the given scenario.

29. According to biological theories of abnormality, mental illness is a type of physical disease or a breakdown in some system of the body.

True

False

According to biological theories of abnormality, mental illness is considered to be a physical disease or a breakdown in some system of the body. This perspective suggests that mental disorders can be attributed to abnormalities in brain structure or function, imbalances in neurotransmitters, or genetic factors. It emphasizes the importance of biological factors in understanding and treating mental illnesses, and supports the idea that mental health issues should be approached and treated similarly to physical illnesses.

Explanation

According to biological theories of abnormality, mental illness is considered to be a physical disease or a breakdown in some system of the body. This perspective suggests that mental disorders can be attributed to abnormalities in brain structure or function, imbalances in neurotransmitters, or genetic factors. It emphasizes the importance of biological factors in understanding and treating mental illnesses, and supports the idea that mental health issues should be approached and treated similarly to physical illnesses.

30. The cognitive variable that most consistently predicts suicide is

Hopelessness

Lack of insight into one’s problems

Sensitivity to criticism

Irrational beliefs

Hopelessness is the cognitive variable that most consistently predicts suicide. When individuals feel a deep sense of hopelessness, they may believe that their situation is permanent and that there is no way out. This feeling of despair can lead to a heightened risk of suicide as individuals may see suicide as the only solution to escape their pain and suffering. Therefore, hopelessness plays a crucial role in understanding and predicting suicidal behavior.

Explanation

Hopelessness is the cognitive variable that most consistently predicts suicide. When individuals feel a deep sense of hopelessness, they may believe that their situation is permanent and that there is no way out. This feeling of despair can lead to a heightened risk of suicide as individuals may see suicide as the only solution to escape their pain and suffering. Therefore, hopelessness plays a crucial role in understanding and predicting suicidal behavior.

31. Boys and girls are equally likely to be diagnosed with ADHD and conduct disorder.

True

False

The statement is false because research has shown that boys are more likely to be diagnosed with ADHD and conduct disorder compared to girls. Boys tend to exhibit more hyperactive and impulsive behavior, which is often associated with ADHD, while girls may display more inattentive symptoms that can be easily overlooked or misdiagnosed. Additionally, conduct disorder, which involves a pattern of aggressive and antisocial behavior, is also more commonly diagnosed in boys. Therefore, boys are more likely to be diagnosed with both ADHD and conduct disorder than girls.

Explanation

The statement is false because research has shown that boys are more likely to be diagnosed with ADHD and conduct disorder compared to girls. Boys tend to exhibit more hyperactive and impulsive behavior, which is often associated with ADHD, while girls may display more inattentive symptoms that can be easily overlooked or misdiagnosed. Additionally, conduct disorder, which involves a pattern of aggressive and antisocial behavior, is also more commonly diagnosed in boys. Therefore, boys are more likely to be diagnosed with both ADHD and conduct disorder than girls.

32. Suicide is ________ among college students.

A) the second leading cause of death

B) rare

C) the sixth leading cause of death

D) rapidly declining

Suicide is a significant issue among college students, as it is the second leading cause of death. This suggests that there is a high prevalence of suicidal thoughts and actions within this population. It highlights the importance of addressing mental health concerns and providing support services to students in order to prevent such tragedies.

Explanation

Suicide is a significant issue among college students, as it is the second leading cause of death. This suggests that there is a high prevalence of suicidal thoughts and actions within this population. It highlights the importance of addressing mental health concerns and providing support services to students in order to prevent such tragedies.

33. Phobias often develop through classical conditioning.

True

False

Phobias often develop through classical conditioning because individuals may associate a traumatic or fear-inducing event with a specific object, situation, or stimulus. This association creates a conditioned response, where the person experiences fear or anxiety whenever they encounter that particular trigger. Over time, this learned fear response becomes ingrained and can lead to the development of a phobia. Classical conditioning plays a significant role in the formation and maintenance of phobias.

Explanation

Phobias often develop through classical conditioning because individuals may associate a traumatic or fear-inducing event with a specific object, situation, or stimulus. This association creates a conditioned response, where the person experiences fear or anxiety whenever they encounter that particular trigger. Over time, this learned fear response becomes ingrained and can lead to the development of a phobia. Classical conditioning plays a significant role in the formation and maintenance of phobias.

34. Vinnie has been diagnosed with ____________, which includes symptoms of schizophrenia and a mood disorder.

A) delusional disorder

B) schizoaffective disorder

C) a brief psychotic episode

D) bipolar disorder

Vinnie has been diagnosed with schizoaffective disorder, which is characterized by symptoms of both schizophrenia and a mood disorder. This means that Vinnie experiences hallucinations, delusions, disorganized thinking, and other symptoms commonly associated with schizophrenia, along with symptoms of a mood disorder such as depression or mania. Schizoaffective disorder is a chronic mental health condition that requires ongoing treatment and management.

Explanation

Vinnie has been diagnosed with schizoaffective disorder, which is characterized by symptoms of both schizophrenia and a mood disorder. This means that Vinnie experiences hallucinations, delusions, disorganized thinking, and other symptoms commonly associated with schizophrenia, along with symptoms of a mood disorder such as depression or mania. Schizoaffective disorder is a chronic mental health condition that requires ongoing treatment and management.

35. Daydreaming is an example of

A) a fugue.

B) a psychosomatic disorder.

C) dissociation.

D) psychogenic amnesia.

Daydreaming is a mental state in which a person is lost in their thoughts and imagination, often unaware of their surroundings. This is considered an example of dissociation because it involves a temporary detachment from reality and a shift in attention away from the present moment. During daydreaming, individuals may become absorbed in their internal world, experiencing a sense of disconnection from their immediate environment. Dissociation is a common phenomenon that can occur in various degrees, ranging from mild daydreaming to more severe dissociative disorders.

Explanation

Daydreaming is a mental state in which a person is lost in their thoughts and imagination, often unaware of their surroundings. This is considered an example of dissociation because it involves a temporary detachment from reality and a shift in attention away from the present moment. During daydreaming, individuals may become absorbed in their internal world, experiencing a sense of disconnection from their immediate environment. Dissociation is a common phenomenon that can occur in various degrees, ranging from mild daydreaming to more severe dissociative disorders.

36. _____ reliability is a measurement of how consistent the results of a test are over time

Alternate form

Internal

Interrater

Test-retest

Test-retest reliability is a measurement of how consistent the results of a test are over time. This type of reliability assesses whether the same test administered to the same group of individuals at two different points in time yields similar results. By comparing the scores obtained from the first administration of the test with the scores obtained from the second administration, researchers can determine the extent to which the test produces consistent results over time. Test-retest reliability is particularly important in assessing the stability and consistency of a measurement instrument or tool.

Explanation

Test-retest reliability is a measurement of how consistent the results of a test are over time. This type of reliability assesses whether the same test administered to the same group of individuals at two different points in time yields similar results. By comparing the scores obtained from the first administration of the test with the scores obtained from the second administration, researchers can determine the extent to which the test produces consistent results over time. Test-retest reliability is particularly important in assessing the stability and consistency of a measurement instrument or tool.

37. You are conducting psychoanalysis with your client. Which technique will you use during therapy?

Unconditional positive regard

Free association

Negative reinforcement

Intermittent reflection

During psychoanalysis therapy, the technique of free association is used. This technique involves the client freely expressing their thoughts, feelings, and memories without any censorship or judgment. The therapist encourages the client to speak whatever comes to their mind, allowing unconscious thoughts and emotions to surface. This method helps the therapist gain insight into the client's unconscious mind and underlying issues, facilitating the therapeutic process. Unconditional positive regard, negative reinforcement, and intermittent reflection are not specific techniques used in psychoanalysis therapy.

Explanation

During psychoanalysis therapy, the technique of free association is used. This technique involves the client freely expressing their thoughts, feelings, and memories without any censorship or judgment. The therapist encourages the client to speak whatever comes to their mind, allowing unconscious thoughts and emotions to surface. This method helps the therapist gain insight into the client's unconscious mind and underlying issues, facilitating the therapeutic process. Unconditional positive regard, negative reinforcement, and intermittent reflection are not specific techniques used in psychoanalysis therapy.

38. The majority of individuals—over 90 percent—diagnosed with dissociative identity disorder have a history of

Malingering.

Schizophrenia.

Adolescent-onset conduct disorder.

Childhood sexual abuse.

Individuals diagnosed with dissociative identity disorder often have a history of childhood sexual abuse. This traumatic experience can lead to the development of dissociative symptoms as a coping mechanism. Dissociative identity disorder is characterized by the presence of multiple distinct identities or personality states that control a person's behavior. The trauma of childhood sexual abuse can result in the fragmentation of a person's identity, leading to the development of different identities or alters. This explanation aligns with the high prevalence of childhood sexual abuse among individuals diagnosed with dissociative identity disorder.

Explanation

Individuals diagnosed with dissociative identity disorder often have a history of childhood sexual abuse. This traumatic experience can lead to the development of dissociative symptoms as a coping mechanism. Dissociative identity disorder is characterized by the presence of multiple distinct identities or personality states that control a person's behavior. The trauma of childhood sexual abuse can result in the fragmentation of a person's identity, leading to the development of different identities or alters. This explanation aligns with the high prevalence of childhood sexual abuse among individuals diagnosed with dissociative identity disorder.

39. According to our class discussion, psychopaths like Ted Bundy and Bernie Madoff are often described by others as ____________. (Note: They are described this way before being their pathology is discovered.)

A) substance abusers, low-achievers, and simple-minded.

B) unstable, introverted, and weak.

C) frightening, violent, and angry.

D) charming, intelligent, and attractive.

Psychopaths like Ted Bundy and Bernie Madoff are often described as charming, intelligent, and attractive. This is because psychopaths often possess traits such as charisma, manipulativeness, and the ability to charm and deceive others. They are able to present themselves as intelligent and attractive individuals, which helps them gain the trust and admiration of others. However, it is important to note that this description is based on the perception of others before their psychopathic behavior or pathology is discovered.

Explanation

Psychopaths like Ted Bundy and Bernie Madoff are often described as charming, intelligent, and attractive. This is because psychopaths often possess traits such as charisma, manipulativeness, and the ability to charm and deceive others. They are able to present themselves as intelligent and attractive individuals, which helps them gain the trust and admiration of others. However, it is important to note that this description is based on the perception of others before their psychopathic behavior or pathology is discovered.

