Sociology Chapters 1 & 2
Sociology - Chapter 1
- 1.
In the context of Pierre Bourdieu's theory, which of the following best describes the concept of "habitus"?
- A.
A structured set of historical relations deposited within individual bodies within a social field.
- B.
The external social structures and powers that dictate individual and societal norms, distinct from personal agency.
- C.
A system of economic exchanges characterized by asymmetric power relations between social classes.
- D.
The collection of resources or capitals, such as cultural, economic, and social, that an individual possesses.
Correct Answer
A. A structured set of historical relations deposited within individual bodies within a social field.Explanation
Pierre Bourdieu’s concept of "habitus" refers to the deeply ingrained habits, skills, and dispositions that we possess due to our life experiences. Bourdieu describes habitus as a set of dispositions that incline agents to act and react in certain ways. These dispositions are usually a result of the internalization of the cultural conditions of one’s social class membership and shape one’s perceptions, appreciations, and actions in a social field, thus reproducing social structures. "Habitus" is not just a structure of the mind, but is embodied in the individual through practical experience in their respective social fields.Rate this question:
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- 2.
Who came up with the Sociological Imagination?
- A.
Plato
- B.
C. Wright Mills
- C.
Herbert Spencer
- D.
Emile Durkhim
- E.
Karl Marx
Correct Answer
B. C. Wright MillsExplanation
C. Wright Mills is credited with coming up with the concept of the Sociological Imagination. This concept refers to the ability to see the connection between personal experiences and larger social and historical forces. Mills argued that individuals should not only consider their own personal troubles but also examine the broader social issues that may be influencing them. He believed that by doing so, individuals could gain a better understanding of the social structures and institutions that shape their lives.Rate this question:
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- 3.
What is the Sociological Imagination?
- A.
The idea that different levels of power create conflict.
- B.
The ability to see society different from an individualistic view.
- C.
The idea that there are no right or wrongs.
- D.
The idea that theories are not sufficient to explain modern society.
Correct Answer
B. The ability to see society different from an individualistic view.Explanation
The Sociological Imagination refers to the ability to see society from a perspective that goes beyond individual experiences and personal troubles. It involves understanding the larger social structures and forces that shape individuals' lives and behaviors. This perspective allows individuals to connect their personal experiences to broader social issues and historical contexts. It emphasizes the interplay between personal biography and social history, and encourages critical thinking and analysis of societal patterns and inequalities.Rate this question:
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- 4.
What is Sociology?
- A.
The study of money and the economy.
- B.
The study of politics and government.
- C.
The study of mental processes.
- D.
The study of human society and social interaction.
Correct Answer
D. The study of human society and social interaction.Explanation
Sociology is the study of human society and social interaction. It focuses on understanding how individuals and groups interact within a society, and how social structures and institutions shape human behavior and relationships. This field examines various aspects of society, such as social norms, cultural beliefs, social inequalities, and social change. By studying sociology, researchers gain insights into the dynamics of society and are able to analyze and explain social phenomena and patterns of behavior.Rate this question:
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- 5.
Is national recession a personal or public issue?
- A.
Personal
- B.
Public
Correct Answer
B. PublicExplanation
National recession is a public issue because it affects the entire nation's economy and population as a whole. It is not limited to individuals or specific groups, but rather has widespread implications on employment, income, and overall economic stability. The government and policymakers play a crucial role in addressing and managing a national recession through various measures such as fiscal policies, stimulus packages, and regulations. Therefore, it is a matter of public concern and requires collective efforts and interventions at a national level.Rate this question:
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- 6.
People in our day need a global Sociological Imagination due to what?
- A.
Global warming
- B.
Global recession
- C.
Global interdependence
- D.
Global dependence
Correct Answer
C. Global interdependenceExplanation
People in our day need a global Sociological Imagination due to global interdependence. This is because in today's interconnected world, events and issues in one part of the globe can have far-reaching impacts on people in other parts. Global interdependence refers to the increasing interconnectedness and interdependence of countries and societies through trade, communication, and the exchange of ideas. It is important for individuals to have a sociological imagination that allows them to understand how their personal experiences and actions are shaped by larger social forces and global dynamics. This understanding helps individuals navigate and make sense of the complex and interconnected world we live in.Rate this question:
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- 7.
When did the Development of Sociolgy come about?
- A.
Revolutionary War
- B.
1900's
- C.
Age of Enlightment (Age of Reason)
- D.
