Semester 2 Final Exam

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Specialization refers to the process in which a cell adapts to perform a specific function. This involves the cell acquiring specific structures, characteristics, and abilities that enable it to carry out its designated role within an organism. Through specialization, different types of cells are able to work together and contribute to the overall functioning of the organism. This process is crucial for the development and maintenance of complex organisms, as it allows for efficient division of labor and the optimization of various biological processes.

An autotroph is an organism that is capable of producing its own food through the process of photosynthesis or chemosynthesis. This means that it can convert inorganic substances into organic compounds, such as glucose, using energy from sunlight or chemical reactions. Autotrophs are often referred to as "producers" in ecosystems because they form the base of the food chain by providing energy and nutrients for other organisms. This definition aligns with the given correct answer, which states that an autotroph is an organism that makes its own food.

Photosynthesis is a process that occurs in plants, algae, and some bacteria. It is the process by which these organisms convert sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide into glucose (a form of sugar) and oxygen. Chloroplasts are the organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plant cells. They contain a pigment called chlorophyll, which captures sunlight and initiates the chemical reactions of photosynthesis. Therefore, the correct answer is Chloroplast.

Eukaryotic cells are more complex than prokaryotic cells because they have membrane-enclosed organelles, such as the nucleus, mitochondria, and endoplasmic reticulum. These organelles allow for compartmentalization and specialization of different cellular functions. In contrast, prokaryotic cells lack these membrane-bound organelles and their genetic material is not enclosed within a nucleus. This fundamental difference in cellular structure and organization is the main distinction between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.

The correct answer is "Multicellular" because an organism that is made up of more than one cell is referred to as multicellular. This term is used to describe organisms such as plants, animals, and fungi, which are composed of multiple cells that work together to perform various functions. In contrast, unicellular organisms, such as bacteria, consist of a single cell that carries out all necessary functions for survival. The option "Rock" is incorrect as rocks are not living organisms and do not consist of cells.

A single-celled organism is called a unicellular organism because it consists of only one cell. Unlike multicellular organisms, which are made up of multiple cells, unicellular organisms are capable of carrying out all necessary functions of life within a single cell. They can reproduce, obtain nutrients, and respond to their environment using the structures and organelles within their cell. Examples of unicellular organisms include bacteria, protozoa, and some types of algae.

Diploid is the term used to describe a cell or organism that has two copies of every chromosome. This means that each chromosome in the cell or organism exists in pairs, with one copy inherited from each parent. This is in contrast to haploid, which refers to cells or organisms that have only one copy of each chromosome, and polyploid, which refers to cells or organisms that have multiple sets of chromosomes. Tetraploid refers to cells or organisms with four copies of each chromosome.

Heterozygous is the correct answer because it refers to an individual having two different alleles for a given trait. In this case, the example given is Aa, where A and a are different alleles. Heterozygosity is important in genetics as it allows for genetic diversity and the potential for different phenotypic outcomes.

The letter B in the diagram points to the hydrophobic lipid tail. This is because the hydrophobic lipid tail is the nonpolar part of the phospholipid molecule, consisting of fatty acid chains. It is repelled by water and therefore faces inward, away from the surrounding aqueous environment, when the phospholipids arrange themselves in a bilayer to form the cell membrane.

The equation represents photosynthesis, the process by which plants convert sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide into glucose and oxygen. This process occurs in the chloroplasts of plant cells and is essential for the production of oxygen and the formation of carbohydrates, which serve as a source of energy for the plant.

The equation C6H1206 + 6O2 -> ATP + 6H20 + 6CO2 represents cell respiration. Cell respiration is the process by which cells break down glucose and oxygen to produce ATP (adenosine triphosphate), water, and carbon dioxide. This process occurs in the mitochondria of cells and is essential for providing energy to the cell. It is different from human respiration, which refers to the exchange of gases (oxygen and carbon dioxide) in the lungs. Photosynthesis, on the other hand, is the process by which plants convert sunlight, carbon dioxide, and water into glucose and oxygen. Breathing is the physical act of inhaling and exhaling air.

The presence of a nucleus with a membrane is a characteristic feature of eukaryotic cells. Eukaryotes are organisms that have their genetic material enclosed within a nucleus, which is separated from the cytoplasm by a nuclear membrane. This distinguishes them from prokaryotes, which lack a nucleus. Therefore, the observation that a cell has a nucleus with a membrane provides evidence that it is most likely a eukaryote.