40. Pretend that you are a therapist. Which of the following basic counseling skills should you avoid?

A) Active listening

B) Focus on feeling

C) Giving advice

D) Accepting the client’s frame of reference

As a therapist, it is important to avoid giving advice to clients. This is because therapy is not about telling clients what to do or how to solve their problems. Instead, the focus should be on helping clients explore their own thoughts, feelings, and experiences in order to gain insight and make their own decisions. Giving advice can undermine the client's autonomy and hinder their personal growth and self-discovery. Therefore, it is crucial for therapists to refrain from giving advice and instead foster a supportive and non-judgmental environment for clients to explore their own solutions.

Explanation

As a therapist, it is important to avoid giving advice to clients. This is because therapy is not about telling clients what to do or how to solve their problems. Instead, the focus should be on helping clients explore their own thoughts, feelings, and experiences in order to gain insight and make their own decisions. Giving advice can undermine the client's autonomy and hinder their personal growth and self-discovery. Therefore, it is crucial for therapists to refrain from giving advice and instead foster a supportive and non-judgmental environment for clients to explore their own solutions.

41. When conducting cognitive-behavioral therapy, the therapist's role is to

A) provide advice.

B) interpret dreams.

C) encourage free association.

D) help clients define goals.

In cognitive-behavioral therapy, the therapist's role is to help clients define goals. This involves working collaboratively with the client to identify what they want to achieve through therapy and helping them set specific, measurable, attainable, relevant, and time-bound goals. By helping clients define their goals, the therapist can guide the therapeutic process and tailor interventions to address the client's specific needs and objectives. This approach empowers the client to take an active role in their own therapy and promotes a sense of ownership and motivation towards achieving positive change.

Explanation

In cognitive-behavioral therapy, the therapist's role is to help clients define goals. This involves working collaboratively with the client to identify what they want to achieve through therapy and helping them set specific, measurable, attainable, relevant, and time-bound goals. By helping clients define their goals, the therapist can guide the therapeutic process and tailor interventions to address the client's specific needs and objectives. This approach empowers the client to take an active role in their own therapy and promotes a sense of ownership and motivation towards achieving positive change.

42.

When a patient experiences catharsis, it means that the person has

Lost sensation in the upper extremities.

Become anxious and wishes to withdraw.

Experienced a release of emotions.

Found a new meaning in life.

When a person experiences catharsis, it refers to the release of strong emotions or pent-up feelings. This release can occur through various means such as crying, laughing, or expressing oneself creatively. Catharsis is often seen as a therapeutic process that helps individuals to let go of emotional burdens, gain a sense of relief, and achieve emotional healing. Therefore, the correct answer is "experienced a release of emotions."

Explanation

When a person experiences catharsis, it refers to the release of strong emotions or pent-up feelings. This release can occur through various means such as crying, laughing, or expressing oneself creatively. Catharsis is often seen as a therapeutic process that helps individuals to let go of emotional burdens, gain a sense of relief, and achieve emotional healing. Therefore, the correct answer is "experienced a release of emotions."

43. Research on anxiety disorders indicates that the most frequent obsession is dirt/contamination.

True

False

Research on anxiety disorders has shown that the most common obsession among individuals with anxiety disorders is dirt or contamination. This means that people with anxiety disorders often have an excessive fear of germs, dirt, or being contaminated. This finding is supported by numerous studies and is consistent with the symptoms of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), which often involves obsessions and compulsions related to cleanliness and contamination. Therefore, the statement "True" accurately reflects the research findings in this area.

Explanation

Research on anxiety disorders has shown that the most common obsession among individuals with anxiety disorders is dirt or contamination. This means that people with anxiety disorders often have an excessive fear of germs, dirt, or being contaminated. This finding is supported by numerous studies and is consistent with the symptoms of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), which often involves obsessions and compulsions related to cleanliness and contamination. Therefore, the statement "True" accurately reflects the research findings in this area.

44. _____ are questionnaires meant to assess people's typical ways of thinking, feeling, and behaving.

Intelligence tests

Symptom questionnaires

Projective tests

Personality inventories

Personality inventories are questionnaires designed to evaluate individuals' usual patterns of thinking, emotions, and behaviors. These tests aim to assess various aspects of an individual's personality, such as their traits, preferences, and tendencies. Unlike intelligence tests, which measure cognitive abilities, and symptom questionnaires, which focus on specific mental health symptoms, personality inventories provide a comprehensive understanding of an individual's personality traits and characteristics. Projective tests, on the other hand, involve ambiguous stimuli to reveal unconscious thoughts and feelings. Therefore, the correct answer is personality inventories.

Explanation

Personality inventories are questionnaires designed to evaluate individuals' usual patterns of thinking, emotions, and behaviors. These tests aim to assess various aspects of an individual's personality, such as their traits, preferences, and tendencies. Unlike intelligence tests, which measure cognitive abilities, and symptom questionnaires, which focus on specific mental health symptoms, personality inventories provide a comprehensive understanding of an individual's personality traits and characteristics. Projective tests, on the other hand, involve ambiguous stimuli to reveal unconscious thoughts and feelings. Therefore, the correct answer is personality inventories.

45. It is difficult to treat somatoform disorders—such as conversion disorder, pain disorder, and hypochondriasis—because

A) patients believe they are physically ill.

B) the diagnostic criteria for these disorders are virtually identical.

C) patients intentionally fake their symptoms.

D) most patients refuse to seek medical care.

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Explanation

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46. Corbin was diagnosed with Conduct Disorder as a teenager. As an adult, Corbin has poor impulse control, is indifferent to others' suffering, is easily bored, drifts from job to job and relationship to relationship, and is described as a pathological liar. Corbin most likely has

A) schizophrenia

B) antisocial personality disorder

C) narcissistic personality disorder

D) persecutory delusions

Corbin's symptoms of poor impulse control, indifference to others' suffering, being easily bored, drifting from job to job and relationship to relationship, and being described as a pathological liar are all indicative of antisocial personality disorder. This disorder is characterized by a disregard for the rights of others, a lack of empathy, and a pattern of manipulative and deceitful behavior. Schizophrenia is unlikely as it is characterized by hallucinations and delusions, which are not mentioned in the explanation. Narcissistic personality disorder is also unlikely as Corbin's symptoms do not align with the grandiosity and need for admiration associated with that disorder. Persecutory delusions do not fit the given symptoms either.

Explanation

Corbin's symptoms of poor impulse control, indifference to others' suffering, being easily bored, drifting from job to job and relationship to relationship, and being described as a pathological liar are all indicative of antisocial personality disorder. This disorder is characterized by a disregard for the rights of others, a lack of empathy, and a pattern of manipulative and deceitful behavior. Schizophrenia is unlikely as it is characterized by hallucinations and delusions, which are not mentioned in the explanation. Narcissistic personality disorder is also unlikely as Corbin's symptoms do not align with the grandiosity and need for admiration associated with that disorder. Persecutory delusions do not fit the given symptoms either.

47. Abnormality that involves eating, drinking, and sexual behaviors are the result of dysfunction of the

Right frontal lobe.

Cerebrum

Hypothalamus

Abnormalities involving eating, drinking, and sexual behaviors are often associated with dysfunction in the hypothalamus. The hypothalamus plays a crucial role in regulating these behaviors by controlling appetite, thirst, and sexual functions. Dysfunction in this area can lead to abnormal patterns of eating, such as overeating or undereating, excessive drinking, and changes in sexual behavior. The cerebrum is responsible for higher cognitive functions, while the right frontal lobe is involved in various functions such as decision-making and personality, but it is not specifically associated with regulating eating, drinking, and sexual behaviors.

Explanation

Abnormalities involving eating, drinking, and sexual behaviors are often associated with dysfunction in the hypothalamus. The hypothalamus plays a crucial role in regulating these behaviors by controlling appetite, thirst, and sexual functions. Dysfunction in this area can lead to abnormal patterns of eating, such as overeating or undereating, excessive drinking, and changes in sexual behavior. The cerebrum is responsible for higher cognitive functions, while the right frontal lobe is involved in various functions such as decision-making and personality, but it is not specifically associated with regulating eating, drinking, and sexual behaviors.

48. Most of the interactions among the id, ego, and superego occur in the _____.

Early adulthood years

Preconscious

Unconscious

Conscious

The interactions among the id, ego, and superego primarily occur in the unconscious mind. The unconscious mind is a reservoir of thoughts, desires, and memories that are not readily accessible to conscious awareness. It is within the unconscious that the id, ego, and superego engage in dynamic and complex interactions, shaping an individual's thoughts, feelings, and behaviors. These interactions are often influenced by unconscious desires, conflicts, and defense mechanisms, which play a significant role in shaping personality and behavior.

Explanation

The interactions among the id, ego, and superego primarily occur in the unconscious mind. The unconscious mind is a reservoir of thoughts, desires, and memories that are not readily accessible to conscious awareness. It is within the unconscious that the id, ego, and superego engage in dynamic and complex interactions, shaping an individual's thoughts, feelings, and behaviors. These interactions are often influenced by unconscious desires, conflicts, and defense mechanisms, which play a significant role in shaping personality and behavior.

49. Genesis has an average IQ of 105. However, she exhibits significant deficits in reading and written expression. The school psychologist reports that although her cognitive ability falls within the average range, her achievement in these areas is much lower than expected—72 in reading and 80 in written expression. Genesis most likely has

A learning disability

Mild mental retardation.

ADHD-inattentive type.

A pervasive developmental disorder.

The given information states that Genesis has an average IQ of 105 but exhibits significant deficits in reading and written expression, with achievement scores of 72 and 80 respectively. This suggests that her cognitive ability falls within the average range, but her performance in these specific areas is much lower than expected. This pattern of having average intelligence but struggling with specific academic skills is indicative of a learning disability. Therefore, the most likely explanation for Genesis's situation is that she has a learning disability.

Explanation

The given information states that Genesis has an average IQ of 105 but exhibits significant deficits in reading and written expression, with achievement scores of 72 and 80 respectively. This suggests that her cognitive ability falls within the average range, but her performance in these specific areas is much lower than expected. This pattern of having average intelligence but struggling with specific academic skills is indicative of a learning disability. Therefore, the most likely explanation for Genesis's situation is that she has a learning disability.

50. Jenna and Jermaine both have body dysmorphic disorder. Research indicates that Jenna is most likely to be concerned with her _______, while Jermaine is most likely to be concerned with his _______.

