Sociology Of Works And Occupations
This is a Final exam on chapters 5-14.
- 1.
- Bureaucracies were an essential feature of preindustrial empires such as:
- A.
A. Rome
- B.
B. Greece
- C.
C. England
- D.
D. France
Correct Answer
A. A. RomeExplanation
Bureaucracies were an essential feature of preindustrial empires such as Rome. This is because Rome had a complex administrative system that required a large bureaucracy to manage its vast territories and oversee its various institutions. The Roman bureaucracy was responsible for tasks such as tax collection, law enforcement, and maintaining records. It played a crucial role in the functioning and stability of the empire, ensuring that laws were enforced and resources were efficiently managed.Rate this question:
- 2.
- Weber thought that _________ was crucial to the design and operation of modern organizations.
- A.
A. Logic
- B.
B. Empiricism
- C.
C. Rationality
- D.
D. All of the above
Correct Answer
C. C. RationalityExplanation
Weber believed that rationality was crucial to the design and operation of modern organizations. Rationality refers to the use of logical and systematic thinking in decision-making and problem-solving. Weber argued that organizations should be structured and operated based on rational principles, such as clear hierarchies, division of labor, and formal rules and procedures. This would ensure efficiency, predictability, and control within the organization. Additionally, rationality would enable organizations to achieve their goals more effectively and adapt to changing circumstances. Therefore, Weber considered rationality to be a fundamental aspect of modern organizational design and functioning.Rate this question:
- 3.
- One characteristic of bureaucratic organizations is their:
- A.
A. Egalitarian structure
- B.
B. Decision making based on individual whims
- C.
C. Extensive use of and reliance on written records
- D.
D. A and C
Correct Answer
D. D. A and CExplanation
Bureaucratic organizations are characterized by an egalitarian structure, meaning that power and authority are distributed equally among members. This promotes fairness and prevents the concentration of power in the hands of a few individuals. Additionally, bureaucratic organizations extensively use and rely on written records for decision making and record keeping. This helps ensure consistency, accountability, and transparency in their operations. Therefore, the correct answer is A and C.Rate this question:
- 4.
- The public education system ____________ bureaucratic organization.
- A.
A. Preserves
- B.
B. Uses
- C.
C. Manipulates
- D.
D. Disregards
Correct Answer
B. B. UsesExplanation
The correct answer is "b. Uses." The public education system utilizes a bureaucratic organization to function efficiently and effectively. Bureaucracy provides structure, rules, and procedures that help in managing and operating the education system. By using a bureaucratic organization, the public education system can ensure consistency, accountability, and standardization in its operations.Rate this question:
- 5.
___________ are irrelevant when it comes to filling positions in a bureaucracy.
- A.
A. Acquired skills
- B.
B. Personality traits
- C.
C. Social skills
- D.
D. Ascribed characteristics
Correct Answer
D. D. Ascribed characteristicsExplanation
Ascribed characteristics are irrelevant when it comes to filling positions in a bureaucracy. Bureaucracies typically focus on qualifications and merit rather than inherent characteristics such as age, gender, or family background. Acquired skills, personality traits, and social skills can all be important factors in determining suitability for a position, but ascribed characteristics are not considered relevant in this context.Rate this question:
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- 6.
Bureaucratic work procedures work best when goals are ____________.
- A.
A. Indefinite
- B.
B. Explicit
- C.
C. Open-ended
- D.
D. Unlimited
Correct Answer
B. B. ExplicitExplanation
Bureaucratic work procedures work best when goals are explicit. This means that the goals are clearly defined, specific, and easily understood by everyone involved. When goals are explicit, it helps to ensure that everyone is on the same page and working towards the same objective. It also allows for better planning, decision-making, and evaluation of progress. Explicit goals provide clarity and direction, which is essential for effective bureaucratic work procedures.Rate this question:
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- 7.
- One key feature of McDonald’s operations that Ritzer described was:
- A.
A. Conventionality
- B.
B. Wastefulness
- C.
C. Predictability
- D.
