Synaptic Transmission And Neural Integration

1.

What's your favorite sound?

A.

Woof
B.

Meow
C.

Bark
D.

Moo
E.

Oink

Correct Answer
B. Meow

Explanation
The given options are different sounds made by animals. The question asks for the respondent's favorite sound. The correct answer "meow" is the sound made by cats.

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2.

You can degrade a ligand by ___, _, and enzymes in the or ____.

Correct Answer
diffusion, reuptake, synaptic cleft, postsynaptic membrane

Explanation
Ligands can be degraded through various processes such as diffusion, reuptake, and the action of enzymes in the synaptic cleft or postsynaptic membrane. Diffusion refers to the passive movement of ligands from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration. Reuptake involves the active transport of ligands back into the presynaptic neuron for recycling or degradation. Enzymes in the synaptic cleft or postsynaptic membrane can also break down ligands into smaller molecules, rendering them inactive. These processes help regulate the concentration and activity of ligands in the synaptic cleft, ensuring proper neurotransmission.

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3.

______, channel linked receptors generate responses.

Correct Answer
ionotropic, fast

Explanation
Channel-linked receptors are a type of receptors that are directly linked to ion channels. When these receptors are activated by the binding of a neurotransmitter or ligand, they cause a rapid opening of the ion channel, allowing ions to flow through. This results in a fast response, as the ions quickly change the electrical potential of the cell membrane, leading to a rapid transmission of signals. Therefore, the correct answer is "ionotropic, fast."

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4.

___, g protein linked receptors generate responses using _ and ____.

Correct Answer
metabotropic, slow, direct coupling, 2nd messengers

Explanation
Metabotropic receptors are a type of G protein-linked receptors that generate slow responses. These receptors are indirectly coupled to intracellular signaling pathways through G proteins. Upon activation, these receptors activate second messengers, such as cyclic AMP or calcium ions, which mediate the cellular response. The slow response generated by metabotropic receptors allows for a more prolonged and complex signaling cascade compared to fast responses generated by ionotropic receptors. Direct coupling refers to the interaction between the receptor and the G protein, which initiates the signaling cascade.

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5.

_________ depolarizing brings the membrane potential closer to threshold, and increases the likelihood of generating action potentials.

Correct Answer
EPSP

Explanation
EPSP stands for Excitatory Postsynaptic Potential. When EPSP occurs, the depolarization of the postsynaptic membrane brings the membrane potential closer to the threshold required to generate an action potential. This means that EPSP increases the likelihood of the neuron firing an action potential.

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6.

EPSP bind to ionotropic receptors, open channels, sodium moves faster because its further away from _____, potassium moves out.

Correct Answer
fast, equilibrium

Explanation
EPSP (excitatory postsynaptic potential) is a type of electrical signal that occurs in the postsynaptic neuron when it is stimulated by a neurotransmitter. In this case, EPSPs are binding to ionotropic receptors, which are receptors that directly open channels in the postsynaptic membrane. When the channels open, sodium ions move into the neuron because of the concentration gradient, while potassium ions move out of the neuron. The terms "fast" and "equilibrium" in the answer suggest that this process happens quickly and reaches a balance between the movement of sodium and potassium ions.

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7.

____ EPSP bind to metabotropic receptors, activate g protein, activate amplifier enzyme, and phosphorylate protein.

Correct Answer
slow

Explanation
EPSPs (Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials) are electrical signals that are generated when neurotransmitters bind to receptors on the postsynaptic membrane. In this case, the EPSPs bind to metabotropic receptors, which are a type of receptor that are coupled to G proteins. When the EPSPs bind to these receptors, it activates the G protein, which in turn activates an amplifier enzyme. This enzyme then phosphorylates a protein, causing a slow and long-lasting response in the postsynaptic cell. Thus, the correct answer is "slow".

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8.

_____ hyperpolarizing moves membrane potential away from threshold, stabilize the membrane potentials, and decrease the action potentials.

Correct Answer
IPSP

Explanation
IPSP stands for inhibitory postsynaptic potential. It is a type of electrical signal in neurons that hyperpolarizes the membrane potential, meaning it moves it further away from the threshold required to generate an action potential. This hyperpolarization helps to stabilize the membrane potential and make it less likely for an action potential to occur. Therefore, IPSPs decrease the occurrence of action potentials in the neuron.

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9.

The two fast IPSP channels are _ when it moves out, and __ when it moves in.