Ears; nose

Breasts; small body build

Thinning hair; excessive body hair

Upper body; lower body

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Explanation

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51. Molly has been diagnosed with schizophrenia. She has lost the ability to feel emotion, her facial expression rarely changes, and she speaks in a monotone voice. These symptoms are called

Neuroticism

Avolition.

Affective flattening

Alogia.

The symptoms described in the question, such as the inability to feel emotion, lack of facial expression, and speaking in a monotone voice, are characteristic of affective flattening. Affective flattening is a symptom of schizophrenia where individuals have a reduced range and intensity of emotional expression. This can manifest as a lack of emotional responsiveness, limited facial expressions, and a monotone voice. Neuroticism refers to a personality trait characterized by emotional instability, avolition refers to a lack of motivation or initiative, and alogia refers to a reduction in speech output.

Explanation

The symptoms described in the question, such as the inability to feel emotion, lack of facial expression, and speaking in a monotone voice, are characteristic of affective flattening. Affective flattening is a symptom of schizophrenia where individuals have a reduced range and intensity of emotional expression. This can manifest as a lack of emotional responsiveness, limited facial expressions, and a monotone voice. Neuroticism refers to a personality trait characterized by emotional instability, avolition refers to a lack of motivation or initiative, and alogia refers to a reduction in speech output.

52. Morgan has autism and Milee has Asperger syndrome. Based on diagnostic criteria, both Morgan and Milee will have

A) below average IQs.

B) above average IQs

C) a significant delay in spoken language.

D) peer difficulties.

Autism and Asperger syndrome are both neurodevelopmental disorders that can affect social interaction and communication skills. One common characteristic of these disorders is difficulty in forming and maintaining relationships with peers. Therefore, it is likely that both Morgan and Milee will experience peer difficulties.

Explanation

Autism and Asperger syndrome are both neurodevelopmental disorders that can affect social interaction and communication skills. One common characteristic of these disorders is difficulty in forming and maintaining relationships with peers. Therefore, it is likely that both Morgan and Milee will experience peer difficulties.

53. Dr. Nichollson is interested in how his clients perceive ambiguous stimuli, such as an oddly shaped inkblot or a captionless picture. Dr. Nichollson most likely uses _________ with his clients.

A. hypnosis

B. psychophysiological tests

C. projective tests

D. rating scales

Dr. Nichollson is interested in how his clients perceive ambiguous stimuli, such as an oddly shaped inkblot or a captionless picture. This suggests that he is looking for insights into their unconscious thoughts and feelings. Projective tests, such as the Rorschach inkblot test or the Thematic Apperception Test, are commonly used in psychology to assess a person's unconscious thoughts and feelings by interpreting their responses to ambiguous stimuli. Therefore, it is likely that Dr. Nichollson uses projective tests with his clients to gain a deeper understanding of their perceptions and unconscious processes.

Explanation

Dr. Nichollson is interested in how his clients perceive ambiguous stimuli, such as an oddly shaped inkblot or a captionless picture. This suggests that he is looking for insights into their unconscious thoughts and feelings. Projective tests, such as the Rorschach inkblot test or the Thematic Apperception Test, are commonly used in psychology to assess a person's unconscious thoughts and feelings by interpreting their responses to ambiguous stimuli. Therefore, it is likely that Dr. Nichollson uses projective tests with his clients to gain a deeper understanding of their perceptions and unconscious processes.

54. Jao has been diagnosed with dissociative identity disorder. One of his alters, Zach, frequently self-mutilates and primarily exists to punish Jao. According to our class discussion, which type of alter is Zach?

A) persecutory

B) guardian

C) antisocial

D) factitious

Zach, as an alter who self-mutilates and exists to punish Jao, can be classified as a persecutory alter. Persecutory alters in dissociative identity disorder often engage in self-harming behaviors and have a negative and punishing attitude towards the host personality. They may inflict physical or emotional pain on the individual as a form of punishment or control.

Explanation

Zach, as an alter who self-mutilates and exists to punish Jao, can be classified as a persecutory alter. Persecutory alters in dissociative identity disorder often engage in self-harming behaviors and have a negative and punishing attitude towards the host personality. They may inflict physical or emotional pain on the individual as a form of punishment or control.

55. Research on theories of antisocial personality disorder indicates that

A) a single gene causes the disorder.

B) the disorder is likely the result of multiple genetic defects.

C) males often produce abnormally low levels of testosterone.

D) psychopaths often have high serotonin levels.

Research on theories of antisocial personality disorder suggests that the disorder is likely caused by multiple genetic defects rather than a single gene. This means that there may be several genetic factors that contribute to the development of the disorder, rather than just one specific gene. This explanation aligns with the current understanding of the complex nature of genetic influences on mental disorders.

Explanation

Research on theories of antisocial personality disorder suggests that the disorder is likely caused by multiple genetic defects rather than a single gene. This means that there may be several genetic factors that contribute to the development of the disorder, rather than just one specific gene. This explanation aligns with the current understanding of the complex nature of genetic influences on mental disorders.

56. According to the continuum model of abnormality, a clear line exists between what is considered normal vs. abnormal behavior.

True

False

The continuum model of abnormality suggests that there is no clear line between what is considered normal and abnormal behavior. Instead, it proposes that behavior exists on a spectrum, with some individuals exhibiting more extreme or unusual behaviors than others. This model recognizes that abnormal behavior is not always easily distinguishable from normal behavior and that there is often a gray area between the two. Therefore, the statement that a clear line exists between normal and abnormal behavior is false according to the continuum model.

Explanation

The continuum model of abnormality suggests that there is no clear line between what is considered normal and abnormal behavior. Instead, it proposes that behavior exists on a spectrum, with some individuals exhibiting more extreme or unusual behaviors than others. This model recognizes that abnormal behavior is not always easily distinguishable from normal behavior and that there is often a gray area between the two. Therefore, the statement that a clear line exists between normal and abnormal behavior is false according to the continuum model.

57. _____ often leads to the onset of symptoms of schizophrenia and contributes to relapse.

Childbirth

Stress

Mixing psychotropic medications

An episode of hypomania

Stress often leads to the onset of symptoms of schizophrenia and contributes to relapse. Stress can trigger or worsen symptoms of schizophrenia, as it can disrupt the delicate balance of chemicals in the brain and increase the risk of relapse. High levels of stress can also impair coping mechanisms and increase vulnerability to psychological distress, which can further exacerbate symptoms. Therefore, managing stress is crucial in the treatment and management of schizophrenia.

Explanation

Stress often leads to the onset of symptoms of schizophrenia and contributes to relapse. Stress can trigger or worsen symptoms of schizophrenia, as it can disrupt the delicate balance of chemicals in the brain and increase the risk of relapse. High levels of stress can also impair coping mechanisms and increase vulnerability to psychological distress, which can further exacerbate symptoms. Therefore, managing stress is crucial in the treatment and management of schizophrenia.

58. Sarah's mother, Stephanie, was not at home much when Sarah was very young, so Sarah's 12-year old brother took care of her most of the time. Now that Sarah is approaching adulthood, she chain-smokes and drinks alcohol excessively. She has a difficult time forming close relationships since she is very jealous and never believes anyone really loves her. Sarah probably had difficulty in which psychosexual stage of development according to Freudian theory?

Oral

Anal

Phallic

Latent

According to Freudian theory, the psychosexual stages of development are oral, anal, phallic, latent, and genital. Each stage is associated with different areas of pleasure and potential conflicts. The oral stage occurs from birth to around 1 year old, during which the primary source of pleasure is the mouth. If a child experiences difficulties or frustration during this stage, it can lead to fixation or unresolved conflicts. In this case, Sarah's mother not being present during her early years and her brother taking care of her suggests a lack of nurturing and attention during the oral stage, which could explain her excessive smoking and drinking, as well as her difficulty forming close relationships and feelings of insecurity.

Explanation

According to Freudian theory, the psychosexual stages of development are oral, anal, phallic, latent, and genital. Each stage is associated with different areas of pleasure and potential conflicts. The oral stage occurs from birth to around 1 year old, during which the primary source of pleasure is the mouth. If a child experiences difficulties or frustration during this stage, it can lead to fixation or unresolved conflicts. In this case, Sarah's mother not being present during her early years and her brother taking care of her suggests a lack of nurturing and attention during the oral stage, which could explain her excessive smoking and drinking, as well as her difficulty forming close relationships and feelings of insecurity.

59. One proposed etiology about separation anxiety is that children may have a genetic predisposition to anxiety disorders. Specifically, children with separation anxiety disorder often have parents with ______ disorder.

Bipolar

Panic

Dysthymic

Factitious

One proposed explanation for the link between separation anxiety disorder in children and parents with panic disorder is that there may be a genetic predisposition to anxiety disorders. This means that children with separation anxiety disorder may inherit a tendency to develop anxiety disorders from their parents, specifically panic disorder in this case. Panic disorder is characterized by recurrent and unexpected panic attacks, which may contribute to the development of separation anxiety in children.

Explanation

One proposed explanation for the link between separation anxiety disorder in children and parents with panic disorder is that there may be a genetic predisposition to anxiety disorders. This means that children with separation anxiety disorder may inherit a tendency to develop anxiety disorders from their parents, specifically panic disorder in this case. Panic disorder is characterized by recurrent and unexpected panic attacks, which may contribute to the development of separation anxiety in children.

60. Individuals with schizophrenia often have well-developed working memories.

True

False

Individuals with schizophrenia often have impairments in working memory rather than well-developed working memories. Working memory deficits are a common symptom of schizophrenia and can affect an individual's ability to hold and manipulate information in their mind. This impairment can lead to difficulties in tasks that require attention, concentration, and problem-solving skills. Therefore, the statement that individuals with schizophrenia have well-developed working memories is false.

Explanation

Individuals with schizophrenia often have impairments in working memory rather than well-developed working memories. Working memory deficits are a common symptom of schizophrenia and can affect an individual's ability to hold and manipulate information in their mind. This impairment can lead to difficulties in tasks that require attention, concentration, and problem-solving skills. Therefore, the statement that individuals with schizophrenia have well-developed working memories is false.

