1.
The function of the __ is to apply force to move the teeth or to hold them in the desired positions.
Correct Answer
C. Archwire
Explanation
The archwire is responsible for applying force to move the teeth or hold them in the desired positions. It is a crucial component of orthodontic treatment as it helps in aligning the teeth and achieving the desired outcome. The archwire is typically made of a flexible metal alloy and is attached to brackets on the teeth. By exerting pressure on the brackets, the archwire helps in guiding the teeth into their correct positions.
2.
The __ wraps around the bracket and is tightened by twisting.
Correct Answer
B. Ligature wire
Explanation
A ligature wire is a thin wire that is used in orthodontics to secure the archwire to the brackets. It wraps around the bracket and is tightened by twisting, providing stability and allowing for proper alignment of the teeth. This wire is commonly used during the treatment process to hold the archwire in place and facilitate the movement of the teeth.
3.
__ are attached to hooks/buttons that are secured on the band/brackets
Correct Answer
D. Elastics
Explanation
Elastics are attached to hooks/buttons that are secured on the band/brackets. Elastics are used in orthodontic treatment to apply gentle force and help move the teeth into the desired position. They are typically attached to different points on the braces to create the necessary tension and alignment. By wearing elastics as instructed by the orthodontist, the patient can aid in correcting their bite and achieving proper tooth alignment.
4.
After the premature loss of a primary tooth, which particular fixed appliance is worn to maintain a space for the permanent tooth
Correct Answer
B. Space maintainers
Explanation
After the premature loss of a primary tooth, space maintainers are worn to maintain a space for the permanent tooth. Space maintainers are fixed appliances that help prevent the remaining teeth from shifting into the empty space and ensure that there is enough room for the permanent tooth to erupt properly. They are designed to hold the space until the permanent tooth is ready to come in, preventing the need for more extensive orthodontic treatment in the future.
5.
Which removable appliance, usually worn for a specific number of hours each day, is used to apply force to move teeth, restrain or alter cranial facial bone growth, and reinforce the stability of intraoral appliances
Correct Answer
B. Headgear
Explanation
Headgear is a removable appliance that is worn for a specific number of hours each day. It is used to apply force to move teeth, restrain or alter cranial facial bone growth, and reinforce the stability of intraoral appliances. Therefore, headgear is the correct answer for this question.
6.
_____ means that the tooth is tipping in a distal direction.
Correct Answer
B. Distoversion
Explanation
Distoversion is a dental term used to describe the misalignment of a tooth when it is tipped or angled toward the distal side, which is the direction away from the center of the dental arch or the midline of the face. In simpler terms, this means the tooth is leaning backward or away from the front of the mouth. It’s a common form of malposition that can affect the overall bite alignment and may require orthodontic correction depending on the severity.
7.
__ means that an anterior tooth is tipped toward the lips
Correct Answer
B. Labioversion
Explanation
Labioversion means that the tooth is tipped toward the lip or cheek. This term specifically describes the position of a tooth in relation to the lips or cheeks. It indicates that the tooth is leaning or tilted towards the lip or cheek, rather than being in its ideal upright position.
8.
What type of factor, primarily during dentition development during infancy and early childhood, can cause systemic disease and nutritional disturbances? These factors are usually from birth and are usually biological in nature and disregard outside factors.
Correct Answer
B. Systemic factor
Explanation
Systemic factors refer to conditions or diseases that affect the entire body, including the development of dentition. In the case of malocclusion, systemic factors can disrupt the normal schedule of dentition development during infancy and early childhood. This disruption can lead to misalignment of the teeth and jaws, resulting in malocclusion. Examples of systemic factors that can contribute to malocclusion include genetic disorders, hormonal imbalances, and nutritional disturbances.
9.
The teeth are retained in position through __, which creates and deposits new cells.
Correct Answer
B. Deposition
Explanation
The teeth are retained in position through deposition, which refers to the process of creating and depositing new cells. This process helps in the formation of new dental tissues and helps in maintaining the position and structure of the teeth. Resorption refers to the process of breaking down and absorbing old cells, transposition refers to the movement of teeth from their original position, and disposition refers to the arrangement or placement of teeth.