The correct answer is "The stuff on the right side of a chemical equation." In a chemical equation, the reactants are written on the left side and the products are written on the right side. The products are the substances that are formed as a result of the chemical reaction. Therefore, the answer choice "The stuff on the right side of a chemical equation" accurately describes what a product is in the context of a chemical equation.

The cell membrane is composed of a phospholipid bilayer. Phospholipids are molecules that have a hydrophilic (water-loving) head and hydrophobic (water-hating) tails. In the bilayer, the hydrophilic heads face outward towards the watery environment both inside and outside the cell, while the hydrophobic tails face inward, creating a barrier that separates the cell's internal contents from the external environment. This structure allows the cell membrane to regulate the movement of molecules and ions in and out of the cell, maintaining homeostasis and protecting the cell's internal components.

An organelle is a specialized structure that performs a specific function in eukaryotic cells. Unlike the basic unit of life or a cell membrane, which are more general concepts, an organelle is a specific component within a cell that carries out particular tasks. Organelles such as mitochondria, chloroplasts, and the endoplasmic reticulum all have distinct functions that contribute to the overall functioning of the cell. This answer accurately describes the nature and role of organelles in eukaryotic cells.

DNA is actually made up of two strands of nucleotides that are twisted together in a double helix structure. Each strand is composed of a series of nucleotides, which are the building blocks of DNA. These nucleotides are made up of a sugar molecule, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base. The two strands of nucleotides are held together by hydrogen bonds between the nitrogenous bases. Therefore, the statement that DNA is made up of one strand of nucleotides is incorrect.

The letter A in the diagram points to the hydrophilic phosphate head of the phospholipid. Phospholipids are the main components of cell membranes and consist of a hydrophilic (water-loving) phosphate head and two hydrophobic (water-repelling) lipid tails. The hydrophilic phosphate head contains a negatively charged phosphate group, making it attracted to water molecules. In contrast, the hydrophobic lipid tails are made up of fatty acids and are repelled by water. This arrangement allows phospholipids to form a bilayer structure in cell membranes, with the hydrophilic heads facing outward towards the watery environment and the hydrophobic tails facing inward, creating a barrier that controls the movement of substances in and out of the cell.

A prokaryote is a one-celled organism that lacks a membrane-enclosed nucleus. This means that its genetic material is not contained within a separate compartment but is instead freely floating in the cytoplasm. Prokaryotes include bacteria and archaea, and they are characterized by their simplicity and small size compared to eukaryotic cells. Unlike eukaryotes, prokaryotes do not possess membrane-bound organelles. Instead, their cellular functions are carried out by various structures and molecules within the cytoplasm.

Phenotype refers to the visible appearance of an organism. It includes physical characteristics such as height, eye color, and hair color, as well as behavioral traits like temperament and intelligence. Phenotype is determined by a combination of genetic factors (genotype) and environmental influences. It is an important concept in the study of genetics and evolution as it helps to understand how traits are expressed and passed on from one generation to the next.

In Meiosis, there are two divisions that occur. The first division, called Meiosis I, involves the separation of homologous chromosomes, resulting in two daughter cells. The second division, called Meiosis II, involves the separation of sister chromatids, resulting in four haploid daughter cells. These divisions are crucial for the production of gametes and the maintenance of the correct chromosome number in sexually reproducing organisms.

Meiosis is the correct answer to fill in the statement. Meiosis is a type of cell division that results in the formation of haploid cells with half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell. In humans, meiosis occurs in the formation of gametes (sperm and egg cells), and these gametes have 23 chromosomes, which is the haploid number in humans. The term "meiosis" should be spelled with a capital "M" at the beginning of the sentence and a lowercase "m" when referring to the process itself.

Cellular respiration is the process by which cells convert glucose and oxygen into energy, carbon dioxide, and water. This process occurs in the mitochondria, which are known as the "powerhouses" of the cell. Mitochondria have their own DNA and are responsible for producing ATP, the main energy currency of the cell. Therefore, the correct answer is mitochondria.

The purple solution in the diagram is hypertonic, meaning it has a higher concentration of solutes compared to the cell. In osmosis, water moves from an area of lower solute concentration to an area of higher solute concentration. Therefore, the water will move out of the cell into the hypertonic purple solution.

In mitosis, the gene pool does not increase because the daughter cells produced are genetically identical to the parent cell. This means that there is no introduction of new genetic variation or alleles into the population. Therefore, the gene pool remains the same and does not increase.

An eukaryote is an organism consisting of one or more cells in which the nucleus is enclosed by a membrane. This means that the genetic material in eukaryotes is contained within a distinct nucleus, separated from the rest of the cell by a membrane. Eukaryotes include all plants, animals, fungi, and protists. In contrast, prokaryotes, such as bacteria, do not have a nucleus enclosed by a membrane. Organelle refers to specialized structures within cells, and volume is a measure of the amount of space occupied by an object.