61. Electroconvulsive therapy was originally designed to treat which mental disorder?

A. Obsessive-compulsive disorder

B. Panic disorder without agoraphobia

C. Generalized anxiety disorder

D. Schizophrenia

Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) was originally designed to treat schizophrenia. ECT involves passing electric currents through the brain to induce a controlled seizure, which can help alleviate symptoms of severe mental disorders such as schizophrenia. While ECT is now also used for other mental illnesses, it was initially developed as a treatment specifically for schizophrenia.

Explanation

Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) was originally designed to treat schizophrenia. ECT involves passing electric currents through the brain to induce a controlled seizure, which can help alleviate symptoms of severe mental disorders such as schizophrenia. While ECT is now also used for other mental illnesses, it was initially developed as a treatment specifically for schizophrenia.

62. In dissociative identity disorder, the most common type of alter is a child.

True

False

In dissociative identity disorder, the most common type of alter is a child. This is because the disorder often develops as a coping mechanism in response to childhood trauma. The child alter represents the age at which the trauma occurred and is often more vulnerable and innocent compared to other alters. These child alters may hold memories and emotions related to the traumatic experiences and may surface in order to protect the individual from further harm.

Explanation

In dissociative identity disorder, the most common type of alter is a child. This is because the disorder often develops as a coping mechanism in response to childhood trauma. The child alter represents the age at which the trauma occurred and is often more vulnerable and innocent compared to other alters. These child alters may hold memories and emotions related to the traumatic experiences and may surface in order to protect the individual from further harm.

63. Compared to men, women with schizophrenia tend to have more severe symptoms and are less likely to improve with treatment.

True

False

Women with schizophrenia do not necessarily have more severe symptoms compared to men. The severity of symptoms can vary among individuals, regardless of gender. Additionally, the statement suggests that women are less likely to improve with treatment, which is also incorrect. Treatment outcomes for schizophrenia can vary for both men and women, depending on various factors such as the individual's response to medication, therapy, and support systems.

Explanation

Women with schizophrenia do not necessarily have more severe symptoms compared to men. The severity of symptoms can vary among individuals, regardless of gender. Additionally, the statement suggests that women are less likely to improve with treatment, which is also incorrect. Treatment outcomes for schizophrenia can vary for both men and women, depending on various factors such as the individual's response to medication, therapy, and support systems.

64. By 1960, as part of the patients' rights movement, patients' rights advocates argued that mental patients can recover more fully or live more satisfying lives if they are integrated into the community, with the support of community-based treatment facilities—a process known as _____.

Restoration

The community mental health movement

Deinstitutionalization

Recuperation

The correct answer is deinstitutionalization. By 1960, patients' rights advocates believed that mental patients could have better recovery and quality of life if they were integrated into the community. This process, known as deinstitutionalization, involved moving patients out of large, centralized mental institutions and into community-based treatment facilities. This approach aimed to provide patients with more personalized and supportive care in a less restrictive environment.

Explanation

The correct answer is deinstitutionalization. By 1960, patients' rights advocates believed that mental patients could have better recovery and quality of life if they were integrated into the community. This process, known as deinstitutionalization, involved moving patients out of large, centralized mental institutions and into community-based treatment facilities. This approach aimed to provide patients with more personalized and supportive care in a less restrictive environment.

65. One criticism of family systems theory is that it focuses more on individual family members than on the family unit.

True

False

Family systems theory actually focuses more on the family unit rather than individual family members. It emphasizes the interconnectedness and interdependence of family members, viewing the family as a whole system that operates together. This approach recognizes that the behavior and dynamics of one family member can impact and influence the entire family unit. Therefore, the correct answer is False.

Explanation

Family systems theory actually focuses more on the family unit rather than individual family members. It emphasizes the interconnectedness and interdependence of family members, viewing the family as a whole system that operates together. This approach recognizes that the behavior and dynamics of one family member can impact and influence the entire family unit. Therefore, the correct answer is False.

66. Paranoid personality disorder, schizoid personality disorder, and schizotypal personality disorder fall under Cluster ____________.

A: Odd-eccentric

B: Dramatic-emotional

C: Anxious-fearful

D: Catatonic-disorganized

Paranoid personality disorder, schizoid personality disorder, and schizotypal personality disorder are all characterized by odd and eccentric behavior. People with these disorders often have difficulty forming and maintaining relationships, exhibit unusual beliefs or perceptions, and may appear socially isolated or detached. These disorders are grouped together under Cluster A, which is the odd-eccentric cluster of personality disorders.

Explanation

Paranoid personality disorder, schizoid personality disorder, and schizotypal personality disorder are all characterized by odd and eccentric behavior. People with these disorders often have difficulty forming and maintaining relationships, exhibit unusual beliefs or perceptions, and may appear socially isolated or detached. These disorders are grouped together under Cluster A, which is the odd-eccentric cluster of personality disorders.

67. Bipolar depression is more common than unipolar depression.

True

False

The given statement is false. Unipolar depression, also known as major depressive disorder, is actually more common than bipolar depression. Unipolar depression is characterized by persistent feelings of sadness, hopelessness, and a lack of interest or pleasure in activities. On the other hand, bipolar depression is a subtype of bipolar disorder, which involves alternating periods of depression and mania. While bipolar disorder affects a significant portion of the population, unipolar depression is more prevalent overall.

Explanation

The given statement is false. Unipolar depression, also known as major depressive disorder, is actually more common than bipolar depression. Unipolar depression is characterized by persistent feelings of sadness, hopelessness, and a lack of interest or pleasure in activities. On the other hand, bipolar depression is a subtype of bipolar disorder, which involves alternating periods of depression and mania. While bipolar disorder affects a significant portion of the population, unipolar depression is more prevalent overall.

68. The majority of individuals with antisocial personality disorder—approximately 80 percent—also have

A) a history of schizophrenia

B) bipolar disorder.

C) a substance abuse disorder.

D) blunted affect and alogia.

Individuals with antisocial personality disorder often engage in impulsive and reckless behavior, which includes substance abuse. Substance abuse is commonly co-occurring with antisocial personality disorder, with approximately 80 percent of individuals with this disorder also having a substance abuse disorder. This co-occurrence may be due to shared risk factors such as genetic predisposition, environmental factors, and underlying neurobiological abnormalities. Substance abuse can further exacerbate the antisocial behaviors and impair the individual's ability to function effectively in society.

Explanation

Individuals with antisocial personality disorder often engage in impulsive and reckless behavior, which includes substance abuse. Substance abuse is commonly co-occurring with antisocial personality disorder, with approximately 80 percent of individuals with this disorder also having a substance abuse disorder. This co-occurrence may be due to shared risk factors such as genetic predisposition, environmental factors, and underlying neurobiological abnormalities. Substance abuse can further exacerbate the antisocial behaviors and impair the individual's ability to function effectively in society.

69. Few suicidal people give clues and signs regarding their suicidal intentions.

True

False

It is true that many suicidal individuals do exhibit warning signs and give clues about their intentions. These signs may include talking about wanting to die, expressing feelings of hopelessness or being a burden, withdrawing from social activities, giving away possessions, or expressing a sudden sense of calm after a period of depression. Recognizing these signs and taking them seriously can help in identifying and providing support to individuals who may be at risk of suicide. Therefore, the given answer is incorrect.

Explanation

It is true that many suicidal individuals do exhibit warning signs and give clues about their intentions. These signs may include talking about wanting to die, expressing feelings of hopelessness or being a burden, withdrawing from social activities, giving away possessions, or expressing a sudden sense of calm after a period of depression. Recognizing these signs and taking them seriously can help in identifying and providing support to individuals who may be at risk of suicide. Therefore, the given answer is incorrect.

70. At age 35, Lane, who was married with three young children, disappeared. Prior to his disappearance, Lane had been depressed, his father died in a car accident, and he frequently complained about feeling trapped in a dead-end job. Nearly 10 years later, police tracked him down 1,000 miles from home. However, his name had been changed to Kyle. Kyle is now a successful car dealer and is married with one child. He denies any knowledge of a former wife or children and has no recollection of his life prior to moving and changing his name. Lane/Kyle appears to have the extremely rare disorder known as

A) Munchausen syndrome by proxy

B) anterograde amnesia.

C) psuedocyesis.

D) dissociative fugue.

The given scenario describes Lane/Kyle's sudden disappearance, change of identity, and lack of memory of his previous life. These symptoms are consistent with dissociative fugue, a rare disorder characterized by a sudden and unexpected travel away from home, accompanied by amnesia for one's past and confusion about personal identity. This disorder often occurs in response to severe stress or trauma, such as the death of a loved one or feelings of being trapped. Lane/Kyle's change in identity, denial of his former life, and successful adaptation in his new life as a car dealer further support the diagnosis of dissociative fugue.

Explanation

The given scenario describes Lane/Kyle's sudden disappearance, change of identity, and lack of memory of his previous life. These symptoms are consistent with dissociative fugue, a rare disorder characterized by a sudden and unexpected travel away from home, accompanied by amnesia for one's past and confusion about personal identity. This disorder often occurs in response to severe stress or trauma, such as the death of a loved one or feelings of being trapped. Lane/Kyle's change in identity, denial of his former life, and successful adaptation in his new life as a car dealer further support the diagnosis of dissociative fugue.

71. Drilling circular holes in the skulls of people displaying abnormal behaviors in order to free evil spirits was known as _______.

A. trephination

B. exorcism

C. atonement

D. blood letting

Trephination refers to the practice of drilling circular holes in the skulls of individuals who exhibited abnormal behaviors. This procedure was believed to release evil spirits and relieve the person of their mental or physical ailments. It was a common practice in ancient civilizations and was seen as a form of medical treatment or spiritual healing.

Explanation

Trephination refers to the practice of drilling circular holes in the skulls of individuals who exhibited abnormal behaviors. This procedure was believed to release evil spirits and relieve the person of their mental or physical ailments. It was a common practice in ancient civilizations and was seen as a form of medical treatment or spiritual healing.

72. Sharma, who has low self-esteem, chronic bouts of depression, and poor interpersonal skills is interested in seeing a therapist. She is unsure if she wants to purse cognitive-behavioral therapy or psychoanalysis. You can tell her that the average number of sessions for cognitive-behavioral therapy is _____, while psychoanalysis _______.

A) 4 to 6; is 8 to 12

B) 16; lasts several years

C) 50 to 60; is brief and time-limited

The correct answer is B) 16; lasts several years. This answer suggests that cognitive-behavioral therapy typically lasts for 16 sessions, while psychoanalysis can last for several years. This information can help Sharma make an informed decision about which type of therapy to pursue based on her preferences and needs.

