1.
Which statement is not true?
Correct Answer
C. Low molecular weight heparins are used for the prevention of deep vein thrombosis, but are contraindicated in patients with unstable angina or non-Q-wave myocardial infarction.
Explanation
pg. 89
2.
Which of the following statements is not true?
Correct Answer
B. Ocular side effects are uncommon in Clopidogrel/Plavix, while reports of blurred vision occur with some NSAIDs
Explanation
Clopidogrel/Plavix - cataracts and conjunctivitis with clopidogrel and conjunctival bleeding with ticlopidine
3.
Which of the following drugs is the standard of care in the treatment of Hyperlipidemia?
Correct Answer
B. HMG-CoA Reductase Inhibitors
Explanation
Calcium channel antagonists are used in the treatment of angina prophylaxis, hypertension
ACE-Inhibitors: Hypertension, CHF, MI
Serotonin Receptor Agonists "Triptans" - Migraine treatment
HMG-CoA Reductase Inhibitors: "-Statins" e.g. Fluvastatin, Simvastatin, Rosuvastatin
4.
Which of the following drugs must be used with caution if used in conjunction with statins?
Correct Answer
E. All of the above medications must be used with caution in conjunction with statins
Explanation
pg. 92
5.
Your patient Nancy Nut has come into your office for her yearly exam. During the case history she mentions that she's been experiencing headaches, flushing and she's been having difficulty controlling her diabetes. She tells you that at her doctor's appointment 3 months ago they told her she had hyperlipidemia. She lost her insurance and couldn't fill the prescription written for her. She decided to go to Trader Joe's and buy some pills she read about on the Mayo clinic. She says that she takes double the amount recommended because she thought it would fix her condition twice as fast. What drug did she buy and is dosing inappropriately?
Correct Answer
B. Niacin/Nicotinic acid
Explanation
Furosemide/Lasix - for edema, hypertension, hypercalcemia ( can cause blurred vision )
Hydrochlorothiazide/HydroDiuril - for Edema and hypertension ( can cause dry eye )
Warfarin/Coumadin - for deep vein thrombosis, atrial fibrillation, pulmonary embolism, also used in patients after heart valve replacement, and in some patients with rheumatic or ischemic heart disease
Montelukast/Singulair - for chronic asthma prevention/maintenance
6.
Although Adverse drug reactions include headache, flushing, orthostatic hypotension, tachycardia, peripheral edema, dizziness, N/V and blurred vision this drug is still the drug of choide for acute angina. Extended release preparations and patches of this drug may be used for angina prophylaxis. The IV form may be used for unstable angina, heart failure, AMI. However hypotensive effects are increased when taken with other medications that lower blood pressure. What is this drug?
Correct Answer
B. Nitroglycerin
Explanation
Digoxin/Lanoxin - for congestive heart failure, atrial fibrillation, atrial flutter, paroxysmal atrial tachycardia. Blurred or yellow vision
Hydrocodone/Vicodin - used for moderate pain/analgesic; in our scope of practice; ADE: blurred vision, diplopia, miosis, nystagmus
Celecoxib/Celebrex - Arthritis pain and inflammation; ADE; blurred vision, cataracts, conjunctival hemorrhage, conjunctivitis, eye pain, increased IOP, vitreous floaters
Cyclobenzaprine/Flexeril - musculoskeletal pain; ADE: Blurred vision
7.
Which of the following drugs is does not cause any ocular side effects?
Correct Answer
C. Metformin/GlucopHage
Explanation
Clopidogrel/Plavix - cataracts and conjunctivitis
Tiotropium/Spiriva - Blurred vision and caution in narrow angle glaucoma
Systemic corticosteroids/prednisone/methylprednisolone - Blurred vision and change in IOP; caution when being used in GLC and cataracts
Phenytoin/Dilantin - Nystagmus, blurred vision and diplopia
8.
Which statement is not true?
Correct Answer
C. It is estimated that 2-10% of patients who are allergic to Fluoroquinolones will also be allergic to Sulfonamides due to structure similarities. Reactions may range from rash to anapHylaxis.
9.
Which of the following statements is not true?
Correct Answer
B. AcetaminopHen(APAP/Tylenol) relieves mild to moderate pain, reduces fever, reduces inflammation, and reduces blood clotting.
Explanation
pg. 108
10.
Which of the following drugs is the drug of choice for anticonvulsants in an emergency. This drug is used for status epilepticus, anxiety, insomia, seizures, sedation, and can also be used as a muscle relaxant. ADEs include CNS depression, respiratory depresion. Vague visual disturbances have been reported.
Correct Answer
B. Benzodiazepine
Explanation
Levodopa/Carbidopa - For Parkinson's, ADEs include hypotension, arrhythmias, blepharospasm and oculogyric crisis in dystonia
Phenothiazines - for psychiatric disorders. ADEs include blurred vision, corneal and lenticular changes, epithelial kertopathy, pigmentary retinopathy
Mnemonic; Ben and Pam I am = Benzodiazepines; Diazepam, alprazolam, oxazepam, temazepam, triazolam
Metoclopramide/ Reglan - use includes reflux esophagitis, duodenal ulcers, gastroparesis, slow gastric emptying time, ADE includes CNS effects, diarrhea, constipation, occasionally extrapyramidal symtoms from dopamine antagonism. Can cause unspecified visual disturbances
11.