D. Instability
Correct Answer
C. C. PredictabilityExplanation
Ritzer described predictability as one key feature of McDonald's operations. This means that McDonald's aims to provide a consistent and standardized experience to its customers across all its locations. This includes having the same menu items, food preparation processes, and service procedures. By emphasizing predictability, McDonald's can ensure that customers know what to expect when they visit any of their restaurants, which helps to build trust and loyalty. Additionally, this approach allows for efficient operations and the ability to replicate the McDonald's model on a global scale.Rate this question:
- 8.
- Weber described a negative effect of rationality using the term:
- A.
A. Disenchantment
- B.
B. Disillusionment
- C.
C. Dissatisfaction
- D.
D. Discontentment
Correct Answer
A. A. DisenchantmentExplanation
Weber described a negative effect of rationality using the term "Disenchantment". This term refers to the loss of meaning, purpose, and enchantment in the modern world as a result of the rationalization and bureaucratization of society. According to Weber, the increasing emphasis on efficiency, calculability, and predictability in modern institutions and systems leads to a sense of disillusionment and the diminishing of magic, mystery, and wonder in our lives.Rate this question:
- 9.
- Which of the following is an example of a Matrix organization?
- A.
A. Wikipedia
- B.
B. McDonalds
- C.
C. Chrysler’s “platform teams”
- D.
D. None of the above
Correct Answer
C. C. Chrysler’s “platform teams”Explanation
Chrysler's "platform teams" is an example of a Matrix organization because it involves cross-functional teams that work on specific projects or platforms. In a Matrix organization, employees report to both a functional manager and a project manager, allowing for more flexibility and collaboration across different departments. This structure is commonly used in industries where there is a need for both functional expertise and project coordination, such as the automotive industry.Rate this question:
- 10.
- Which of the following is a downside of computerized systems?
- A.
A. Computers cannot discuss or negotiate purchasing prices.
- B.
B. Computers cannot give advice when customers need it.
- C.
C. Computers cannot communicate knowledge about products or services, therefore failing to gain the customer’s trust.
- D.
D. All of the above
Correct Answer
C. C. Computers cannot communicate knowledge about products or services, therefore failing to gain the customer’s trust.Explanation
The downside of computerized systems is that they cannot communicate knowledge about products or services, therefore failing to gain the customer's trust. This means that computers are unable to provide information or answer questions that customers may have, which can lead to a lack of confidence in the product or service being offered.Rate this question:
- 11.
- Relationships among professionals are supposed to be _______________ .
- A.
A. Satisfying
- B.
B. Cooperative
- C.
C. Exciting
- D.
D. Boring
Correct Answer
B. B. CooperativeExplanation
Relationships among professionals are supposed to be cooperative because it is important for professionals to work together and collaborate in order to achieve common goals and ensure the success of their projects or tasks. Cooperation allows professionals to share their knowledge, skills, and resources, leading to better problem-solving, increased productivity, and a positive work environment. It also promotes effective communication, mutual respect, and trust among professionals, fostering a sense of teamwork and unity.Rate this question:
- 12.
- An example of a paraprofessional is a:
- A.
A. Doctor
- B.
B. Social worker
- C.
C. Engineers
- D.
D. A and C
- E.
E. B and C
Correct Answer
B. B. Social workerExplanation
A paraprofessional is a person who assists a professional in their work, typically in a supportive role. A doctor and an engineer are both professionals in their respective fields and would not be considered paraprofessionals. However, a social worker can work under the supervision of a licensed professional and provide support in various areas such as counseling, case management, and community outreach. Therefore, the correct answer is b. Social worker.Rate this question:
- 13.
- Maintaining professional exclusivity often depends upon the ability to enlist the powers of the state to enact and reinforce laws that:
- A.
A. Restrict the performance of certain work activities to only one occupational group
- B.
B. Will provide the necessary funding for their occupational group
- C.
C. Protect professional statuses
- D.
D. None of the above
Correct Answer
A. A. Restrict the performance of certain work activities to only one occupational groupExplanation
Maintaining professional exclusivity often depends on restricting certain work activities to only one occupational group. This means that only members of a specific profession are allowed to perform certain tasks, ensuring that they have a monopoly over those activities. By enlisting the powers of the state to enact and enforce laws that restrict work activities, professionals can protect their exclusivity and prevent others from encroaching on their territory. This helps maintain the professional status and reputation of the occupational group.Rate this question:
- 14.