10.
____ are placed in the contact area between the teeth, forcing the teeth to spread to accommodate the orthodontic bands.
Correct Answer
A. Separators
Explanation
Separators are placed in the contact area between the teeth to create space and make room for orthodontic bands. These separators exert pressure on the teeth, causing them to spread apart and accommodate the bands. Separators are typically small elastic rings or metal springs that are inserted between the teeth by the orthodontist before the placement of bands.
11.
__ is the relationship of a tooth or a group of teeth in one arch to the opposing where the upper teeth sit inside the lower teeth.
Correct Answer
B. Cross-bite
Explanation
A cross-bite refers to a dental condition where the upper teeth sit inside the lower teeth when the jaw is closed. This is an abnormal relationship between the upper and lower teeth in one arch to the opposing arch. It can cause difficulties in biting and chewing and may lead to uneven wear of the teeth. Treatment options for a cross-bite may include orthodontic interventions to align the teeth properly and improve the bite.
12.
What is the term that defines the relationship between how much the upper anterior covers the lower anterior when fully biting?
Correct Answer
B. Overbite
Explanation
Overbite refers to a dental condition where the vertical overlap of the upper (maxillary) teeth is greater than the incisal one third of the lower (mandibular) anterior teeth. This means that the upper teeth protrude further vertically over the lower teeth.
13.
The space between the labial surface of the mandibular anterior teeth and the labial surface of the maxillary anterior teeth when fully biting is called.
Correct Answer
A. Overjet
Explanation
Overjet refers to an abnormal horizontal distance between the labial surface of the mandibular anterior teeth and the labial surface of the maxillary anterior teeth. This means that the lower front teeth are positioned too far forward in relation to the upper front teeth. Overjet is different from overbite, which refers to the vertical overlap of the upper and lower front teeth. Open bite refers to a lack of vertical overlap of the front teeth, while crossbite refers to a misalignment of the upper and lower teeth when biting down.
14.
Which of the following is not considered a removable appliance?
Correct Answer
A. Headgear
Explanation
Headgear is typically a partially removable orthodontic appliance, meaning it is not fully contained within the mouth like other removable appliances (such as retainers, palatal expanders, and activators). While parts of the headgear are removable, it often involves external components that are worn around the head or neck and attach to braces inside the mouth to guide the growth of the jaw and teeth. Its partial removability and external positioning make it distinct from other fully removable appliances listed.
15.
During the __ phase, the development of various tissues takes place
Correct Answer
C. Histodifferentiation
Explanation
Histodifferentiation refers to the process in which different tissues develop during the growth and development of an organism. This phase involves the specialization and differentiation of cells into specific tissue types, such as muscle, nerve, or connective tissue. During histodifferentiation, cells acquire distinct characteristics and functions that are essential for the proper functioning of the organism. This process is crucial for the overall development and organization of tissues in the body.
16.
In which week of the prenatal developement will the face begin to form
Correct Answer
B. 4
Explanation
The face begins to form during the fourth week of prenatal development. This is a crucial stage where the facial features start to take shape, including the eyes, nose, mouth, and ears. The development of the face is a complex process that involves the fusion of different tissue layers and the growth of specific structures. By the fourth week, the embryo has already undergone significant growth and differentiation, making it the appropriate time for the face to begin forming.
17.
In the facial development phase, which process is responsible for forming the upper portion of the face, forehead, eyes, and nose?
Correct Answer
C. Frontonasal process
Explanation
The frontonasal process is responsible for forming the upper portion of the face, including the forehead, eyes, and nose. During facial development, this process plays a crucial role in shaping these facial features. It is a region of embryonic tissue that contributes to the formation of the forehead, bridge of the nose, and upper jaw. The frontonasal process interacts with other facial processes to ensure proper facial formation and development.
18.