Vietnam War
Correct Answer
C. Age of Enlightment (Age of Reason)Explanation
The Age of Enlightenment, also known as the Age of Reason, was a period in the 18th century characterized by intellectual and philosophical advancements. During this time, there was a shift in thinking and an emphasis on reason, logic, and scientific inquiry. It was during this period that the development of sociology as a discipline began to take shape. Scholars such as Auguste Comte and Emile Durkheim laid the foundation for the study of society and social behavior, leading to the emergence of sociology as a distinct field of study.Rate this question:
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- 8.
Which revolutions helped spur the need to understand how society works?
- A.
American
- B.
French
- C.
Industrial
- D.
All of the above
Correct Answer
D. All of the aboveExplanation
The American, French, and Industrial revolutions all played significant roles in shaping society and challenging traditional power structures. The American Revolution led to the establishment of a new nation based on democratic principles, prompting the need to understand how this new society would function. The French Revolution brought about radical social and political changes, highlighting the importance of studying societal dynamics. The Industrial Revolution transformed the economic and social fabric of societies, necessitating an understanding of the impact of industrialization on various aspects of life. Therefore, all three revolutions contributed to the need to understand how society works.Rate this question:
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- 9.
Who coined the term "sociology"?
- A.
C. Wright Mills
- B.
Georg Simmel
- C.
Karl Marx
- D.
Auguste Comte
Correct Answer
D. Auguste ComteExplanation
Auguste Comte is credited with coining the term "sociology." He is considered the founder of sociology and believed that it should be a scientific study of society. Comte believed that sociology could help solve social problems and improve society by applying scientific principles to the study of human behavior and social interactions. He introduced the term "sociology" in his work "Course of Positive Philosophy" in 1838.Rate this question:
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- 10.
What are statics?
- A.
Forces that change society.
- B.
A scientific inquiry.
- C.
Forces that keep society stable.
- D.
Occurs when there is rapid social change.
Correct Answer
C. Forces that keep society stable.Explanation
Statics refer to the forces that keep society stable. In social sciences, statics are the factors that maintain equilibrium and order within a society. These forces can include social norms, cultural traditions, institutions, and systems of governance that help regulate and stabilize social behavior. By maintaining stability, statics contribute to the overall functioning and cohesion of a society, preventing excessive conflicts and promoting social harmony.Rate this question:
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- 11.
What is "positivism"?
- A.
A philosophy that the world can be understood through scientific inquiry.
- B.
A philosophy that forces keep society stable.
- C.
The philosophy that having a positive attitude is crucial to society.
- D.
The philosphy that the woman who rocks the cradle contributes greatly to society.
Correct Answer
A. A pHilosopHy that the world can be understood through scientific inquiry.Explanation
Positivism is a philosophical approach that asserts that the world can be comprehended and explained through scientific investigation. It emphasizes the importance of empirical evidence and objective observation in understanding the nature of reality. This perspective rejects metaphysical or speculative explanations and focuses on verifiable facts and data. Positivism aims to establish a systematic and logical understanding of the world based on scientific principles and methods. It promotes the idea that knowledge can be obtained through empirical research and that scientific inquiry is the most reliable means of understanding the world around us.Rate this question:
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- 12.
Who was a contemporary of Charles Darwin?
- A.
Emile Durkheim
- B.
Karl Marx
- C.
Herbert Spencer
- D.
C. Wright Mills
Correct Answer
C. Herbert SpencerExplanation
Herbert Spencer was a contemporary of Charles Darwin. Both Spencer and Darwin were influential figures in the 19th century, contributing to the fields of biology and sociology respectively. While Darwin's theory of evolution focused on the biological aspect, Spencer expanded on this idea and applied it to society, coining the term "survival of the fittest." Spencer's work influenced sociological theories and had a significant impact on the development of social sciences during that time.Rate this question:
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- 13.
What is Social Darwinism?
- A.
Social evolution.
- B.
Rapid social change.
- C.
The theory of the fittest.
- D.
The study of human society and social interaction.
Correct Answer
C. The theory of the fittest.Explanation
Social Darwinism is a belief that applies the concept of "survival of the fittest" from Charles Darwin's theory of evolution to human society. It suggests that individuals or groups who are deemed to be the strongest or most capable will naturally succeed and dominate others. This theory has been used to justify social inequality, discrimination, and the exploitation of weaker individuals or groups.Rate this question:
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- 14.
Who was the found of the functional perspective and did an early study of suicide?
- A.
Charles Darwin
- B.
Emile Durkheim
- C.