A semipermeable membrane refers to a membrane that allows certain substances to pass through while restricting the passage of others. It selectively permits the movement of specific molecules or ions based on their size, charge, or solubility. This property is due to the presence of tiny pores or channels in the membrane that enable the passage of small molecules or ions, while larger or charged particles are unable to cross. Hence, a semipermeable membrane allows the selective movement of substances, making it permeable to some things and impermeable to others.

Green eyes is an example of a phenotype because it is a physical characteristic or trait that can be observed or measured. Phenotypes are the result of the interaction between an individual's genes (genotype) and the environment. In this case, the phenotype is the expression of the gene(s) responsible for determining eye color, resulting in the observable trait of having green eyes.

A reactant refers to the substances or compounds that are present on the left side of a chemical equation. These are the starting materials that undergo a chemical reaction to produce new substances, known as products, which are represented on the right side of the equation. Reactants are consumed during the reaction and are transformed into different compounds or elements. Therefore, the correct answer is "The stuff on the left side of a chemical equation."

The base pairing rules in DNA state that Adenine (A) pairs with Thymine (T), and Guanine (G) pairs with Cytosine (C). This is because Adenine and Thymine form two hydrogen bonds between them, while Guanine and Cytosine form three hydrogen bonds. These base pairs are essential for DNA replication and the accurate transmission of genetic information.

A genotype refers to the genetic makeup of an individual, specifically the combination of alleles they possess for a particular trait. In this case, "Aa" represents a genotype because it indicates that the individual has inherited two different alleles for a specific gene, one from each parent. The presence of both uppercase and lowercase letters suggests that the individual carries both a dominant and a recessive allele for that trait.

Photosynthesis is the process by which plants and some other organisms convert sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide into glucose and oxygen. Glucose is an essential source of energy for the organism, providing fuel for cellular respiration and growth. It is also the main building block for carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids, which are necessary for the organism's survival and growth. Therefore, the production of glucose through photosynthesis is crucial for the organism's energy needs and overall functioning.

The genetic make up of an organism is referred to as its genotype. This term encompasses all the genetic information and variations present in an organism's DNA, including both the inherited alleles and any mutations that may be present. The genotype determines the potential traits and characteristics that an organism may exhibit, although the expression of these traits is also influenced by environmental factors.

An organism that eats other organisms is known as a heterotroph. Heterotrophs cannot produce their own food and rely on consuming other organisms for energy and nutrients. This is in contrast to autotrophs, which are able to produce their own food through processes like photosynthesis. Heterotrophs obtain their energy by consuming plants, animals, or other organic matter.

The dominant allele is the type of allele that is seen most often and shown over the recessive allele. In genetics, dominant alleles are expressed in the phenotype even if there is only one copy of the allele present. This means that the dominant allele will mask the effects of the recessive allele when both are present in an individual's genotype. Therefore, the dominant allele is the one that is observed and has a greater influence on the organism's traits compared to the recessive allele.

A type of asexual reproduction is mitosis. Mitosis is a process in which a single cell divides into two identical daughter cells. It is a form of asexual reproduction because it does not involve the fusion of gametes or the mixing of genetic material from two parents. Instead, mitosis produces offspring that are genetically identical to the parent cell.

Homozygous refers to the condition where an individual has two identical alleles for a specific trait. This means that both alleles inherited from the parents are the same, whether they are dominant (AA) or recessive (aa). Homozygosity can result in the expression of a specific trait in a consistent manner, as there is no variation in the alleles for that particular trait.

DNA, or deoxyribonucleic acid, is the correct answer to this question. DNA is a molecule that carries the genetic instructions for the development, functioning, growth, and reproduction of all known organisms. It is located inside the cell and serves as the blueprint for the synthesis of proteins, which are essential for various cellular processes. DNA is responsible for transmitting hereditary information from one generation to the next and plays a vital role in determining an organism's traits and characteristics.

The correct answer is Glycolysis, Krebs Cycle and the Electron Transport Chain. These three reactions are the main stages of cellular respiration. Glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm and involves the breakdown of glucose into pyruvate. The Krebs Cycle takes place in the mitochondria and involves the further breakdown of pyruvate to produce energy-rich molecules. The Electron Transport Chain also occurs in the mitochondria and is the final step, where the energy-rich molecules are used to generate ATP, the main energy currency of the cell. These three reactions work together to convert glucose into usable energy for the cell.