In the facial developmental phase, which process is responsible for forming the cheeks, sides of the upper lip, and maxilla?
Correct Answer
A. Medial nasal
Explanation
The correct answer is medial nasal. During the facial developmental phase, the medial nasal process plays a crucial role in forming the cheeks, sides of the upper lip, and maxilla. This process contributes to the formation of the middle part of the upper lip and the premaxillary part of the maxilla. It also helps in the development of the nasal septum and the philtrum of the upper lip.
19.
Which factors can initiate malformation in the unborn child
Correct Answer
E. All of the above
Explanation
All of the factors mentioned - genetics, environment, drugs, and infections - can potentially initiate malformation in an unborn child. Genetic factors can include inherited genetic disorders or mutations. Environmental factors such as exposure to toxins, radiation, or certain chemicals can also contribute. Certain drugs, both prescription and recreational, can have harmful effects on the developing fetus. Additionally, infections during pregnancy, such as rubella or Zika virus, can lead to birth defects. Therefore, it is important to consider all of these factors when assessing the risk of malformation in an unborn child.
20.
Fetal Alcohol Symptoms (FAS) in an infant can be a result of the mother
Correct Answer
B. Persisting in alcohol consumptions
Explanation
Fetal alcohol symptoms (FAS) in an infant occur when the mother continues to consume alcohol during pregnancy. Alcohol can cross the placenta and affect the developing fetus, leading to a range of physical, cognitive, and behavioral abnormalities. Persistent alcohol consumption during pregnancy is known to be a major risk factor for FAS.
21.
If a cleft lip occurs on both sides of the lip, it is called
Correct Answer
B. Bilateral
Explanation
A cleft lip that occurs on both sides of the upper lip is referred to as a "bilateral" cleft lip. In this condition, there are two clefts or separations on either side of the lip, resulting in a more extensive opening than a unilateral cleft lip, which appears on only one side. A bilateral cleft lip can vary in severity, from a small notch to a large gap that may extend into the nose, affecting both the lip and the underlying structures. This condition typically forms during early fetal development and may require a series of surgeries for correction, along with additional support for speech, feeding, and dental alignment.
22.
The first stage of the life cycle of a tooth is called.
Correct Answer
C. Odontogenesis
Explanation
Odontogenesis refers to the first stage of the tooth's life cycle. It is the process of tooth development, starting from the formation of the tooth germ and continuing through the different stages until the tooth is fully formed. This includes the initiation of tooth development and the subsequent proliferation of cells that will give rise to the different structures of the tooth. Therefore, odontogenesis is the correct answer as it accurately describes the initial stage of tooth formation.
23.
Enamel-forming cells are called
Correct Answer
C. Ameloblasts
Explanation
Enamel is the hard outer layer of the tooth, and ameloblasts are the cells responsible for its formation. These cells secrete the proteins and minerals that make up the enamel, creating a protective and durable layer. Odontoblasts, on the other hand, are responsible for forming dentin, the layer beneath the enamel. Cementoblasts are involved in the formation of cementum, which covers the root of the tooth. Buds, in this context, do not refer to any specific cells involved in enamel formation.
24.
The last development stage before eruption is
Correct Answer
B. Calcification
Explanation
Calcification refers to the process of depositing calcium salts in tissues, which can lead to hardening or stiffening. In the context of the question, the last development stage before eruption, calcification would imply the hardening or solidification of the material or substance before it erupts. This suggests that calcification is the correct answer as it aligns with the concept of a final stage before eruption.
25.
The final stage of the life cycle of the tooth is
Correct Answer
D. Attrition
Explanation
Attrition refers to the final stage of the life cycle of a tooth, where it gradually wears down and becomes smaller due to natural processes such as chewing and grinding. This process occurs over time and is a normal part of aging and use. Therefore, attrition is the correct answer for the final stage of the tooth's life cycle.
26.