Georg Simmel
- D.
Herbert Spencer
Correct Answer
B. Emile DurkheimExplanation
Emile Durkheim is the correct answer because he was the founder of the functional perspective and conducted an early study on suicide. Durkheim's work on suicide in his book "Suicide: A Study in Sociology" is considered a groundbreaking sociological study that examined the social causes of suicide. He argued that suicide rates are influenced by social factors such as social integration and social regulation, rather than individual psychological factors. Durkheim's study laid the foundation for the functionalist perspective in sociology, which emphasizes the role of social structures and institutions in maintaining social order and stability.Rate this question:
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- 15.
What is an anomie?
- A.
A revolution.
- B.
Happens when there is rapid social change.
- C.
Happens when there is slow social change.
- D.
Different levels of power.
Correct Answer
B. Happens when there is rapid social change.Explanation
Anomie refers to a state of normlessness or a breakdown of social norms and values that occurs when there is rapid social change. During periods of rapid social change, individuals may feel disconnected from society and its norms, leading to feelings of confusion, alienation, and a lack of direction. This can result in increased deviant behavior and a sense of social disorganization.Rate this question:
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- 16.
Example of a "dynamic".
- A.
Religious faith
- B.
Healthy marriages
- C.
Family traditions
- D.
A revolution
Correct Answer
D. A revolutionExplanation
A revolution can be considered an example of a "dynamic" because it involves a significant and often rapid change or transformation in a society or system. Revolutions typically bring about major shifts in political, social, or economic structures, challenging existing norms and creating new ones. They are characterized by their dynamic nature, as they often involve mass mobilization, protests, and the overthrow of established authorities. Revolutions can lead to profound and lasting changes in societies, making them a fitting example of a dynamic.Rate this question:
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- 17.
Who was the founder of the Conflict Theory?
- A.
Herbert Spencer
- B.
C. Wright Mills
- C.
Aristotle
- D.
Karl Marx
Correct Answer
D. Karl MarxExplanation
Karl Marx is considered the founder of the Conflict Theory. He developed this theory in the 19th century, focusing on the idea that society is divided into different social classes that are constantly in conflict with each other. According to Marx, this conflict arises from the unequal distribution of resources and power in society. He believed that the working class, or proletariat, would eventually rise up against the bourgeoisie, the capitalist class, leading to a revolution and the establishment of a classless society. Marx's Conflict Theory has had a significant influence on sociological thinking and continues to be relevant in understanding social inequality and power dynamics.Rate this question:
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- 18.
What is the Conflict Theory?
- A.
The theory of survival of the fittest.
- B.
The theory that suicide is largely a social phenomenon.
- C.
The theory that class struggle leads to a revoluton then a classless society.
- D.
The ability to see society different from an individualistic view.
Correct Answer
C. The theory that class struggle leads to a revoluton then a classless society.Explanation
The Conflict Theory is a sociological perspective that views society as being characterized by conflict and competition between different social groups. According to this theory, there is a constant struggle for power and resources between different classes in society. This conflict ultimately leads to a revolution, which then results in the establishment of a classless society. The theory emphasizes the role of social inequality and the exploitation of certain groups by others in shaping the dynamics of society.Rate this question:
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- 19.
Who are the bourgeoisie?
- A.
Owners
- B.
Workers
- C.
Rich
- D.
Poor
Correct Answer
A. OwnersExplanation
The bourgeoisie refers to the social class of owners or capitalists who control the means of production. They are typically associated with wealth and power, as they own the businesses and industries that generate profit. This class stands in contrast to the working class, who are the laborers and employees that work for the bourgeoisie. The bourgeoisie are often seen as the ruling class in capitalist societies, as they hold significant economic and political influence.Rate this question:
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- 20.
Who are the proletariats?
- A.
Owners
- B.
Workers
- C.
Rich
- D.
Poor
Correct Answer
B. WorkersExplanation
The proletariats refer to the working class individuals who sell their labor for wages. They do not own the means of production and are dependent on the owners or capitalists for employment. This term is often associated with individuals who are economically disadvantaged and lack significant wealth or assets.Rate this question:
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- 21.
Who wrote the book The Philosphy of Money?
- A.
W.E.B. DuBois
- B.
Karl Marx
- C.
Georg Simmel
- D.
Auguste Comte
Correct Answer
C. Georg SimmelExplanation
Georg Simmel wrote the book "The Philosophy of Money".Rate this question:
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- 22.
Where did sociology begin?
- A.
