Social Psych Quiz 2 - Key Concepts

Explanation
The actor-observer discrepancy refers to the tendency of individuals to attribute their own behavior to external, situational causes, while attributing the behavior of others to internal, personal causes. This means that individuals are more likely to explain their own actions based on the circumstances or context they were in, while explaining the actions of others based on their personal characteristics or traits. This bias can lead to misunderstandings and misjudgments in interpersonal relationships as people may not fully consider the external factors influencing others' behavior.

Explanation
A stereotype refers to a cluster of characteristics that are commonly associated with all members of a specific social group. These characteristics may not necessarily be related to the objective criteria that define the group. Stereotypes are often oversimplified and generalized beliefs or judgments about a particular group, which can lead to discrimination and prejudice. Stereotypes can be both positive and negative, but they often perpetuate biases and can result in unfair treatment or assumptions about individuals based on their group membership.

Explanation
The out-group homogeneity effect refers to the tendency to perceive members of an out-group as more similar to each other than members of our own in-group. This bias occurs because we often have limited exposure to the out-group and rely on stereotypes and generalizations to make judgments about them. This can lead to overgeneralizations and a failure to recognize the diversity within the out-group. In contrast, in-group bias refers to favoritism towards members of our own group, while cognitive dissonance refers to the discomfort experienced when holding conflicting beliefs or attitudes.

Explanation
Cognitive dissonance refers to the uncomfortable feeling that arises when there is a conflict between our attitudes and behavior. This occurs when we are aware that our thoughts or perceptions are inconsistent, causing a state of psychological tension or arousal. For example, if someone strongly believes in the importance of environmental conservation but still regularly uses single-use plastic, they may experience cognitive dissonance. This theory suggests that people are motivated to reduce this dissonance by either changing their attitudes or behavior to align with each other.

Explanation
Prosocial behavior refers to any behavior that benefits others, regardless of whether the motive behind it is selfless or self-serving. It encompasses acts of kindness, empathy, cooperation, and helping others in various situations. This behavior can be driven by genuine concern for others' well-being or by personal gains such as social approval or personal satisfaction. Prosocial behavior plays a crucial role in building and maintaining positive relationships, fostering a sense of community, and creating a more supportive and compassionate society.