Explanation

The correct answer is B) 16; lasts several years. This answer suggests that cognitive-behavioral therapy typically lasts for 16 sessions, while psychoanalysis can last for several years. This information can help Sharma make an informed decision about which type of therapy to pursue based on her preferences and needs.

73. Dr. Zettler has a client about his son's age. He sometimes thinks of his client as his son, giving him advice and sharing stories with him. Dr. Zettler is engaging in

Free association.

Transference.

Countertransference.

Self-actualization.

Countertransference refers to the therapist's emotional reactions and personal biases that may arise during therapy sessions with clients. In this case, Dr. Zettler is projecting his own feelings and thoughts onto his client, seeing him as a substitute for his own son. This can impact the therapeutic relationship and hinder the client's progress. Therefore, the correct answer is countertransference.

Explanation

Countertransference refers to the therapist's emotional reactions and personal biases that may arise during therapy sessions with clients. In this case, Dr. Zettler is projecting his own feelings and thoughts onto his client, seeing him as a substitute for his own son. This can impact the therapeutic relationship and hinder the client's progress. Therefore, the correct answer is countertransference.

74. Avery has suffered with bouts of depression most of his life. In this most recent bout, Avery has withdrawn from friends and family. He no longer plays basketball on Thursday nights, which has been a regular activity for the past 10 years. He recently told his girlfriend that he is incapable of feeling joy or excitement. Avery's symptoms are known as

A) anhedonia.

B) psuedocyesis.

C) atypical depression

D) cyclothymic disorder.

Avery's symptoms of withdrawing from friends and family, not engaging in activities he used to enjoy, and expressing inability to feel joy or excitement are characteristic of anhedonia. Anhedonia refers to the inability to experience pleasure or interest in activities that were previously enjoyable. This symptom is commonly associated with depression and is often used as a diagnostic criterion for major depressive disorder.

Explanation

Avery's symptoms of withdrawing from friends and family, not engaging in activities he used to enjoy, and expressing inability to feel joy or excitement are characteristic of anhedonia. Anhedonia refers to the inability to experience pleasure or interest in activities that were previously enjoyable. This symptom is commonly associated with depression and is often used as a diagnostic criterion for major depressive disorder.

75. Brian and Suzanne are about to become first-time parents. They are both in their early 20s and have virtually no experience with babies or young children. Which type of group would you recommend for Brian and Suzanne?

Psychoeducational

Psychotherapy

Self-help

Counseling/interpersonal problem solving

Given that Brian and Suzanne are first-time parents with no experience with babies or young children, a psychoeducational group would be recommended for them. This type of group focuses on providing education and information about parenting, child development, and effective parenting strategies. It would help Brian and Suzanne gain the necessary knowledge and skills to navigate the challenges of raising a child. Psychotherapy, self-help, and counseling/interpersonal problem solving groups may not be as suitable for their specific needs as they primarily focus on addressing emotional or psychological issues rather than providing practical parenting guidance.

Explanation

Given that Brian and Suzanne are first-time parents with no experience with babies or young children, a psychoeducational group would be recommended for them. This type of group focuses on providing education and information about parenting, child development, and effective parenting strategies. It would help Brian and Suzanne gain the necessary knowledge and skills to navigate the challenges of raising a child. Psychotherapy, self-help, and counseling/interpersonal problem solving groups may not be as suitable for their specific needs as they primarily focus on addressing emotional or psychological issues rather than providing practical parenting guidance.

76. According to Freud's theory, there are two basic drives that motivate our behavior:

A. sex drive and aggressive drive.

B. unconscious drive and conscious drive.

C. moral drive and immoral drive.

D. Ying and yang.

Freud's theory states that there are two basic drives that motivate our behavior: the sex drive and the aggressive drive. These drives are believed to be fundamental in shaping human behavior and are influenced by unconscious desires and instincts. The sex drive refers to the innate desire for sexual pleasure and reproduction, while the aggressive drive refers to the instinctual need for power, dominance, and destruction. These drives interact and influence each other, shaping our thoughts, emotions, and actions.

Explanation

Freud's theory states that there are two basic drives that motivate our behavior: the sex drive and the aggressive drive. These drives are believed to be fundamental in shaping human behavior and are influenced by unconscious desires and instincts. The sex drive refers to the innate desire for sexual pleasure and reproduction, while the aggressive drive refers to the instinctual need for power, dominance, and destruction. These drives interact and influence each other, shaping our thoughts, emotions, and actions.

77. Which of the following is a technique used in psychoanalysis?

Identifying resistance

Focusing on strengths rather than deficits

Identifying irrational thoughts

Instillation of hope

In psychoanalysis, the technique of identifying resistance is used. Resistance refers to the unconscious defense mechanisms that a patient may employ to avoid confronting painful or uncomfortable thoughts, feelings, or memories. By identifying resistance, the therapist can gain insight into the underlying issues that the patient is trying to avoid and work towards resolving them. This technique helps in understanding the patient's unconscious conflicts and facilitating the therapeutic process.

Explanation

In psychoanalysis, the technique of identifying resistance is used. Resistance refers to the unconscious defense mechanisms that a patient may employ to avoid confronting painful or uncomfortable thoughts, feelings, or memories. By identifying resistance, the therapist can gain insight into the underlying issues that the patient is trying to avoid and work towards resolving them. This technique helps in understanding the patient's unconscious conflicts and facilitating the therapeutic process.

78. To be diagnosed with ______________, you have to have 4 pain symptoms in different sites, 2 gastrointestinal symptoms, 1 sexual symptom, and 1 pseudoneurological symptom.

A) somatization disorder

B) pain disorder

C) bipolar disorder

D) hypochondriasis

The correct answer is A) somatization disorder. This is because somatization disorder is characterized by the presence of multiple physical symptoms across different body sites, including pain symptoms, gastrointestinal symptoms, sexual symptoms, and pseudoneurological symptoms. The criteria for diagnosis include the presence of at least 4 pain symptoms in different sites, 2 gastrointestinal symptoms, 1 sexual symptom, and 1 pseudoneurological symptom. Pain disorder, bipolar disorder, and hypochondriasis do not specifically require the presence of these specific symptoms in order to be diagnosed.

Explanation

The correct answer is A) somatization disorder. This is because somatization disorder is characterized by the presence of multiple physical symptoms across different body sites, including pain symptoms, gastrointestinal symptoms, sexual symptoms, and pseudoneurological symptoms. The criteria for diagnosis include the presence of at least 4 pain symptoms in different sites, 2 gastrointestinal symptoms, 1 sexual symptom, and 1 pseudoneurological symptom. Pain disorder, bipolar disorder, and hypochondriasis do not specifically require the presence of these specific symptoms in order to be diagnosed.

79. After breaking up with her boyfriend, Lin tells herself, "It's all my fault. I just care more about people than they care about me." Lin's statements are an example of

Causal attributions

Displacement

Transference

Catharsis

Lin's statements are an example of causal attributions. She is attributing the cause of her breakup to herself, believing that it is her fault because she cares more about people than they care about her. This is a way of explaining the cause of the breakup by looking at her own behavior and traits, rather than external factors. Causal attributions involve assigning reasons or causes to events or outcomes, and in this case, Lin is attributing the cause of the breakup to her own actions and feelings.

Explanation

Lin's statements are an example of causal attributions. She is attributing the cause of her breakup to herself, believing that it is her fault because she cares more about people than they care about her. This is a way of explaining the cause of the breakup by looking at her own behavior and traits, rather than external factors. Causal attributions involve assigning reasons or causes to events or outcomes, and in this case, Lin is attributing the cause of the breakup to her own actions and feelings.

80. Hallucinations tend to

A) focus on the past.

B) focus on the same themes, regardless of age, culture, or gender

C) be negative, threatening, and criticizing.

D) be resistant to medication.

Hallucinations are sensory perceptions that occur in the absence of external stimuli. They can be experienced in any sensory modality, such as hearing voices or seeing things that are not there. While hallucinations can vary in content and theme, research suggests that they often have a negative tone. They can be critical, threatening, or distressing in nature. This negative aspect of hallucinations is commonly reported by individuals who experience them, regardless of their age, culture, or gender. Medications can help manage hallucinations, but they may not always completely eliminate them.

Explanation

Hallucinations are sensory perceptions that occur in the absence of external stimuli. They can be experienced in any sensory modality, such as hearing voices or seeing things that are not there. While hallucinations can vary in content and theme, research suggests that they often have a negative tone. They can be critical, threatening, or distressing in nature. This negative aspect of hallucinations is commonly reported by individuals who experience them, regardless of their age, culture, or gender. Medications can help manage hallucinations, but they may not always completely eliminate them.

81. After returning from his second tour of duty in Iraq, Seth developed paralysis in his left arm and hand, causing him to lose partial functioning. He also experienced vision loss. Seth was never injured in the line of duty and medical tests have ruled out anything physical, such as a stroke. Despite the loss in functioning, Seth is relatively indifferent to his symptoms. Seth is demonstrating symptoms of ______________.

A) conversion disorder

B) factitious disorder

C) malingering

D) hypochondriasis

Seth's symptoms of paralysis in his left arm and hand, as well as vision loss, cannot be explained by any physical cause, such as a stroke. This suggests that his symptoms are not due to any underlying physical condition. Additionally, the fact that Seth is relatively indifferent to his symptoms indicates a lack of concern or distress, which is characteristic of conversion disorder. Conversion disorder is a psychological condition in which physical symptoms appear without any identifiable medical cause, often as a result of psychological stress or trauma. Therefore, the correct answer is A) conversion disorder.

Explanation

Seth's symptoms of paralysis in his left arm and hand, as well as vision loss, cannot be explained by any physical cause, such as a stroke. This suggests that his symptoms are not due to any underlying physical condition. Additionally, the fact that Seth is relatively indifferent to his symptoms indicates a lack of concern or distress, which is characteristic of conversion disorder. Conversion disorder is a psychological condition in which physical symptoms appear without any identifiable medical cause, often as a result of psychological stress or trauma. Therefore, the correct answer is A) conversion disorder.

82. In the Hailey family, the children, aunts and uncles, and grandparents are overly involved with one another. People routinely assert their opinion about discipline, religious beliefs, and family conflict, even when not asked. Family members are often angry with one another, although they have a difficult time staying away even after a big fight. Everyone feels controlled and resentful. The Hailey's are a(n) _________ family.