England
- B.
America
- C.
France
- D.
Germany
Correct Answer
C. FranceExplanation
Sociology began in France.Rate this question:
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- 23.
Where was the first school of sociology?
- A.
Chicago
- B.
Atlanta
- C.
New York
- D.
France
Correct Answer
A. ChicagoExplanation
Chicago is considered the birthplace of sociology because it is where the first department of sociology in the United States was established. The University of Chicago played a pivotal role in the development of sociology as a discipline, with scholars such as Albion Small and Robert Park making significant contributions to the field. The Chicago School of Sociology, as it came to be known, focused on urban sociology and introduced concepts such as social disorganization and the study of human behavior in urban environments. Therefore, Chicago is the correct answer for the location of the first school of sociology.Rate this question:
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- 24.
Who developed the 2nd school of sociology at Atlanta University in Georgia?
- A.
Herbert Spencer
- B.
Auguste Comte
- C.
George Simmel
- D.
W.E.B. DuBois
Correct Answer
D. W.E.B. DuBoisExplanation
W.E.B. DuBois developed the 2nd school of sociology at Atlanta University in Georgia. He was an influential African American sociologist, historian, civil rights activist, and writer. DuBois focused on studying the social conditions and experiences of African Americans, advocating for racial equality and social justice. He played a significant role in shaping sociological thought and contributed to the understanding of race, class, and inequality in American society.Rate this question:
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- 25.
The idea that society is a stable, orderly system brought about by concensus?
- A.
Symbolic Interactionist Perspective
- B.
Conflict Perspective
- C.
Manifest Function
- D.
Structural/Functional Perspective
Correct Answer
D. Structural/Functional PerspectiveExplanation
The structural/functional perspective suggests that society is a stable and orderly system that is maintained through consensus. This perspective focuses on how different parts of society work together to maintain social order and stability. It emphasizes the importance of social institutions and their functions in promoting social cohesion and cooperation. This perspective views society as a complex system with interconnected parts that function together to meet the needs of individuals and maintain social equilibrium.Rate this question:
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- 26.
Functionalist?
- A.
Believes how a society is structured and how it really functions: how it should function.
- B.
Believes in a classless society.
- C.
Role is to keep society stable.
- D.
Role is to change society.
Correct Answer
A. Believes how a society is structured and how it really functions: how it should function.Explanation
The correct answer is "Functionalist." The explanation for this answer is that functionalists believe in understanding how a society is structured and how it actually functions, as well as how it should function. They focus on the stability and equilibrium of society and believe that each part of society serves a specific function to maintain social order. Functionalists do not necessarily believe in a classless society or aim to change society, but rather seek to understand and explain its structure and functioning.Rate this question:
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- 27.
What is a Manifest Function?
- A.
Negative results
- B.
Undesireable consequences
- C.
Unintended or unrecognized results
- D.
Intended results
Correct Answer
D. Intended resultsExplanation
A manifest function refers to the intended results or outcomes of a particular action or social institution. It is the purpose or goal that is consciously recognized and intended by individuals or society. In contrast, latent functions are unintended or unrecognized results that may also occur alongside the manifest functions. In this case, the correct answer is "intended results," indicating that a manifest function refers to the desired outcomes that are consciously intended to be achieved.Rate this question:
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- 28.
What is a Latent Function?
- A.
Unintended or unrecognized results
- B.
Negative results
- C.
Undesireable consequences
- D.
Intended results
Correct Answer
A. Unintended or unrecognized resultsExplanation
A latent function refers to unintended or unrecognized results that occur as a result of a particular action or social structure. These outcomes are not the intended purpose or goal of the action or structure, but rather emerge as secondary effects. These unintended consequences can have both positive and negative impacts on individuals or society.Rate this question:
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- 29.
What are Dysfunctions?
- A.
Intended results
- B.
Undesirable consequences
- C.
Positive results
- D.
Desirable consequences
Correct Answer
B. Undesirable consequencesExplanation
Dysfunctions refer to undesirable consequences. This means that when dysfunctions occur, they lead to outcomes that are not favorable or beneficial. These consequences may hinder progress, disrupt functioning, or create problems within a system or situation. It is important to identify and address dysfunctions in order to mitigate their negative impact and work towards achieving desired results.Rate this question:
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- 30.
Talcott Parson's belief in how traditional familial roles help society function can be considered what?
- A.
Symbolic Interactionist Perspective
- B.
Conflict Perspective
- C.
Functional Sociological Perspective
- D.