- The ability to exercise professional control over a particular line of work depends on the ability to determine:
- A.
A. Who is allowed to do the work
- B.
B. When a person is eligible to enter in to a profession
- C.
C. How long a person can remain in any given profession
- D.
D. A and B
Correct Answer
A. A. Who is allowed to do the workExplanation
The correct answer is a. "Who is allowed to do the work." This is because the ability to exercise professional control over a particular line of work involves the authority to decide who is qualified and permitted to perform the work. This includes setting criteria, standards, and requirements for individuals to enter and practice in a specific profession. By determining who is allowed to do the work, professionals can ensure the quality, competence, and ethical standards within their field.Rate this question:
- 15.
- The control of entry into a profession has made the role of ____________ important.
- A.
A. Licensing
- B.
B. Evaluation
- C.
C. Accreditation
- D.
D. Education
Correct Answer
D. D. EducationExplanation
The control of entry into a profession refers to the requirements and regulations that individuals must meet in order to become a part of that profession. Education plays a crucial role in this process as it provides the necessary knowledge and skills for individuals to meet these requirements and become qualified professionals. Therefore, education is important in ensuring that individuals are adequately prepared to enter and succeed in their chosen profession.Rate this question:
- 16.
- One major attribute of a true profession is:
- A.
A. A high salary
- B.
B. Autonomy
- C.
C. Confidence
- D.
D. All of the above
Correct Answer
B. B. AutonomyExplanation
Autonomy is considered a major attribute of a true profession because it refers to the ability of professionals to have control and independence in their work. It means that professionals have the freedom to make decisions and take actions based on their expertise and judgment without being overly controlled or influenced by external factors. Autonomy allows professionals to have a higher level of responsibility and accountability for their work, which is essential for maintaining professional standards and ethics. It also promotes innovation and creativity in problem-solving, as professionals have the freedom to explore different approaches and solutions.Rate this question:
- 17.
- One result of new technologies in the medical field during the early 20th century was:
- A.
A. Doctors became fixated on treating and diagnosing their patients
- B.
B. The need for medical professionals decreased
- C.
C. Doctors were able to spend more time talking with their patients
- D.
D. Medicine became more impersonal
Correct Answer
D. D. Medicine became more impersonalExplanation
With the introduction of new technologies in the medical field during the early 20th century, such as X-rays and laboratory tests, doctors started relying more on these tools for diagnosis and treatment. This led to a shift towards a more impersonal approach in medicine, as doctors focused more on the results of these tests rather than spending time talking and interacting with their patients. This change in approach resulted in medicine becoming more impersonal.Rate this question:
- 18.
- The term “gatekeeping” refers to the practice of:
- A.
A. Restricting the growth of general practitioners
- B.
B. Limiting access to expensive specialized care
- C.
C. Increasing the payments for primary care physicians visits
Correct Answer
B. B. Limiting access to expensive specialized careExplanation
Gatekeeping refers to the practice of limiting access to expensive specialized care. This means that individuals must go through a gatekeeper, usually a primary care physician, in order to obtain a referral for specialized care. This is done in order to control costs and ensure that individuals receive appropriate and necessary care. By requiring individuals to seek approval from a gatekeeper, it helps to prevent unnecessary and potentially costly treatments or procedures.Rate this question:
- 19.
- For the most part, the close identification of some professions with dominant ______________ has been a significant source of professional status and authority.
- A.
A. Social groups
- B.
B. Political parties
- C.
C. Both A and B
- D.
D. Neither A or B
Correct Answer
A. A. Social groupsExplanation
The close identification of some professions with dominant social groups has been a significant source of professional status and authority. This means that certain professions are closely associated with specific social groups, such as doctors being associated with the upper class or lawyers being associated with the legal community. This association with influential social groups can enhance the professional status and authority of individuals in these professions.Rate this question:
- 20.
Although ___________ have gained greater representation in many professions, ___________ still occupy a low percentage of professional positions.
- A.
A. Men; Women
- B.
B. Women; Individuals of the lower class
- C.
C. Minority groups; Women
- D.
D. None of the above
Correct Answer
D. D. None of the above -
- 21.
- A large number of occupations offer low wages because:
- A.
A. There is a large pool of prospective workers
- B.