The study of microscopic structure and function of tissues is
Correct Answer
B. Histology
Explanation
Histology is the correct answer because it is the study of the microscopic structure and function of tissues. It involves examining tissues under a microscope to understand their cellular composition, organization, and how they function within the body. Physiology focuses on the functions of living organisms, embryology studies the development of embryos, and microbiology deals with the study of microorganisms.
27.
The hardest living tissue in the body is
Correct Answer
C. Enamel
Explanation
Enamel is the hardest living tissue in the body. It is the outermost layer of the tooth and provides protection to the underlying dentin and pulp. Enamel is composed of a mineral called hydroxyapatite, which makes it extremely strong and resistant to wear and tear. It is harder than dentin, cementum, and lamina, which are also components of the tooth structure. Enamel's hardness allows it to withstand the forces of chewing and biting, making it an essential component for maintaining the integrity of the teeth.
28.
Primary teeth may erupt with a covering over the enamel, called
Correct Answer
D. Nasmyth's membrane
Explanation
Nasmyth's membrane is a thin layer that can cover the enamel of primary teeth when they erupt. It is formed from the remnants of the reduced enamel epithelium, which is the layer that initially surrounds the developing tooth. This membrane is eventually worn away through normal tooth brushing and chewing, exposing the enamel underneath.
29.
Which of the following is softer than enamel but harder than cementum and bone
Correct Answer
A. Dentin
Explanation
Dentin is the correct answer because it is a hard tissue that forms the bulk of the tooth and is softer than enamel, which is the outermost layer of the tooth. Dentin is also harder than cementum and bone, which are other hard tissues found in the body.
30.
__ tubules pass through the entire surface of the dentin
Correct Answer
D. Dentinal
Explanation
Dentinal tubules pass through the entire surface of the dentin. Dentin is a hard, calcified tissue that forms the bulk of the tooth structure. It is composed of tiny channels called dentinal tubules, which are filled with fluid and extend from the pulp chamber to the outer surface of the tooth. These tubules allow for the transmission of sensations such as temperature and pressure from the outer surface to the nerves in the pulp, which is the innermost part of the tooth. Therefore, the correct answer is "dentinal."
31.
The most pronounced stained contour line, which occurs due to the trauma of birth, is
Which contour line has the most pronounced stain? This stain primarily occurs immediately after birth.
Correct Answer
D. Neonatal
Explanation
The correct answer is "neonatal." The question is asking about the most pronounced stained contour line that occurs due to the trauma of birth. The term "neonatal" refers to the period immediately after birth, so it makes sense that this would be the correct answer. The other options, "imbrication," "contour," and "apposition," do not specifically relate to the trauma of birth or stained contour lines.
32.
The pulp is partially made from __, cells from which connective tissue evolves
Correct Answer
D. Fibroblasts
Explanation
Fibroblasts are cells that are responsible for the production of collagen, which is a major component of connective tissue. In the context of the question, the pulp refers to the soft tissue inside the tooth. The statement suggests that the pulp is partially made from fibroblasts, which are the cells that eventually evolve into connective tissue. This explanation aligns with the understanding of dental anatomy and the role of fibroblasts in tissue development.
33.
The pulp is damaged due to an injury, the tissue may become inflamed, putting the tooth in a state of
Correct Answer
B. Pulpitis
Explanation
When the pulp, which is the innermost part of the tooth containing nerves and blood vessels, is damaged due to an injury, it can lead to inflammation. This inflammation can cause pulpitis, which is the inflammation of the pulp. Pulpitis is characterized by symptoms such as tooth sensitivity, pain, and swelling. Therefore, pulpitis is the most appropriate answer in this context.
34.
The __ consists of portions of the tooth structure, supporting hard and soft dental tissues, and the alveolar bone
Correct Answer
C. Periodontium
Explanation
The periodontium refers to the supporting structures of the tooth, including the hard and soft dental tissues and the alveolar bone. It consists of the periodontal ligament, cementum, gingiva, and alveolar bone. These structures work together to support the tooth in the jaw and maintain its stability within the oral cavity.
35.