Inflexible

Emeshed

Disengaged

Pathological/triangular

The Hailey family can be described as "enmeshed" because they are overly involved with one another and have difficulty staying away even after a big fight. They assert their opinions about various matters, even when not asked, and everyone feels controlled and resentful. This suggests that boundaries within the family are blurred and there is a lack of individual autonomy.

Explanation

The Hailey family can be described as "enmeshed" because they are overly involved with one another and have difficulty staying away even after a big fight. They assert their opinions about various matters, even when not asked, and everyone feels controlled and resentful. This suggests that boundaries within the family are blurred and there is a lack of individual autonomy.

83. According to the Big 5 Personality Traits, an individual who scores high in _______ may be described as a dreamer, unrealistic, imaginative, self-aware, eccentric, and creative.

Openness

Agreeableness.

Conscientiousness.

Introversion

An individual who scores high in openness may be described as a dreamer, unrealistic, imaginative, self-aware, eccentric, and creative. This is because openness refers to the extent to which a person is open to new experiences, ideas, and perspectives. People who score high in openness tend to have a vivid imagination, think outside the box, and engage in unconventional or innovative thinking. They are often curious, open-minded, and willing to explore new ideas and possibilities. Their self-awareness and willingness to embrace eccentricity or unconventional behavior contribute to their creativity and imaginative nature.

Explanation

An individual who scores high in openness may be described as a dreamer, unrealistic, imaginative, self-aware, eccentric, and creative. This is because openness refers to the extent to which a person is open to new experiences, ideas, and perspectives. People who score high in openness tend to have a vivid imagination, think outside the box, and engage in unconventional or innovative thinking. They are often curious, open-minded, and willing to explore new ideas and possibilities. Their self-awareness and willingness to embrace eccentricity or unconventional behavior contribute to their creativity and imaginative nature.

84. ___________ is a method of responding in which the therapist attempts to understand what the client is experiencing by restating those experiences.

A. Interpretation

B. Reflection

C. Interjection

D. Projection

Reflection is a method of responding in which the therapist restates the client's experiences in order to understand and validate them. This technique helps the therapist show empathy and understanding towards the client's feelings and thoughts. By reflecting back what the client has expressed, the therapist encourages the client to further explore their own experiences and gain insight into their emotions and behaviors. This can lead to increased self-awareness and a deeper therapeutic connection between the therapist and client.

Explanation

Reflection is a method of responding in which the therapist restates the client's experiences in order to understand and validate them. This technique helps the therapist show empathy and understanding towards the client's feelings and thoughts. By reflecting back what the client has expressed, the therapist encourages the client to further explore their own experiences and gain insight into their emotions and behaviors. This can lead to increased self-awareness and a deeper therapeutic connection between the therapist and client.

85. IQ tests measure a broad range of abilities, including practical and emotional intelligence.

True

False

IQ tests primarily measure cognitive abilities such as problem-solving, logical reasoning, and analytical skills. They do not directly assess practical skills or emotional intelligence. While these other abilities may be important in life, they are not the focus of IQ tests. Therefore, the statement that IQ tests measure a broad range of abilities, including practical and emotional intelligence, is false.

Explanation

IQ tests primarily measure cognitive abilities such as problem-solving, logical reasoning, and analytical skills. They do not directly assess practical skills or emotional intelligence. While these other abilities may be important in life, they are not the focus of IQ tests. Therefore, the statement that IQ tests measure a broad range of abilities, including practical and emotional intelligence, is false.

86. Men and ethnic minorities are 5 times more likely to be diagnosed with bipolar disorder than women or Caucasians.

True

False

The statement is false. Bipolar disorder does not have a significant gender or racial disparity in terms of diagnosis. Research suggests that the prevalence of bipolar disorder is similar across genders and ethnicities. While certain risk factors may be associated with the disorder, such as family history or certain life events, gender and race do not play a significant role in determining the likelihood of being diagnosed with bipolar disorder.

Explanation

The statement is false. Bipolar disorder does not have a significant gender or racial disparity in terms of diagnosis. Research suggests that the prevalence of bipolar disorder is similar across genders and ethnicities. While certain risk factors may be associated with the disorder, such as family history or certain life events, gender and race do not play a significant role in determining the likelihood of being diagnosed with bipolar disorder.

87. Insomnia is part of what category of PTSD?

A) psychic numbing and detachment

B) traveling/dissociative fugue

C) hypervigilance

D) re-experiencing

Insomnia is a symptom of hypervigilance in PTSD. Hypervigilance refers to a state of heightened arousal and constant alertness to potential threats. People with PTSD often experience difficulty falling asleep or staying asleep due to the persistent feeling of being on edge and the fear of danger. This heightened state of vigilance can make it challenging for individuals to relax and unwind, leading to insomnia. Therefore, insomnia is categorized under hypervigilance in PTSD.

Explanation

Insomnia is a symptom of hypervigilance in PTSD. Hypervigilance refers to a state of heightened arousal and constant alertness to potential threats. People with PTSD often experience difficulty falling asleep or staying asleep due to the persistent feeling of being on edge and the fear of danger. This heightened state of vigilance can make it challenging for individuals to relax and unwind, leading to insomnia. Therefore, insomnia is categorized under hypervigilance in PTSD.

88. ________ is often high among girls with conduct disorder.

A) Relational aggression

B) Malingering

C) PTSD

D) Depersonalization

Relational aggression refers to the use of social manipulation, such as spreading rumors or excluding others, to harm or control others. It is often high among girls with conduct disorder, a behavioral disorder characterized by aggressive and antisocial behaviors. This type of aggression is more common among girls than physical aggression, and it can lead to significant social and emotional problems for both the aggressor and the victim.

Explanation

Relational aggression refers to the use of social manipulation, such as spreading rumors or excluding others, to harm or control others. It is often high among girls with conduct disorder, a behavioral disorder characterized by aggressive and antisocial behaviors. This type of aggression is more common among girls than physical aggression, and it can lead to significant social and emotional problems for both the aggressor and the victim.

89. Secondary prevention programs focus on stopping the development of disorders before they start.

True

False

Secondary prevention programs actually focus on detecting and treating disorders in their early stages to prevent further progression and minimize their impact. These programs aim to identify individuals who are at risk or already showing signs of a disorder and provide interventions and support to prevent the disorder from worsening or recurring. Therefore, the statement that secondary prevention programs focus on stopping the development of disorders before they start is incorrect.

Explanation

Secondary prevention programs actually focus on detecting and treating disorders in their early stages to prevent further progression and minimize their impact. These programs aim to identify individuals who are at risk or already showing signs of a disorder and provide interventions and support to prevent the disorder from worsening or recurring. Therefore, the statement that secondary prevention programs focus on stopping the development of disorders before they start is incorrect.

90. Children with _______ are often described as "brilliant." They may walk and talk earlier than agemates and often use big words, even at a very young age.

Autism

Rett syndrome

Pervasive developmental disorders

Asperger syndrome

Children with Asperger syndrome are often described as "brilliant." They may exhibit advanced developmental milestones such as walking and talking earlier than their peers. They also tend to have an extensive vocabulary and may use big words, even at a very young age.

Explanation

Children with Asperger syndrome are often described as "brilliant." They may exhibit advanced developmental milestones such as walking and talking earlier than their peers. They also tend to have an extensive vocabulary and may use big words, even at a very young age.

91. Which of the following childhood disorders is more likely to be diagnosed in girls than boys?

A) Autism

B) Asperger syndrome

C) Rett syndrome

D) Learning disability

Rett syndrome is a rare genetic disorder that primarily affects girls. It is caused by a mutation in the MECP2 gene on the X chromosome. Boys who inherit the mutated gene usually do not survive infancy. Rett syndrome is characterized by severe cognitive and physical impairments, loss of purposeful hand skills, and the development of repetitive hand movements. The disorder is more likely to be diagnosed in girls because they have two X chromosomes, increasing the chances of inheriting the mutated gene.

Explanation

Rett syndrome is a rare genetic disorder that primarily affects girls. It is caused by a mutation in the MECP2 gene on the X chromosome. Boys who inherit the mutated gene usually do not survive infancy. Rett syndrome is characterized by severe cognitive and physical impairments, loss of purposeful hand skills, and the development of repetitive hand movements. The disorder is more likely to be diagnosed in girls because they have two X chromosomes, increasing the chances of inheriting the mutated gene.

92. Oppositional defiant disorder in adolescence is regarded as more serious and chronic than conduct disorder.

True

False

Oppositional defiant disorder in adolescence is not regarded as more serious and chronic than conduct disorder. Conduct disorder is generally considered to be more severe and persistent than oppositional defiant disorder. Conduct disorder involves more severe behaviors such as aggression towards people or animals, destruction of property, and violation of rules. Oppositional defiant disorder, on the other hand, is characterized by defiance, disobedience, and hostility towards authority figures. While both disorders can cause significant impairment in functioning, conduct disorder is typically seen as more severe.

Explanation

Oppositional defiant disorder in adolescence is not regarded as more serious and chronic than conduct disorder. Conduct disorder is generally considered to be more severe and persistent than oppositional defiant disorder. Conduct disorder involves more severe behaviors such as aggression towards people or animals, destruction of property, and violation of rules. Oppositional defiant disorder, on the other hand, is characterized by defiance, disobedience, and hostility towards authority figures. While both disorders can cause significant impairment in functioning, conduct disorder is typically seen as more severe.

93. In class we talked about akathisia, which is a rare but serious side effect associated with antipsychotic drugs, mood stabilizers, and antidepressants. Akathisia is sometimes referred to as

Restless leg syndrome.

Catatonic depression.

Neuropathy.

Chronic fatigue syndrome.

Akathisia is a rare but serious side effect associated with certain medications, including antipsychotic drugs, mood stabilizers, and antidepressants. It is characterized by an inner feeling of restlessness and an uncontrollable urge to move. This sensation is often likened to restless leg syndrome, which is a condition characterized by an uncomfortable sensation in the legs and an irresistible urge to move them. Therefore, the correct answer is restless leg syndrome.

Explanation

Akathisia is a rare but serious side effect associated with certain medications, including antipsychotic drugs, mood stabilizers, and antidepressants. It is characterized by an inner feeling of restlessness and an uncontrollable urge to move. This sensation is often likened to restless leg syndrome, which is a condition characterized by an uncomfortable sensation in the legs and an irresistible urge to move them. Therefore, the correct answer is restless leg syndrome.