B. Those occupations are typically insignificant
- C.
C. Individuals in such occupations do not demand high wages
- D.
D. Employers have little respect for their workers
Correct Answer
A. A. There is a large pool of prospective workersExplanation
Many occupations offer low wages because there is a large pool of prospective workers available. When there are more people willing to work in a particular occupation, employers have more options and can pay lower wages. This is because the supply of workers exceeds the demand, leading to lower wages.Rate this question:
- 22.
- The term disutility refers to something that:
- A.
A. Is unsuccessful
- B.
B. Has little use
- C.
C. Diminishes the quality of life
- D.
D. Stimulates the mode of production
Correct Answer
C. C. Diminishes the quality of lifeExplanation
The term disutility refers to something that diminishes the quality of life. This means that it causes a decrease in the overall well-being or satisfaction of an individual or society. It can be anything that is considered undesirable or unpleasant, such as pain, discomfort, or inconvenience. Disutility is the opposite of utility, which refers to the satisfaction or benefit derived from consuming or using something.Rate this question:
- 23.
- The federal minimum wage:
- A.
A. Is determined by the Supreme Court
- B.
B. Has not increased since the 1960s
- C.
C. Is the equivalent of the “living wage”
- D.
D. Is not automatically adjusted for inflation
Correct Answer
D. D. Is not automatically adjusted for inflationExplanation
The correct answer is d. The federal minimum wage is not automatically adjusted for inflation. This means that the minimum wage does not increase automatically to keep up with the rising cost of living. Instead, Congress must pass legislation to increase the minimum wage. This can lead to situations where the minimum wage remains stagnant for long periods of time, causing it to lose value in real terms.Rate this question:
- 24.
- One criticism of the minimum wage standard is that it:
- A.
A. Benefits middle-class families rather than the working poor
- B.
B. Does not benefit minority women workers
- C.
C. Reduces employment opportunities for skilled workers who want higher wages
- D.
D. All of the above
Correct Answer
A. A. Benefits middle-class families rather than the working poorExplanation
The correct answer is a. Benefits middle-class families rather than the working poor. This is because the minimum wage standard is often criticized for not effectively targeting the working poor, who may still struggle to make ends meet despite earning the minimum wage. Instead, it is argued that the minimum wage can benefit middle-class families who may not necessarily need the additional income as much as those in poverty.Rate this question:
- 25.
- According to the book, a college degree indicates to an employer that a job candidate:
- A.
A. Is prepared for the work they will end up doing
- B.
B. Will ask for a high salary in order to pay off their student loans
- C.
C. Is able to meet deadlines
- D.
D. A and C only
Correct Answer
C. C. Is able to meet deadlinesExplanation
A college degree indicates to an employer that a job candidate is able to meet deadlines. This suggests that the candidate has successfully completed assignments and projects within specified timeframes during their college education. Meeting deadlines is a valuable skill in the workplace as it demonstrates reliability, time management, and the ability to prioritize tasks effectively.Rate this question:
- 26.
- Educational achievement is significant in most professions because:
- A.
A.
- B.
B.
Correct Answer
A. A.Explanation
Educational achievement is significant in most professions because it demonstrates a level of knowledge, skills, and expertise that is necessary to perform well in a specific field. It shows that an individual has acquired the necessary qualifications and has the ability to apply their knowledge effectively. Additionally, educational achievement often reflects a person's commitment, dedication, and work ethic, which are important qualities in any profession. Employers value educational achievement as it indicates a potential employee's ability to learn, adapt, and contribute to the organization's success.Rate this question:
- 27.
- Enrollment and eventual graduation of college are for the most part based on these two variables
- A.
A. Past academic achievement and projected academic achievement
- B.
B. Gender and academic ability
- C.
C. Socioeconomic status and gender
- D.
D. Academic ability and socioeconomic status
Correct Answer
D. D. Academic ability and socioeconomic statusExplanation
The enrollment and eventual graduation of college are primarily determined by a combination of academic ability and socioeconomic status. Academic ability is a crucial factor as it reflects the student's potential to succeed in college-level coursework. Socioeconomic status plays a role as it can impact access to resources, such as quality education and support systems, which can affect a student's ability to thrive academically. Therefore, considering both academic ability and socioeconomic status is essential in understanding and predicting college enrollment and graduation rates.Rate this question:
- 28.