The collagen fibers that act as anchors between the alveolar bone and teeth are called
Correct Answer
C. Sharpey's fibers
Explanation
Sharpey's fibers are the collagen fibers that anchor the teeth to the alveolar bone. These fibers are embedded in the cementum of the tooth on one end and in the alveolar bone on the other end, creating a strong connection between the two structures. They provide stability and support to the teeth, allowing them to withstand the forces of chewing and biting.
36.
The bones of the mandible and maxilla are formed by
Correct Answer
A. Osteoblasts
Explanation
The bones of the mandible and maxilla are formed by osteoblasts. Osteoblasts are specialized cells that are responsible for bone formation. They secrete the matrix of bone tissue and then become embedded within it, eventually transforming into osteocytes. Osteoblasts play a crucial role in the growth, remodeling, and repair of bones. They are involved in the deposition of calcium and other minerals, which gives bones their strength and rigidity. Therefore, it is the osteoblasts that are responsible for the formation of the bones in the mandible and maxilla.
37.
The cells that remodel and resorb bone are called
Correct Answer
B. Osteoclasts
Explanation
Osteoclasts are the cells that remodel and resorb bone. They are responsible for breaking down old or damaged bone tissue, allowing for the formation of new bone. Osteoclasts play a crucial role in maintaining bone health and balance by removing excess or weakened bone material. This process is essential for bone growth, repair, and remodeling throughout our lives.
38.
The tooth-bearing extended areas of bone in each arch are called the
Correct Answer
C. Alveolar process
Explanation
The tooth-bearing extended areas of bone in each arch are referred to as the alveolar process. This term is used to describe the bony structure that surrounds and supports the teeth, providing a stable foundation for them within the oral cavity. The alveolar process includes the alveolar bone, which forms the sockets or alveoli that hold the roots of the teeth. It plays a crucial role in maintaining the integrity and stability of the teeth within the dental arches.
39.
At the __, two cortical bone plates come together between each tooth.
Correct Answer
A. Alveolar crest
Explanation
The alveolar crest is the correct answer because it refers to the ridge of bone that surrounds and supports the teeth. It is located at the top of the alveolar process, which is the bony ridge that contains the tooth sockets. The alveolar crest is important for maintaining the stability and alignment of the teeth, as it provides support and attachment for the periodontal ligament. Therefore, it is the most appropriate option among the given choices.
40.
On a dental radiograph, the radiopaque line, or __, represents the thin, compact alveolar bone lining the socket.
Correct Answer
D. Lamina dura
Explanation
The lamina dura is a radiopaque line seen on a dental radiograph, representing the thin, compact alveolar bone lining the socket. It is a dense layer of bone that surrounds the tooth socket and provides support to the tooth. This radiopaque line is important in diagnosing periodontal diseases and evaluating the health of the alveolar bone. The other options, such as alveolar crest, periodontal ligament, and alveolar process, are also related to the periodontium but do not specifically represent the thin, compact bone lining the socket as the lamina dura does.
41.
The periodontal ligament, like all connective tissue, is formed by __ cells
Correct Answer
B. Fibroblasts
Explanation
The periodontal ligament is a connective tissue that surrounds and supports the teeth. It is primarily composed of fibroblasts, which are responsible for producing and maintaining the extracellular matrix of the ligament. Fibroblasts play a crucial role in the development and repair of connective tissues, including the periodontal ligament. Odontoblasts are responsible for forming dentin, not the periodontal ligament. Osteoblasts and osteoclasts are involved in the formation and remodeling of bone, not connective tissue like the periodontal ligament.
42.
__ mucosa flows into the tissue of the cheeks, lips, and inside the floor of the mandible
Correct Answer
B. Alveolar
Explanation
The correct answer is "alveolar." The term "alveolar" refers to the alveolar mucosa, which is the part of the oral mucosa that covers the bone of the upper and lower jaws. It flows into the tissue of the cheeks, lips, and inside the floor of the mandible. This type of mucosa is thin and movable, allowing for flexibility and movement during activities such as speaking and eating.