94. A maladaptive upbringing and chronic stress are examples of _____.

A diathesis

A biological trigger.

Axis II disorders.

Catharsis.

A diathesis refers to a predisposition or vulnerability to develop a certain condition or disorder. In this case, a maladaptive upbringing and chronic stress can be seen as contributing factors that increase the likelihood of developing a psychological disorder or mental health issue. These experiences can create a foundation for the development of maladaptive coping mechanisms and patterns of thinking, which can ultimately lead to the manifestation of various disorders. Therefore, a diathesis is an appropriate term to describe the relationship between a maladaptive upbringing, chronic stress, and the development of psychological disorders.

Explanation

A diathesis refers to a predisposition or vulnerability to develop a certain condition or disorder. In this case, a maladaptive upbringing and chronic stress can be seen as contributing factors that increase the likelihood of developing a psychological disorder or mental health issue. These experiences can create a foundation for the development of maladaptive coping mechanisms and patterns of thinking, which can ultimately lead to the manifestation of various disorders. Therefore, a diathesis is an appropriate term to describe the relationship between a maladaptive upbringing, chronic stress, and the development of psychological disorders.

95. Positive therapy is designed to fix personal weaknesses.

True

False

Positive therapy is not designed to fix personal weaknesses. Instead, it focuses on enhancing strengths and promoting positive emotions, behaviors, and thoughts. It aims to cultivate resilience, self-esteem, and overall well-being. This approach emphasizes the importance of building on existing strengths and assets, rather than solely focusing on weaknesses or deficits.

Explanation

Positive therapy is not designed to fix personal weaknesses. Instead, it focuses on enhancing strengths and promoting positive emotions, behaviors, and thoughts. It aims to cultivate resilience, self-esteem, and overall well-being. This approach emphasizes the importance of building on existing strengths and assets, rather than solely focusing on weaknesses or deficits.

96. Maria is expected in court tomorrow on her third drunk driving arrest. Due to her previous criminal history, Maria is facing a year in jail and will likely be convicted. She pretends to be ill and goes to the emergency room complaining of severe abdominal pains, headache, and fainting spells. Which somatoform disorder is being described?

Psychosomatic disorder

Malingering

Factitious disorder

Hypochondriasis

The correct answer is malingering. Malingering refers to the intentional feigning or exaggeration of physical or psychological symptoms for personal gain, such as avoiding legal consequences. In this case, Maria is pretending to be ill in order to potentially avoid going to jail for her drunk driving arrest.

Explanation

The correct answer is malingering. Malingering refers to the intentional feigning or exaggeration of physical or psychological symptoms for personal gain, such as avoiding legal consequences. In this case, Maria is pretending to be ill in order to potentially avoid going to jail for her drunk driving arrest.

97. Which of the following personality characteristics seems to best predict suicide?

Introversion

B) narcissism

C) apathy

D) impulsivity

Impulsivity is the personality characteristic that seems to best predict suicide. Impulsivity refers to the tendency to act on immediate urges without considering the potential consequences. Individuals who are impulsive are more likely to engage in impulsive and risky behaviors, including self-harm or suicide attempts. Research has shown a strong association between impulsivity and suicidal behavior, suggesting that individuals who are more impulsive are at a higher risk of attempting or completing suicide.

Explanation

Impulsivity is the personality characteristic that seems to best predict suicide. Impulsivity refers to the tendency to act on immediate urges without considering the potential consequences. Individuals who are impulsive are more likely to engage in impulsive and risky behaviors, including self-harm or suicide attempts. Research has shown a strong association between impulsivity and suicidal behavior, suggesting that individuals who are more impulsive are at a higher risk of attempting or completing suicide.

98. Dennis was recently diagnosed with dementia. According to the DSM-IV, dementia is an Axis ___ Disorder.

I

II

III

IV

According to the DSM-IV, dementia is classified as an Axis I Disorder. The DSM-IV is a manual used by mental health professionals to diagnose and classify mental disorders. Axis I disorders include clinical disorders such as major depressive disorder, schizophrenia, and dementia. Therefore, the correct answer is I.

Explanation

According to the DSM-IV, dementia is classified as an Axis I Disorder. The DSM-IV is a manual used by mental health professionals to diagnose and classify mental disorders. Axis I disorders include clinical disorders such as major depressive disorder, schizophrenia, and dementia. Therefore, the correct answer is I.

99. According to the ABC's of Rational Emotive Behavioral Therapy (REBT), "A" stands for _______.

A) activating event

B) asking questions

C) attending to nonverbal cues

D) assessing symptoms

According to the ABC's of Rational Emotive Behavioral Therapy (REBT), "A" stands for activating event. This means that in REBT, the first step in understanding and addressing emotional and behavioral issues is to identify the specific event or situation that triggers or activates these responses. By recognizing the activating event, individuals can then work on challenging and changing their irrational beliefs and thoughts associated with it, leading to healthier and more adaptive emotional and behavioral outcomes.

Explanation

According to the ABC's of Rational Emotive Behavioral Therapy (REBT), "A" stands for activating event. This means that in REBT, the first step in understanding and addressing emotional and behavioral issues is to identify the specific event or situation that triggers or activates these responses. By recognizing the activating event, individuals can then work on challenging and changing their irrational beliefs and thoughts associated with it, leading to healthier and more adaptive emotional and behavioral outcomes.

100. As discussed in class, most suicides occur

During summer months.

In middle adulthood.

Immediately after a hospitalization for a suicide attempt.

By accident.

The correct answer is immediately after a hospitalization for a suicide attempt. This is because individuals who have recently been hospitalized for a suicide attempt may still be at a high risk for self-harm. The period following a hospitalization is a vulnerable time for individuals, as they may still be dealing with the underlying issues that led to the suicide attempt in the first place. Therefore, it is important for healthcare professionals to provide appropriate support and follow-up care during this critical time.

Explanation

The correct answer is immediately after a hospitalization for a suicide attempt. This is because individuals who have recently been hospitalized for a suicide attempt may still be at a high risk for self-harm. The period following a hospitalization is a vulnerable time for individuals, as they may still be dealing with the underlying issues that led to the suicide attempt in the first place. Therefore, it is important for healthcare professionals to provide appropriate support and follow-up care during this critical time.

101. Between 50 and 80 percent of women in prison have antisocial personality disorder.

True

False

The given statement is false. The correct answer is False because the statement claims that between 50 and 80 percent of women in prison have antisocial personality disorder, which is not supported by any evidence or research. While it is true that there is a higher prevalence of mental health disorders among incarcerated individuals, including women, the specific claim about the percentage of women with antisocial personality disorder is not accurate.

Explanation

The given statement is false. The correct answer is False because the statement claims that between 50 and 80 percent of women in prison have antisocial personality disorder, which is not supported by any evidence or research. While it is true that there is a higher prevalence of mental health disorders among incarcerated individuals, including women, the specific claim about the percentage of women with antisocial personality disorder is not accurate.

102. Research on myths and facts about suicide indicates that most suicidal people

A) are undecided about living or dying.

B) are fully intent on dying.

C) rarely tell others about their intentions.

D) are simply trying to get attention.

Research on myths and facts about suicide indicates that most suicidal people are undecided about living or dying. This means that they may have conflicting thoughts and feelings about their desire to end their life. It is important to understand that suicidal ideation is a complex issue and individuals may have a range of emotions and uncertainties about their situation. This highlights the need for intervention and support to help individuals navigate through their struggles and find hope for the future.

Explanation

Research on myths and facts about suicide indicates that most suicidal people are undecided about living or dying. This means that they may have conflicting thoughts and feelings about their desire to end their life. It is important to understand that suicidal ideation is a complex issue and individuals may have a range of emotions and uncertainties about their situation. This highlights the need for intervention and support to help individuals navigate through their struggles and find hope for the future.

103. Yvonne, age 45, has been an alcoholic since college. She has a history of going 6 months to a year without taking a drink and then goes on extreme binges lasting weeks or even months. You are interested in the triggers for Yvonne's binges, as well as the consequences. For instance, what happens prior to a major binge? What occurs after the binge has begun. To figure out the antecedents and consequences of Yvonne's alcoholism, you should conduct a

A. longitudinal case study.

B. behavioral assessment.

C. global assessment of functioning.

D. neurological exam.

To figure out the triggers and consequences of Yvonne's alcoholism, conducting a behavioral assessment would be the most appropriate approach. A behavioral assessment involves observing and analyzing Yvonne's behavior patterns, such as the events or situations that precede her binges and the outcomes or effects of her drinking episodes. This assessment method would provide valuable insights into the antecedents and consequences of Yvonne's alcoholism, helping to identify potential triggers and develop strategies for intervention and treatment.

Explanation

To figure out the triggers and consequences of Yvonne's alcoholism, conducting a behavioral assessment would be the most appropriate approach. A behavioral assessment involves observing and analyzing Yvonne's behavior patterns, such as the events or situations that precede her binges and the outcomes or effects of her drinking episodes. This assessment method would provide valuable insights into the antecedents and consequences of Yvonne's alcoholism, helping to identify potential triggers and develop strategies for intervention and treatment.

104. Ricara believes she is pregnant but physical examination and laboratory tests show negative results. Ricara has __________.

Retrograde amnesia

Psuedocyesis

Dissociative fugue

Psuedoexpectancy

Ricara believes she is pregnant despite the physical examination and laboratory tests showing negative results. This condition is known as pseudocyesis, which is a psychological disorder where a person experiences all the signs and symptoms of pregnancy, including a swollen abdomen and missed periods, but there is no actual pregnancy. It is believed to be caused by a combination of psychological and hormonal factors.

Explanation

Ricara believes she is pregnant despite the physical examination and laboratory tests showing negative results. This condition is known as pseudocyesis, which is a psychological disorder where a person experiences all the signs and symptoms of pregnancy, including a swollen abdomen and missed periods, but there is no actual pregnancy. It is believed to be caused by a combination of psychological and hormonal factors.