- Despite the advantages of acquiring a formal education, formal education does not always make workers more capable because:
- A.
A. Formal education occurs in a concentrated period of time before the worker’s career even begins.
- B.
B. Not all knowledge acquired through formal education is retained and applied to subsequent professional practices.
- C.
C. Formal education does not ensure essential on-the-job training.
- D.
D. All of the above
Correct Answer
D. D. All of the aboveExplanation
Acquiring a formal education has its advantages, but it does not guarantee that workers will be more capable. This is because formal education typically takes place before a worker's career begins, which means that the knowledge and skills acquired may not be immediately applicable or relevant. Additionally, not all knowledge learned during formal education is retained or applied in subsequent professional practices. Lastly, formal education does not necessarily provide essential on-the-job training, which is crucial for developing practical skills and expertise. Therefore, all of the given reasons contribute to the explanation of why formal education does not always make workers more capable.Rate this question:
- 29.
- Criticisms for the emphasis on education as the means for credentials include:
- A.
A. Individuals who do not pursue a formal education resent those who do.
- B.
B. Rather than pursuing education for the sake of learning, students end up pursuing education merely for the credentials.
- C.
C. Patterns of inequality are reinforced because not everyone has an equal opportunity to acquire a formal education
- D.
D. B and C only
Correct Answer
D. D. B and C onlyExplanation
The correct answer is d. B and C only. This is because the criticisms mentioned in options b and c both highlight negative consequences of emphasizing education as the means for credentials. Option b states that students end up pursuing education solely for the purpose of obtaining credentials, rather than for the sake of learning. Option c suggests that patterns of inequality are reinforced because not everyone has equal access to formal education. Option a is not included in the correct answer because it does not directly relate to the emphasis on education as the means for credentials.Rate this question:
- 30.
- Which of the following statements is not a benefit of social networks?
- A.
A. Social networks can provide job opportunities in an area that a job seeker does not initially pursue.
- B.
B. Networks make employers’ recruitment of new workers easier.
- C.
C. Social connections can help a job seeker land an interview.
- D.
D. Social networks ensure a job seeker employment in high status, high paying positions.
Correct Answer
D. D. Social networks ensure a job seeker employment in high status, high paying positions.Explanation
The correct answer is d because social networks do not guarantee employment in high status, high paying positions. While social connections can certainly be beneficial in job seeking, they do not guarantee specific job outcomes or positions. Employment in high status, high paying positions depends on various factors such as qualifications, experience, skills, and the job market. Social networks can provide opportunities, connections, and assistance in job searching, but the ultimate outcome and level of employment is not guaranteed.Rate this question:
- 31.
- Which of the following is a possible reason for the loss of inner-city industrial enterprises?
- A.
A. It is more expensive to run a business in the city, and as a result, many businesses have chosen to relocate.
- B.
B. Because of economic, cultural and technological changes, some have gone out of business.
- C.
C. Many businesses have gone abroad because of cheaper labor and minimal environmental regulations.
- D.
D. B and C only
Correct Answer
D. D. B and C onlyExplanation
The loss of inner-city industrial enterprises could be due to a combination of economic, cultural, and technological changes leading to some businesses going out of business. Additionally, the availability of cheaper labor and minimal environmental regulations in other countries may have caused some businesses to relocate abroad.Rate this question:
- 32.
- People in the inner cities may be at a disadvantage when finding a job in other parts of the city and its suburbs because:
- A.
A. It may be difficult to get to job sites due to a lack of public transportation services.
- B.
B. Work outside the city is unappealing to them.
- C.
C. They do not get along with people outside the city.
- D.
D. It is difficult to travel across town or out to the suburbs.
Correct Answer
A. A. It may be difficult to get to job sites due to a lack of public transportation services.Explanation
People in the inner cities may be at a disadvantage when finding a job in other parts of the city and its suburbs because it may be difficult to get to job sites due to a lack of public transportation services. Without access to reliable public transportation, individuals living in the inner cities may struggle to commute to job opportunities located in other areas. This transportation barrier can limit their ability to access employment and contribute to their disadvantage in finding jobs outside of their immediate area.Rate this question:
- 33.