Correct Answer
K+, Cl-

Explanation
When the two fast IPSP channels move out, the concentration of K+ ions increases outside the cell, while the concentration of Cl- ions decreases outside the cell. Conversely, when the channels move in, the concentration of K+ ions decreases outside the cell, while the concentration of Cl- ions increases outside the cell.

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10.

__________ is a single neurons receive signals from many neurons.

Correct Answer
convergence

Explanation
Convergence refers to the phenomenon where a single neuron receives signals from multiple neurons. This allows for the integration of information from different sources and enhances the processing capabilities of the neuron. Through convergence, the neuron can receive inputs from various pathways and integrate them to produce an output signal. This enables complex information processing and coordination of neural activity in the brain.

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11.

Synthesis of _____________ to make acetylcholine.

Correct Answer
choline acetyl transferase

Explanation
Choline acetyl transferase is synthesized to make acetylcholine. Acetylcholine is a neurotransmitter that plays a crucial role in the transmission of nerve impulses in the brain and throughout the body. Choline acetyl transferase is the enzyme responsible for catalyzing the synthesis of acetylcholine by transferring an acetyl group from acetyl-CoA to choline. This process is essential for maintaining proper communication between nerve cells and is involved in various physiological functions, including muscle movement, memory, and cognition.

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12.

Acetylcholine is degraded by __. Breaks it into , which goes to blood, and for reuptake.

Correct Answer
AchE, acetate, choline

Explanation
Acetylcholine is a neurotransmitter that plays a crucial role in the transmission of nerve impulses. It is degraded by an enzyme called AchE (acetylcholinesterase). AchE breaks down acetylcholine into two components: acetate and choline. Acetate is released into the blood, while choline is taken up for reuptake. This process helps regulate the levels of acetylcholine in the synaptic cleft, allowing for proper nerve signal transmission.

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13.

Cholinergic _ receptors generate fast responses, located on adrenal medulla, chromaffin cells, neuromuscular junctions, sympathetic and parasympathetic cell bodies.

Correct Answer
nicotinic, postganglionic

Explanation
Cholinergic nicotinic receptors are responsible for generating fast responses in the body. These receptors are located on various cells including adrenal medulla, chromaffin cells, neuromuscular junctions, and the cell bodies of both sympathetic and parasympathetic postganglionic neurons.

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14.

Cholinergic receptors generate slow responses, metabotropic, g protein linked, direct coupling, 2nd messengers, located on _______________.

Correct Answer
muscarinic, effector organs for autonomic nervous system

Explanation
Cholinergic muscarinic receptors generate slow responses and are metabotropic, g protein linked receptors. They are involved in direct coupling and the activation of 2nd messengers. These receptors are located on the effector organs of the autonomic nervous system.

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15.

______________ release is enhanced by amphetamines. Degraded by _ and . Dopamine, histamine, epinephrine, and norepinephrine are in the _. Norepinephrine is also in the _. Alpha 1 is the only adrenergic receptor for , all others __.

Correct Answer
biogenic amines, MAO, COMT, CNS, PNS, IP3, cAMP

Explanation
Biogenic amines, such as dopamine, histamine, epinephrine, and norepinephrine, are released in the central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS). The release of these biogenic amines is enhanced by amphetamines. However, they are degraded by two enzymes: monoamine oxidase (MAO) and catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT). Norepinephrine is also found in the CNS and PNS. Among the adrenergic receptors, only alpha 1 receptor responds to IP3, while all other receptors respond to cAMP.

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16.

_________ is in the CNS, brainstem, decrease leads to depression. To increase it, block reuptake and block enzymes.

Correct Answer
serotonin

Explanation
Serotonin is a neurotransmitter found in the central nervous system (CNS) and brainstem. When serotonin levels decrease, it can lead to symptoms of depression. To increase serotonin levels, one can block its reuptake, which prevents its reabsorption by neurons, and also block enzymes that break it down. By doing so, more serotonin is available in the brain, which can help alleviate depressive symptoms.

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17.

________ amino acid NTs are aspartate, glutamate, which increase action potentials.

Correct Answer
excitatory

Explanation
Aspartate and glutamate are both excitatory amino acid neurotransmitters. Excitatory neurotransmitters increase the likelihood of action potentials occurring in the postsynaptic neuron. They do this by depolarizing the postsynaptic membrane, making it more likely to reach the threshold for firing an action potential. Therefore, the correct answer is "excitatory."

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18.