Postmodern Perspective
Correct Answer
C. Functional Sociological PerspectiveExplanation
Talcott Parson's belief in how traditional familial roles help society function can be considered as the Functional Sociological Perspective. This perspective focuses on the ways in which social institutions, such as the family, contribute to the overall stability and functioning of society. Parson believed that traditional gender roles within the family, such as men as breadwinners and women as caregivers, were necessary for the smooth functioning of society. This perspective emphasizes the importance of social order, stability, and the interdependence of various social institutions in maintaining societal harmony.Rate this question:
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- 31.
Who was the founder of the Conflict Perspective?
- A.
Talcott Parsons
- B.
Karl Marx
- C.
Robert Merton
- D.
Herbert Spencer
Correct Answer
B. Karl MarxExplanation
Karl Marx is considered the founder of the Conflict Perspective. He believed that society is characterized by conflict between different social groups, particularly between the bourgeoisie (the ruling class) and the proletariat (the working class). Marx argued that this conflict arises due to the unequal distribution of resources and power in society. He believed that this conflict is the driving force behind social change and that it ultimately leads to the overthrow of the capitalist system and the establishment of a classless society. Marx's ideas have had a significant impact on sociology and continue to be influential in understanding social inequality and conflict.Rate this question:
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- 32.
An example of the Conflict Perspective.
- A.
Suicide
- B.
How symbols of race or ethnicity are used.
- C.
Traditional familial roles help society function.
- D.
Men vs. women; rich vs. poor
Correct Answer
D. Men vs. women; rich vs. poorExplanation
The answer "Men vs. women; rich vs. poor" is an example of the conflict perspective because it highlights the social inequalities and power struggles that exist between different groups in society. The conflict perspective focuses on how these conflicts and inequalities shape social relationships and institutions. In this case, it suggests that there is a conflict between men and women, as well as between the rich and the poor, which can lead to social tension and inequality.Rate this question:
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- 33.
Society is the sum of interactions of individuals and groups.
- A.
Conflict Perspective
- B.
Symbolic Interactionist Perspective
- C.
Functional Perspective
- D.
Postmodern Perspective
Correct Answer
B. Symbolic Interactionist PerspectiveExplanation
The symbolic interactionist perspective focuses on the meanings and symbols that individuals use to interpret and communicate with each other. In this perspective, society is seen as the result of the interactions between individuals and groups, where meanings and symbols are created and shared. This perspective emphasizes the importance of language, gestures, and other forms of communication in shaping social interactions and relationships. It also highlights the role of socialization in the development of individuals and their understanding of society.Rate this question:
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- 34.
Who was credited with being the funder of the Interactionist Perspective?
- A.
George Herbert Mead
- B.
Karl Marx
- C.
Georg Simmel
- D.
Emile Durkheim
Correct Answer
A. George Herbert MeadExplanation
George Herbert Mead is credited with being the funder of the Interactionist Perspective. This perspective emphasizes the importance of social interaction and the role it plays in shaping an individual's identity and behavior. Mead believed that individuals develop a sense of self through their interactions with others and that meaning is constructed through these social interactions. He also emphasized the importance of language and symbols in shaping social reality. Overall, Mead's work has had a significant impact on the field of sociology and the understanding of human social behavior.Rate this question:
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- 35.
How we interpret a given situation.
- A.
False Interpretation
- B.
Opinion
- C.
Objective Reality
- D.
Subjective Reality
Correct Answer
D. Subjective RealityExplanation
Subjective reality refers to the individual's personal perception and interpretation of a situation, which may differ from objective reality. It implies that our understanding of a given situation is influenced by our own beliefs, emotions, and experiences. Therefore, the answer suggests that how we interpret a situation is subjective and can vary from person to person.Rate this question:
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- 36.
Existing theories are not sufficent to explain modern society.
- A.
Postmodern Perspective
- B.
Symbolic Interactionist Perspective
- C.
Functional Perspective
- D.
Conflict Perspective
Correct Answer
A. Postmodern PerspectiveExplanation
The postmodern perspective suggests that existing theories are not sufficient to explain modern society because it challenges the idea of a single, objective truth or reality. It argues that society is complex and constantly changing, making it difficult to fully understand and explain using traditional theories. Instead, the postmodern perspective emphasizes the importance of individual experiences, subjective interpretations, and the influence of power and language in shaping social reality. It recognizes the existence of multiple perspectives and encourages critical thinking and questioning of dominant narratives.Rate this question:
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