- “Soft” skills that may effect an employer’s hiring practice include:
- A.
A. Technical capabilities
- B.
B. Motivation
- C.
C. Promptness
- D.
D. Knowledge
Correct Answer
B. B. MotivationExplanation
Motivation is a soft skill that can greatly impact an employer's hiring practice. Motivated employees are more likely to be engaged, productive, and committed to their work. They are driven to achieve their goals and are willing to put in the effort required to succeed. Employers value motivated individuals because they are more likely to take initiative, be proactive, and adapt to new challenges. Motivation can also contribute to a positive work culture and inspire other team members. Therefore, employers often prioritize candidates who demonstrate high levels of motivation.Rate this question:
- 34.
- According to the _____________ perspective, men and women’s jobs generally reflect innate skills, abilities and preferences.
- A.
A. Evolutionary
- B.
B. Essentialist
- C.
C. Psychological
- D.
D. Biological
Correct Answer
D. D. BiologicalExplanation
The correct answer is "Biological." This perspective suggests that men and women's job choices are influenced by their biological differences, such as innate skills, abilities, and preferences. It implies that certain jobs may be more suited for one gender over the other due to biological factors.Rate this question:
- 35.
- Women tend to ear less than men because:
- A.
A. Women tend to tolerate lower wages.
- B.
B. Women do not want high paying jobs because they require too many hours away from home.
- C.
C. Many positions held by women are valued less than the positions typically held by men.
- D.
D. None of the above
Correct Answer
C. C. Many positions held by women are valued less than the positions typically held by men.Explanation
Many positions held by women are valued less than the positions typically held by men. This can be attributed to various factors such as gender bias, discrimination, and societal norms. Women often face lower wages and fewer opportunities for advancement in their careers compared to men. This wage gap is a result of the undervaluation of jobs typically held by women, leading to women earning less overall.Rate this question:
- 36.
- Using seniority as a basis for promotion appeals to managers because:
- A.
A. It has the potential to reduce turnover rates.
- B.
B. It recognizes a worker’s contributions to the success of the company.
- C.
C. It rewards workers who have chosen to work long hours and undesired shifts.
- D.
D. It decreases the pool of workers from which managers must choose from.
Correct Answer
C. C. It rewards workers who have chosen to work long hours and undesired shifts.Explanation
Using seniority as a basis for promotion rewards workers who have chosen to work long hours and undesired shifts. This can be appealing to managers because it recognizes the dedication and commitment of these workers, motivating them to continue putting in extra effort. Additionally, it can create a sense of fairness and loyalty among employees, reducing turnover rates as workers feel valued and rewarded for their hard work. By promoting based on seniority, managers also have a smaller pool of experienced and reliable workers to choose from, making the decision-making process easier.Rate this question:
- 37.
- Promotion based upon merit appeal to workers’ sense of _____________.
- A.
A. Respect
- B.
B. Appreciation
- C.
C. Fairness
- D.
D. Worth
Correct Answer
C. C. FairnessExplanation
Promotion based upon merit appeals to workers' sense of fairness because it implies that individuals are being rewarded and recognized for their hard work, skills, and abilities. It suggests that promotions are not arbitrary or based on favoritism, but rather on objective criteria and the principle of equal opportunity. This creates a perception of fairness among workers, as they believe that their efforts will be recognized and rewarded fairly, leading to increased motivation and job satisfaction.Rate this question:
- 38.
- Kanter uses the term homosocial reproduction to describe managers who seek to reduce uncertainty by hiring and promoting workers who:
- A.
A. Most closely resemble themselves
- B.
B. Fit in well with the company
- C.
C. Have had previous experience in the same type of work
- D.
D. Remind them of former employees
Correct Answer
A. A. Most closely resemble themselvesExplanation
Kanter uses the term homosocial reproduction to describe managers who seek to reduce uncertainty by hiring and promoting workers who most closely resemble themselves. This means that managers tend to prefer individuals who have similar backgrounds, characteristics, and experiences as themselves. By doing so, managers believe that these individuals will be more likely to understand and align with their perspectives, values, and ways of doing things. This can create a sense of familiarity and reduce the potential for conflict or disagreement, ultimately reducing uncertainty for the manager.Rate this question:
- 39.
