Weeks 1-2: Classroom Quiz 1

AMA is an acronym that stands for American Medical Association. The American Medical Association is a professional organization that represents physicians and medical students in the United States. It works to promote the art and science of medicine and the betterment of public health. The AMA provides resources and support for physicians, advocates for healthcare policies, and sets standards for medical education and practice.

Joseph Lister's introduction of antiseptic procedures was based on the work of the French chemist Louis Pasteur, who, in opposing the theory of spontaneous generation, showed that organisms found in putrefying materials originated from the organisms found in the air. The introduction of antiseptics so revolutionized surgery that the history of surgery can be divided into two periods: pre-Listerian and post-Listerian.

After microorganisms were discovered, it was generally believed that they caused disease, but there was no proof. Koch studied anthrax, a disease of cattle that occasionally occurs in humans. He established that anthrax bacteria were always present in the blood of animals with the disease,
and that if blood from an infected animal were injected
into a well animal, the well animal would develop
anthrax. Koch also grew the bacteria in nutrients
outside the animal’s body and found that, when
those cultured bacteria were injected into a well animal,
that animal also developed anthrax. On the basis
of this and other experiments, Koch proved that specific
bacteria produce specific diseases.

Capitation refers to a fixed payment that is regularly made by a managed care organization to a medical provider for each enrolled patient. This payment is not based on the actual services provided to the patient but rather on the number of patients enrolled. It is a method used by managed care organizations to control costs and incentivize providers to deliver efficient and cost-effective care.

The correct answer is the Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations (JCAHO). This independent, not-for-profit organization is responsible for setting standards and accrediting various healthcare organizations in the U.S., including hospitals, healthcare networks, managed care organizations, and those that provide home care, long-term care, behavioral health care, laboratory, and ambulatory care services.

The correct answer is The Pennsylvania Hospital. The Pennsylvania Hospital, also known as Pennsylvania Hospital, is the first permanent and voluntary hospital for civilians in the continental United States. It was founded in 1751 by Benjamin Franklin and Dr. Thomas Bond in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The hospital has a long history of providing medical care and is considered a pioneer in healthcare in the United States.

In the 1850s the relationship between filth and disease was recognized, and sanitary measures for preventing disease were accepted. At that time the prevalent theory of disease was that a vaporous emanation from humans could “enter into the putrefactive condition,” causing disease. The germ theory of disease was yet to come. In Nightingale’s design, the dangerous emanations were quickly and continually removed by proper ventilation. The dominating theme of the Nightingale ward was pure air. To deprive the sick of pure air “is nothing but manslaughter under the garb of benevolence,”
according to her.

Oliver Wendell Holmes was the physician at Harvard who noted that puerperal fever was a contagious disease transmitted through unclean hands and clothing of doctors and midwives. He made this observation based on his study of the disease and its transmission during childbirth.

Semmelweis was ridiculed for his work, however, and it was not until Lister’s work that Holmes and Semmelweis received professional recognition for their work.

The statement is true because ambulance transport services can indeed be provided for bed bound patients who need to go to physician visits or other ambulatory care. Ambulances are equipped with the necessary medical equipment and personnel to safely transport patients who are unable to move or sit up on their own. This service ensures that bed bound patients can receive the medical care they need outside of their home environment.

Managed care organizations often use primary care physicians as "gatekeepers" to control and coordinate healthcare services. The role of these physicians is to serve as the first point of contact for patients and manage their overall healthcare needs. By requiring patients to obtain a referral from their primary care physician before seeing a specialist, managed care organizations aim to prevent unnecessary and potentially costly specialist visits. This approach helps to ensure that patients receive appropriate and efficient care while also managing healthcare costs.

Ambulance services can indeed be provided by various entities such as police, fire departments, hospitals, volunteer groups, and private ambulance companies. These organizations have the necessary resources, training, and personnel to respond to emergency situations and provide medical assistance during transportation to a hospital or healthcare facility. Therefore, it is accurate to say that ambulance services can be provided by these different entities.

A freestanding emergency center is indeed referred to as an urgent care center that provides acute care on a "walk-in" or appointment basis. This means that individuals can receive immediate medical attention for non-life-threatening conditions without needing to make an appointment beforehand. These centers are equipped to handle a wide range of medical emergencies, similar to traditional hospital emergency rooms, but are separate entities that operate independently.

The 1986 federal "anti-dumping law" prohibits hospitals from asking about patients' insurance status before providing emergency care. This means that hospitals are legally required to provide emergency medical treatment regardless of whether the patient has insurance or not. This law was put in place to ensure that individuals in need of emergency care receive prompt and necessary treatment without any discrimination based on their insurance status.

The emergency room is indeed considered an outpatient service to the hospital. Outpatient services refer to medical treatments or procedures that do not require an overnight stay in the hospital. The emergency room is designed to provide immediate medical care for individuals with urgent or life-threatening conditions, who can be treated and released the same day. Therefore, patients visiting the emergency room typically receive outpatient care rather than being admitted as inpatients.

One of the earliest hospitals in what was to become the continental United States was established in 1658 in New Amsterdam, now New York City.

Some ambulance companies offer free services to individuals who become members by making annual contributions. This means that if someone becomes a member and contributes annually, they can receive ambulance services without any additional charges. Therefore, the statement "Some ambulance companies provide free services to individuals who become members through annual contributions" is true.

An HMO cannot be categorized as an ambulatory care service because an HMO is a type of health insurance plan that provides comprehensive medical services to its members, including both inpatient and outpatient care. While ambulatory care services are typically provided on an outpatient basis, an HMO goes beyond just outpatient care and also covers inpatient hospital stays and other medical services. Therefore, categorizing an HMO solely as an ambulatory care service would be incorrect.

Not all hospitals are mandated to have an ER department. While many hospitals do have emergency rooms to provide immediate care for patients with urgent medical needs, there are some hospitals that do not have ER departments. These hospitals may focus on specialized care or may be smaller facilities that are not equipped to handle emergency cases. Therefore, the statement is false.

Nonprofit (voluntary) does not mean that the hospital
cannot make a profit; rather it means that there are
restrictions on what can be done with the profit. Profits
must be turned back into the hospital’s operation
rather than distributed to shareholders.