__________ amino acid NTs are glycine, GABA, which decrease action potentials.

Correct Answer
inhibitory

Explanation
The correct answer is "inhibitory." This term refers to amino acid neurotransmitters such as glycine and GABA, which have the ability to decrease action potentials. These neurotransmitters work by inhibiting or reducing the firing of neurons, resulting in a decrease in neuronal activity. This inhibitory effect plays a crucial role in regulating and balancing neural activity in the brain.

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19.

________ is synthesized in cell bodies. Includes endorphins, TRH, vasopressin (ADH), opiods, and substance P.

Correct Answer
neuropeptides

Explanation
Neuropeptides are synthesized in cell bodies and include endorphins, TRH, vasopressin (ADH), opioids, and substance P. Neuropeptides are small protein-like molecules that act as neurotransmitters and neuromodulators in the nervous system. They are involved in regulating various physiological processes such as pain perception, mood, and stress response. Neuropeptides are produced in the cell bodies of neurons and then transported to their target sites where they exert their effects.

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20.

Purines . NO= ___, is immediately synthesized after release, so it easily crosses membrane.

Correct Answer
ATP, nitric oxide

Explanation
Purines are a type of organic compound that includes molecules like ATP (adenosine triphosphate). Nitric oxide (NO) is a small and highly reactive molecule that is synthesized immediately after it is released. This property allows it to easily cross cell membranes. Therefore, the correct answer is that ATP and nitric oxide are purines and NO is immediately synthesized after release, allowing it to easily cross the membrane.

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4

Synaptic Transmission And Neural Integration

What's your favorite sound?

You can degrade a ligand by _______, _________, and enzymes in the __________ or __________.

____________, channel linked receptors generate ______ responses.

_________, g protein linked receptors generate ________ responses using ___________ and ________.

_________ depolarizing brings the membrane potential closer to threshold, and increases the likelihood of generating action potentials.

______ EPSP bind to ionotropic receptors, open channels, sodium moves faster because its further away from ___________, potassium moves out.

____ EPSP bind to metabotropic receptors, activate g protein, activate amplifier enzyme, and phosphorylate protein.

_____ hyperpolarizing moves membrane potential away from threshold, stabilize the membrane potentials, and decrease the action potentials.

The two fast IPSP channels are ___ when it moves out, and ____ when it moves in.

__________ is a single neurons receive signals from many neurons.

Synthesis of _____________ to make acetylcholine.

Acetylcholine is degraded by __________. Breaks it into ________, which goes to blood, and ________ for reuptake.

Cholinergic _________ receptors generate fast responses, located on adrenal medulla, chromaffin cells, neuromuscular junctions, sympathetic and parasympathetic ________ cell bodies.

Cholinergic ________ receptors generate slow responses, metabotropic, g protein linked, direct coupling, 2nd messengers, located on _______________________.

________________ release is enhanced by amphetamines. Degraded by _____ and ______. Dopamine, histamine, epinephrine, and norepinephrine are in the _______. Norepinephrine is also in the _____. Alpha 1 is the only adrenergic receptor for ____, all others ____.

_________ is in the CNS, brainstem, decrease leads to depression. To increase it, block reuptake and block enzymes.

________ amino acid NTs are aspartate, glutamate, which increase action potentials.

__________ amino acid NTs are glycine, GABA, which decrease action potentials.

________ is synthesized in cell bodies. Includes endorphins, TRH, vasopressin (ADH), opiods, and substance P.

Purines ______. NO= _________, is immediately synthesized after release, so it easily crosses membrane.

You can degrade a ligand by ___, _, and enzymes in the or ____.

______, channel linked receptors generate responses.

___, g protein linked receptors generate responses using _ and ____.

EPSP bind to ionotropic receptors, open channels, sodium moves faster because its further away from _____, potassium moves out.

The two fast IPSP channels are _ when it moves out, and __ when it moves in.

Acetylcholine is degraded by __. Breaks it into , which goes to blood, and for reuptake.

Cholinergic _ receptors generate fast responses, located on adrenal medulla, chromaffin cells, neuromuscular junctions, sympathetic and parasympathetic cell bodies.

Cholinergic receptors generate slow responses, metabotropic, g protein linked, direct coupling, 2nd messengers, located on _______________.

______________ release is enhanced by amphetamines. Degraded by _ and . Dopamine, histamine, epinephrine, and norepinephrine are in the _. Norepinephrine is also in the _. Alpha 1 is the only adrenergic receptor for , all others __.

Purines . NO= ___, is immediately synthesized after release, so it easily crosses membrane.