- An example of an application of affirmative action is:
- A.
A. Expanding the ability of women and minorities to have a fair chance at applying for jobs and educational opportunities.
- B.
B. Establishing quotas to guarantee placement of women and minorities into jobs for which they are qualified.
- C.
C. Creating educational and training programs that will help women and minorities develop essential skills.
- D.
D. All of the above
Correct Answer
D. D. All of the aboveExplanation
Affirmative action is a policy that aims to address historical inequalities and promote equal opportunities for marginalized groups. Option a states that affirmative action expands the ability of women and minorities to have a fair chance at jobs and educational opportunities, which aligns with the goal of affirmative action. Option b, on the other hand, suggests the establishment of quotas, which is not a typical application of affirmative action as it can be seen as discriminatory. Option c highlights the creation of educational and training programs to help women and minorities develop essential skills, which is another way affirmative action can be applied. Therefore, option d, "All of the above," is the correct answer as it encompasses the different applications of affirmative action.Rate this question:
- 40.
- When there is a limited demand for a particular kind of work:
- A.
A. Those who are working will receive an increase in their wages.
- B.
B. The price paid for any given commodity will be high.
- C.
C. Remuneration for such work will decrease.
- D.
D. B and C only
Correct Answer
C. C. Remuneration for such work will decrease.Explanation
When there is a limited demand for a particular kind of work, the number of people available to do that work exceeds the number of available jobs. This creates a surplus of workers, which allows employers to pay lower wages since they have more options to choose from. As a result, the remuneration for such work will decrease.Rate this question:
- 41.
- One effect that technology has been argued to have on the supply-demand balance is:
- A.
A. The wages of unskilled manufacturing workers have decreased.
- B.
B. There has been an increase in the number of jobs for people with technological skills.
- C.
C. Both A and B
- D.
D. Neither A or B
Correct Answer
C. C. Both A and BExplanation
The correct answer is c. Both A and B. Technology has had a dual impact on the supply-demand balance. On one hand, it has led to a decrease in wages for unskilled manufacturing workers as automation and advanced machinery replace their jobs. On the other hand, it has created an increase in the number of jobs for people with technological skills as new industries and opportunities emerge. Thus, both the wages of unskilled manufacturing workers decreasing and an increase in the number of jobs for people with technological skills are effects of technology on the supply-demand balance.Rate this question:
- 42.
- Figures regarding the distribution of income and wealth in the U.S. may not be completely accurate because of:
- A.
A. The changing size and composition of families
- B.
B. The increase of inflation and its affect on household incomes
- C.
C. A lack of data regarding many impoverished families
- D.
D. Those conducting the study did not calculate their figures correctly
Correct Answer
A. A. The changing size and composition of familiesExplanation
The correct answer is a. The changing size and composition of families. This is because the distribution of income and wealth can be affected by factors such as changes in family size, such as the number of dependents, and changes in family composition, such as divorces or marriages. These changes can impact the overall income and wealth distribution in the country, making it difficult to accurately measure and analyze.Rate this question:
- 43.
- The incomes of workers with ______________ have experienced a decline in real earnings, but workers with ______________ generally move upwards.
- A.
A. No education; a high school diploma
- B.
B. A high school diploma; a college or postgraduate degree
- C.
C. Some college; a college or postgraduate degree
- D.
D. A high school diploma; some college
Correct Answer
D. D. A high school diploma; some collegeExplanation
Workers with a high school diploma have experienced a decline in real earnings, but workers with some college generally move upwards. This suggests that obtaining some college education provides individuals with better opportunities for career advancement and higher earnings compared to those with only a high school diploma.Rate this question:
- 44.
- When the rate of unemployment is low:
- A.
A. Workers’ options become limited
- B.
B. Employers will increase wages for open positions
- C.
C. Workers’ ability to demand higher wages is reduced
- D.
D. A and C only
- E.
E. All of the above
Correct Answer
B. B. Employers will increase wages for open positionsExplanation
When the rate of unemployment is low, there is a smaller pool of available workers for open positions. This increased competition among employers for workers leads to an increase in wages in order to attract and retain employees. Therefore, the correct answer is b. Employers will increase wages for open positions.Rate this question:
- 45.