105. According to research on risk factors, which individual is most at-risk for a suicide attempt?

Quinn, who is described by friends as quiet and introverted

Darrius, who has a history of panic attacks

DeAnn, who is 23 and recently moved 9 hours away from her parents to attend graduate school

Laura, who is described by her husband as gullible, naïve, and trusting

Darrius, who has a history of panic attacks, is most at-risk for a suicide attempt. Research has shown that individuals with a history of mental health conditions, such as panic attacks, are more susceptible to suicidal thoughts and behaviors. Panic attacks can cause extreme distress and feelings of hopelessness, which can increase the risk of suicidal ideation. It is important to provide support and resources to individuals like Darrius to help prevent suicide attempts.

Explanation

Darrius, who has a history of panic attacks, is most at-risk for a suicide attempt. Research has shown that individuals with a history of mental health conditions, such as panic attacks, are more susceptible to suicidal thoughts and behaviors. Panic attacks can cause extreme distress and feelings of hopelessness, which can increase the risk of suicidal ideation. It is important to provide support and resources to individuals like Darrius to help prevent suicide attempts.

106. Of the various types of schizophrenia, the paranoid subtype is the easiest to treat.

True

False

The paranoid subtype of schizophrenia is considered to be the easiest to treat compared to other types. This is because individuals with paranoid schizophrenia tend to have more intact cognitive and emotional functioning, which can make them more responsive to treatment. Additionally, they may have a higher level of insight into their condition, making them more likely to engage in therapy and adhere to medication regimens. However, it is important to note that treatment outcomes can vary for each individual, and what works for one person may not work for another.

Explanation

The paranoid subtype of schizophrenia is considered to be the easiest to treat compared to other types. This is because individuals with paranoid schizophrenia tend to have more intact cognitive and emotional functioning, which can make them more responsive to treatment. Additionally, they may have a higher level of insight into their condition, making them more likely to engage in therapy and adhere to medication regimens. However, it is important to note that treatment outcomes can vary for each individual, and what works for one person may not work for another.

107. If a test assesses all the important aspects of a phenomenon, the test is said to have _____ validity.

Content

Construct

Concurrent

Contextual

If a test assesses all the important aspects of a phenomenon, it is said to have content validity. Content validity refers to the extent to which a test measures the specific content or domain it is supposed to measure. In this case, if the test covers all the important aspects of the phenomenon being assessed, it demonstrates content validity.

Explanation

If a test assesses all the important aspects of a phenomenon, it is said to have content validity. Content validity refers to the extent to which a test measures the specific content or domain it is supposed to measure. In this case, if the test covers all the important aspects of the phenomenon being assessed, it demonstrates content validity.

108. Approximately 34% of individuals diagnosed with schizophrenia live

A) in homeless shelters.

C) with a family member

D) independently.

Approximately 34% of individuals diagnosed with schizophrenia live independently. This means that they are not living in homeless shelters or with a family member. Living independently suggests that these individuals are able to manage their daily activities and live on their own, despite having a diagnosis of schizophrenia. This information highlights the fact that not all individuals with schizophrenia require constant supervision or assistance in their living arrangements.

Explanation

Approximately 34% of individuals diagnosed with schizophrenia live independently. This means that they are not living in homeless shelters or with a family member. Living independently suggests that these individuals are able to manage their daily activities and live on their own, despite having a diagnosis of schizophrenia. This information highlights the fact that not all individuals with schizophrenia require constant supervision or assistance in their living arrangements.

109. Gina was only 16 when she committed suicide. Research shows that ______ is the primary psychiatric diagnosis in youth suicides.

A) bipolar disorder

B) borderline personality disorder

C) schizophrenia

D) substance abuse

Research shows that substance abuse is the primary psychiatric diagnosis in youth suicides. This means that a significant number of young people who die by suicide have a history of substance abuse, indicating a strong link between substance abuse and suicidal behavior in this age group. It is important to address substance abuse issues in youth to prevent further tragedies.

Explanation

Research shows that substance abuse is the primary psychiatric diagnosis in youth suicides. This means that a significant number of young people who die by suicide have a history of substance abuse, indicating a strong link between substance abuse and suicidal behavior in this age group. It is important to address substance abuse issues in youth to prevent further tragedies.

110. The broad beliefs we have about ourselves, our relationships, and the world, can be either positive and helpful to us, or negative and destructive. These broad beliefs are called ___ assumptions.

A. global

B. universal

C. absolute

D. collective

The term "global" refers to something that is comprehensive or widespread. In this context, the broad beliefs are referred to as global assumptions because they encompass a wide range of aspects including ourselves, our relationships, and the world. The term "universal" implies that these beliefs are true for everyone, which may not necessarily be the case. "Absolute" suggests that the beliefs are unchanging and inflexible, which may not be true either. "Collective" implies that the beliefs are shared by a group, but it doesn't capture the comprehensive nature of these broad beliefs. Therefore, the most appropriate term to describe these beliefs is "global".

Explanation

The term "global" refers to something that is comprehensive or widespread. In this context, the broad beliefs are referred to as global assumptions because they encompass a wide range of aspects including ourselves, our relationships, and the world. The term "universal" implies that these beliefs are true for everyone, which may not necessarily be the case. "Absolute" suggests that the beliefs are unchanging and inflexible, which may not be true either. "Collective" implies that the beliefs are shared by a group, but it doesn't capture the comprehensive nature of these broad beliefs. Therefore, the most appropriate term to describe these beliefs is "global".

111. About 25% of us will personally know someone who dies by suicide.

True

False

The statement says that about 25% of us will personally know someone who dies by suicide. The correct answer is False because the statement is not true. It is not accurate to say that 25% of us will personally know someone who dies by suicide. The actual percentage may vary depending on various factors such as demographics, location, and personal circumstances.

Explanation

The statement says that about 25% of us will personally know someone who dies by suicide. The correct answer is False because the statement is not true. It is not accurate to say that 25% of us will personally know someone who dies by suicide. The actual percentage may vary depending on various factors such as demographics, location, and personal circumstances.

112. Predictive validity refers to a test that yields the same results as other measures of the same behavior, thoughts, or feelings.

True

False

Predictive validity refers to a test's ability to accurately predict future outcomes or behaviors. It is not about yielding the same results as other measures of the same behavior, thoughts, or feelings. Therefore, the statement is false.

Explanation

Predictive validity refers to a test's ability to accurately predict future outcomes or behaviors. It is not about yielding the same results as other measures of the same behavior, thoughts, or feelings. Therefore, the statement is false.

113. Which of the following groups has the lowest rates of depression?

A) school-age children

B) adolescents

C) young adults

D) senior citizens

Senior citizens have the lowest rates of depression compared to the other groups mentioned. This can be attributed to several factors such as increased life experience and wisdom, better coping mechanisms developed over time, and a more stable and supportive social network. Additionally, senior citizens may have retired from stressful work environments and have more time for leisure activities and hobbies, which can contribute to better mental health.

Explanation

Senior citizens have the lowest rates of depression compared to the other groups mentioned. This can be attributed to several factors such as increased life experience and wisdom, better coping mechanisms developed over time, and a more stable and supportive social network. Additionally, senior citizens may have retired from stressful work environments and have more time for leisure activities and hobbies, which can contribute to better mental health.

114. The most important strategy for Rational Emotive Therapy is

Unconditional positive regard

Objective reflection.

Homework.

Role playing.

Rational Emotive Therapy is a form of psychotherapy that focuses on identifying and challenging irrational beliefs and replacing them with rational ones. Homework is an important strategy in this therapy as it allows the client to practice and reinforce the skills learned in therapy sessions. It provides an opportunity for self-reflection, self-monitoring, and application of new coping strategies in real-life situations. Homework assignments can include activities such as journaling, thought records, and behavioral experiments, which help the client to actively engage in the therapeutic process and promote lasting change.

Explanation

Rational Emotive Therapy is a form of psychotherapy that focuses on identifying and challenging irrational beliefs and replacing them with rational ones. Homework is an important strategy in this therapy as it allows the client to practice and reinforce the skills learned in therapy sessions. It provides an opportunity for self-reflection, self-monitoring, and application of new coping strategies in real-life situations. Homework assignments can include activities such as journaling, thought records, and behavioral experiments, which help the client to actively engage in the therapeutic process and promote lasting change.

115. Prior to his suicide, Jeremiah felt completely alienated from his friends, family, and co-workers. This is known as a(n) _______ suicide.

A) egoistic

B) anomic

C) altruistic

D) revenge

Jeremiah's feeling of complete alienation from his friends, family, and co-workers indicates that he lacked a sense of belonging or connection with others. This aligns with the concept of egoistic suicide, which refers to suicides that occur when individuals feel detached or isolated from society and lack social integration.

Explanation

Jeremiah's feeling of complete alienation from his friends, family, and co-workers indicates that he lacked a sense of belonging or connection with others. This aligns with the concept of egoistic suicide, which refers to suicides that occur when individuals feel detached or isolated from society and lack social integration.

116. 1. _______ before acute symptoms may be an early warning sign of schizophrenia.

A) Cognitive deficits

B) Alogia

C) Affective flattening

D) Inappropriate social behavior

Cognitive deficits before acute symptoms may be an early warning sign of schizophrenia. This means that individuals who experience cognitive impairments, such as difficulties with memory, attention, and problem-solving, before the onset of acute symptoms may be at a higher risk of developing schizophrenia. These deficits in cognitive functioning can serve as a potential marker for identifying individuals who may be at risk for developing the disorder.

Explanation

Cognitive deficits before acute symptoms may be an early warning sign of schizophrenia. This means that individuals who experience cognitive impairments, such as difficulties with memory, attention, and problem-solving, before the onset of acute symptoms may be at a higher risk of developing schizophrenia. These deficits in cognitive functioning can serve as a potential marker for identifying individuals who may be at risk for developing the disorder.

117. Cognitive theories focus on _____.

Measurable behaviors

Thoughts and beliefs

Unconscious conflicts

Relationships

Cognitive theories focus on unconscious conflicts because they emphasize the role of unconscious mental processes in shaping behavior and understanding human cognition. These theories suggest that conflicts and tensions within the unconscious mind can influence a person's thoughts, emotions, and behaviors. By exploring these unconscious conflicts, cognitive theories aim to gain insight into the underlying causes of psychological issues and provide strategies for resolving them.

Explanation

Cognitive theories focus on unconscious conflicts because they emphasize the role of unconscious mental processes in shaping behavior and understanding human cognition. These theories suggest that conflicts and tensions within the unconscious mind can influence a person's thoughts, emotions, and behaviors. By exploring these unconscious conflicts, cognitive theories aim to gain insight into the underlying causes of psychological issues and provide strategies for resolving them.