43.
Free gingiva is also known as
Correct Answer
D. Marginal
Explanation
The correct answer is "marginal." The free gingiva refers to the part of the gum that surrounds the tooth and is not attached to the tooth surface. It forms a collar-like structure around the tooth and is also known as the marginal gingiva. The other options mentioned, such as interdental, epithelial, and attached, do not accurately describe the free gingiva.
44.
The mucogingival junction is the line of demarcation between the __ gingiva and __ mucosa
Correct Answer
B. Attached, alveolar
Explanation
The mucogingival junction is the line of demarcation between the attached gingiva and the alveolar mucosa. The attached gingiva is the firm, pink, tightly bound gum tissue that is connected to the underlying bone, while the alveolar mucosa is the movable, redder tissue that covers the bone of the jaws. This junction is important for maintaining the health and stability of the gums and teeth.
45.
The space between the unattached gingiva and the tooth is the
Correct Answer
D. Gingival sulcus
Explanation
The space between the unattached gingiva and the tooth is called the gingival sulcus. It is a shallow crevice or groove that surrounds the tooth. The gingival sulcus is important for maintaining the health of the tooth and surrounding tissues. It allows for the proper attachment of the gingiva to the tooth and provides a barrier against bacteria and other harmful substances that can cause gum disease.
46.
On the floor of the gingival sulcus, the __ attachment attaches to the enamel surface of the teeth.
Correct Answer
D. Epithelial
Explanation
The correct answer is epithelial. The gingival sulcus is a space between the tooth and the surrounding gum tissue. The epithelial attachment refers to the attachment of the outer layer of the gum tissue to the tooth's enamel surface. This attachment helps to maintain the stability and health of the gum tissue and prevents bacteria from entering the deeper tissues.
47.
In a healthy mouth, the gingival sulcus space would not exceed __ millimeters in depth
Correct Answer
A. 2-3
Explanation
In a healthy mouth, the gingival sulcus space refers to the space between the gum tissue and the tooth surface. It is a shallow crevice that is normally present. The correct answer is 2-3 millimeters because this is the typical depth of the gingival sulcus in a healthy mouth. If the depth exceeds this range, it may indicate the presence of gum disease or other oral health issues. Therefore, a depth of 2-3 millimeters is considered normal and healthy.
48.
Which dentistry specialty deals with the recognition, prevention, and treatment of malalignment and irregularities of the teeth, jaws, and face?
Correct Answer
D. Orthodontics
Explanation
Orthodontics is the correct answer because it is the dentistry specialty that focuses on the recognition, prevention, and treatment of malalignment and irregularities of the teeth, jaws, and face. Orthodontists use braces, aligners, and other devices to correct these issues and improve the alignment and appearance of the teeth and jaw.
49.
The orthodontic team consists of the
Correct Answer
D. All of the above
Explanation
The orthodontic team is a collaborative group that includes several key professionals, each playing a unique role in providing orthodontic care. The dentist or orthodontist leads treatment planning and manages patient care, ensuring proper alignment and oral health. The receptionist and business staff handle patient scheduling, billing, and administrative tasks, ensuring the practice runs smoothly. The laboratory technician is responsible for creating custom appliances, such as braces, retainers, and other orthodontic devices, according to the orthodontist's specifications. Each team member's role is essential to delivering high-quality care and achieving successful treatment outcomes in orthodontics.
50.
Which orthodontic team members may pour and trim diagnostic models and construct orthodontic appliances?
Correct Answer
A. Laboratory technician
Explanation
A laboratory technician is responsible for pouring and trimming diagnostic models and constructing orthodontic appliances. This involves creating molds of patients' teeth and using them to fabricate appliances such as braces or retainers. The technician has the necessary skills and knowledge to accurately follow the orthodontist's instructions and ensure the appliances are made to the correct specifications. This task requires technical expertise and precision, which is typically within the scope of practice of a laboratory technician rather than other members of the orthodontic team such as an orthodontic assistant, office coordinator, or business office staff.