- Unions are most prevalent in industries such as:
- A.
A. Construction
- B.
B. Manufacturing
- C.
C. Telecommunications
- D.
D. Entertainment
Correct Answer
B. B. ManufacturingExplanation
Unions are most prevalent in industries such as manufacturing because these industries often have a large number of workers who may face similar working conditions and concerns. Manufacturing jobs often involve physical labor and can be physically demanding, which can lead to a higher likelihood of workers seeking collective bargaining and representation through unions. Additionally, manufacturing industries often have a history of labor disputes and a need for worker protection, making unions more common in these sectors.Rate this question:
- 46.
- According to Levy and Murnane the type of communication that is described as the ability to organize, interpret, and convey information in ways that are most useful and relevant to the recipients of that information is:
- A.
A. Direct communication
- B.
B. Complex communication
- C.
C. Symbolic communication
- D.
D. Intense communication
Correct Answer
B. B. Complex communicationExplanation
Complex communication is described as the ability to organize, interpret, and convey information in ways that are most useful and relevant to the recipients of that information. This type of communication involves a higher level of understanding and requires the sender to tailor their message to the specific needs and preferences of the recipients. It often involves using various forms of media and technology to effectively convey the message.Rate this question:
- 47.
- One effect that globalization has had on employment and income is:
- A.
A. Globalization has indirectly stimulated employment by increasing the spending power of consumers.
- B.
B. Globalization has increased domestic wages.
- C.
C. Globalization has decreased the number of available jobs in virtually all industries.
- D.
D. All of the above
Correct Answer
A. A. Globalization has indirectly stimulated employment by increasing the spending power of consumers.Explanation
Globalization has indirectly stimulated employment by increasing the spending power of consumers. This is because globalization has led to the expansion of markets and the availability of a wider range of goods and services. This has resulted in increased consumer demand, which in turn has created new job opportunities in industries that cater to this demand. Additionally, globalization has also led to increased competition, which has incentivized businesses to innovate and improve productivity, leading to further job creation. Overall, globalization has had a positive impact on employment by increasing consumer spending power and creating new job opportunities.Rate this question:
- 48.
- To some employers, hiring immigrant workers is appealing because:
- A.
A. Employers do not have to file paperwork when hiring immigrant workers.
- B.
B. Immigrant workers are willing to accept low rates of remuneration.
- C.
C. The threat of deportation can make immigrant workers more obedient and submissive.
- D.
D. B and C only
Correct Answer
D. D. B and C onlyExplanation
Hiring immigrant workers can be appealing to some employers because they are often willing to accept lower rates of remuneration compared to native workers. Additionally, the threat of deportation can make immigrant workers more obedient and submissive, which some employers may find advantageous.Rate this question:
- 49.
- The relative prestige of an occupation can be influenced by ______________.
- A.
A. The wages or salaries attached to it
- B.
B. Perceived importance of such occupation
- C.
C. The level of educational requirements
- D.
D. All of the above
Correct Answer
A. A. The wages or salaries attached to itExplanation
The relative prestige of an occupation can be influenced by the wages or salaries attached to it. This is because higher-paying occupations are often seen as more prestigious and desirable, while lower-paying occupations may be viewed as less prestigious. Additionally, higher wages can also indicate a higher level of skill or education required for the occupation, further contributing to its perceived prestige.Rate this question:
- 50.
- Official employment statistics may be skewed because:
- A.
A. There are too many job changes in certain industries.
- B.
B. Such statistics do not make a distinction between workers who were employed for the entire year, and workers who were employed/unemployed only at the time of the survey.
- C.
C. Workers who are employed “underground” are not accounted for because they fall outside the statistical net.
- D.
D. B and C only
Correct Answer
D. D. B and C onlyExplanation
Official employment statistics may be skewed because they do not differentiate between workers who were employed for the entire year and those who were employed or unemployed only at the time of the survey. This lack of distinction can lead to inaccurate representation of the true employment situation. Additionally, workers who are employed "underground" or in informal sectors are not accounted for in these statistics, further contributing to the skewed data. Therefore, both reasons mentioned in options B and C can contribute to the distortion of official employment statistics.Rate this question:
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Mar 21, 2023Quiz Edited by
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Dec 12, 2011Quiz Created by
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