Cellular respiration is the process by which cells convert glucose and oxygen into ATP (adenosine triphosphate), the main energy source for cellular activities. ATP is essential for various biological processes, including muscle contractions, nerve impulses, and synthesis of macromolecules. Therefore, cellular respiration is crucial for organisms as it provides the necessary energy for their survival and functioning.

The correct answer is Deoxyribose- Sugar, Phosphate Group, Nitrogen Containing Base. These three components make up a nucleotide, which is the basic building block of DNA. Deoxyribose is a type of sugar, the phosphate group provides the backbone structure, and the nitrogen-containing base (such as adenine, thymine, cytosine, or guanine) is responsible for the genetic coding.

The correct answer is Light Reactions and the Dark Reaction (Calvin Cycle). Photosynthesis is a process in which plants convert sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide into glucose and oxygen. The light reactions occur in the thylakoid membranes of the chloroplasts and involve the absorption of light energy to produce ATP and NADPH. The dark reaction, also known as the Calvin Cycle, takes place in the stroma of the chloroplasts and uses the ATP and NADPH produced in the light reactions to convert carbon dioxide into glucose. Therefore, the two reactions involved in photosynthesis are the light reactions and the dark reaction (Calvin Cycle).

Meiosis is the correct answer because it is the process that produces four daughter cells (gametes) with half the number of chromosomes compared to the parent cell. During meiosis, the parent cell undergoes two rounds of division, resulting in four genetically unique haploid cells. This process is essential for sexual reproduction as it ensures genetic diversity in offspring by combining genetic material from two parents. In contrast, mitosis produces two identical diploid daughter cells, analogous refers to a similarity between structures or functions, and asexual reproduction does not involve the production of gametes.

Mitosis is the correct answer because it is the process of cell division in which two genetically identical daughter cells are produced. During mitosis, a parent cell divides into two daughter cells that have the same number and type of chromosomes as the parent cell. This process is important for growth, repair, and maintenance of multicellular organisms. Meiosis, on the other hand, is a type of cell division that produces gametes (sperm and egg cells) with half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell. Asexual reproduction and sexual reproduction are not specific processes of cell division, but rather methods of reproduction in organisms.

In meiosis, two parents are involved in the process of sexual reproduction. Meiosis is a type of cell division that produces gametes (sperm and egg cells) with half the number of chromosomes as the parent cells. These gametes then combine during fertilization to form a new organism with a unique combination of genetic material from both parents.

Mitosis is the process of cell division that results in the formation of two identical daughter cells. The correct order of the steps of mitosis is Prophase, Prometaphase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase, and Cytokinesis. During Prophase, the chromatin condenses into chromosomes and the nuclear envelope breaks down. In Prometaphase, the spindle fibers attach to the chromosomes and the chromosomes move towards the center of the cell. Metaphase is the stage where the chromosomes align at the center of the cell. Anaphase is when the sister chromatids separate and move towards opposite poles of the cell. Telophase is characterized by the formation of new nuclear envelopes around the separated chromosomes. Finally, Cytokinesis occurs, where the cytoplasm divides and two daughter cells are formed.

The cell cycle refers to the series of events that occur in a cell, leading to its division and replication. During the cell cycle, the cell goes through various stages such as growth, DNA synthesis, and division. Mitosis, on the other hand, specifically refers to the process of cell division, where the nucleus divides into two identical daughter nuclei. Therefore, the correct answer is the cell cycle, as it encompasses the entire process of cell division and replication.

The cell cycle consists of two main stages: interphase and mitosis. Interphase is the stage where the cell grows, carries out its normal functions, and replicates its DNA. It is divided into three phases: G1 phase, S phase, and G2 phase. Mitosis is the stage where the cell divides into two daughter cells. It is divided into four phases: prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase. Therefore, the correct answer is Interphase and Mitosis.

The correct answer is G0-->G1-->S-->G2. This is the correct order of the four phases of Interphase in the Cell Cycle. G0 phase is a resting phase where the cell is not actively preparing for division. G1 phase is the first growth phase where the cell grows and prepares to replicate its DNA. S phase is the synthesis phase where DNA replication occurs. G2 phase is the second growth phase where the cell continues to grow and prepares for cell division.

The three pieces of the Cell Theory are:
1. All cells come from pre-existing cells: This principle states that cells can only arise from pre-existing cells through cell division, rather than spontaneously generating.
2. Cells are the most basic unit of life: This principle states that cells are the fundamental building blocks of all living organisms.
3. Cells are in all living things: This principle states that all living organisms, from simple single-celled organisms to complex multicellular organisms, are composed of cells.