Histamine -1 receptors : stimulation of H1 receptors results in _______ ( bronchodilation or bronchoconstriction)
Correct Answer
bronchoconstriction
Explanation
Stimulation of H1 receptors results in bronchoconstriction. H1 receptors are found in the smooth muscles lining the bronchial tubes. When these receptors are stimulated by histamine, it causes the smooth muscles to contract, leading to narrowing of the airways and difficulty in breathing. This can result in symptoms such as wheezing and shortness of breath, commonly seen in conditions like asthma and allergies.
12.
Which of the following statements regarding antihistamines are not true?
Correct Answer
D. H2 receptor antagonists/H2 blockers are used to prevent/treat allergic reactions, prevent /treat motion sickness. However they are no longer used to treat insomnia or as adjunct therapy for parkinson's disease.
Explanation
H2 receptor antagonists (H2 blockers) - are used for the prevention and treatment of peptic ulcer disease ( pud) and the treatment of GERD, used for stress ulcer prevention in hospitals as well as duodenal and gastric ulcers.
pg. 123
13.
Which receptor is located in the bronchi and in the liver and upon stimulation results in coronary and peripheral vasodilation and bronchodilation.
Correct Answer
B. Beta-2 receptor
Explanation
The beta-2 receptor is located in the bronchi and liver and when stimulated, it causes coronary and peripheral vasodilation and bronchodilation. This receptor is primarily found in smooth muscle tissues and is responsible for relaxing the smooth muscles in the bronchi, leading to bronchodilation. Additionally, stimulation of the beta-2 receptor causes vasodilation in the coronary and peripheral blood vessels, resulting in increased blood flow to these areas.
14.
Which receptor is located in the myocardial tissue and in the cardiac conduction system. Stimulation of this receptor results in increased cardiac contractility and heart rate.
Correct Answer
A. Beta-1 receptor
Explanation
Alpha receptors - are present in the neurons in the vascular smooth muscle tissue. Alpha-1 receptors are found in the myocardium and in alpha-2 receptors are found in larger blood vessles (skin,mucosa,gut,kidney). Stimulation leads to arteriolar vasoconstriction.
15.
Lidocaine/Xylocaine is used to treat what condition?
Correct Answer
B. Ventricular arrhythmias
Explanation
Other drugs used for the Tx of Ventricular arrhythmias
Mexiletine/Mexitil
Propafenone/Rythmol
Amiodarone
Sotalol/Betapace is for ventricular tachycardia
16.
Which of the following drugs can be used as an alternative to morphine? There maybe more than one option listed below.
Correct Answer(s)
A. Oxycodone/Oxycontin
D. HydromorpHone
Explanation
Hydrocodone - alternative to codeine
All the medications that are alternatives for morphine and codeine cause blurred vision, diplopia, miosis and nystagmus
All of
17.
Fentanyl is an analgesic drug that is considered more potent than morphine. It is commonly used as preoperative/anesthetic agents. It is also used in the treatment of severe pain management.
Correct Answer
A. True
Explanation
Ocular side effects include: blurred vision, diplopia, miosis and nystagmus
18.
This drug is a centrally acting muscle relaxant. ADEs include several CNS, GI and cardiac ADEs. Ocular side effects include glaucoma, optic neuritis and blurred vision. This drug can be used to treat spasticity related to MS and spinal cord injuries. What drug is this?
Correct Answer
C. Tizanidine/Zanaflex
Explanation
Gabapentin/Neurontin - Epilepsy and neuropathic pain
Selegiline/Eldepryl - Parkinsons Disease
Chlorpheniramine/Chlor-Trimeton - First generation Antihistamine H1 blocker
19.
Systemic sedating antihistamines are contraindicated in narrow angle glaucoma, BpH, some patients with peptic ulcer disease and in patients with bladder obstruction.
Correct Answer
A. True
Explanation
Systemic sedating antihistamines can cause adverse effects in individuals with certain medical conditions. Narrow angle glaucoma, BPH (benign prostatic hyperplasia), peptic ulcer disease, and bladder obstruction are conditions where the use of these antihistamines is contraindicated. This means that it is not recommended to use these medications in individuals with these conditions as it can worsen their symptoms or cause complications. Therefore, the statement "Systemic sedating antihistamines are contraindicated in narrow angle glaucoma, BPH, some patients with peptic ulcer disease and in patients with bladder obstruction" is true.
20.
Which of the following is a physiologic effect of histamine being released into the system
Correct Answer
B. Localized reddening, edema and flare
Explanation
Physiologic effects of histamine release: Vasodilation, localized reddening, edema and flare, bronchoconstriction, increased heart rate and contractility, pain and itching and gastric acid secretion
21.
Select the false statement regarding H2 Receptor Antagonists/H2 Blockers
Correct Answer
D. H2 blockers typically increase gastric acid secretion and increase vasodilation
Explanation
Overuse can cause rebound dilation of blood vessels. Recommend avoiding while wearing soft contact lenses. Wait 10 minutes after use before inserting contact lenses.
22.
This drug is the drug of choice for the treatment of anemia of chronic renal failure, and reduction of blood transfusions in surgical patients. This drug may exacerbate hypertension, thrombotic events, MI, pulmonary embolism, stroke, edema and HA.
Correct Answer
A. Epoetin/Procrit
Explanation
Glimepiride/Amaryl - Tx of type II diabetes
Pilocarpine/Salagen - Used for treating open-angle glaucoma, causes miosis and changes aqueous outflow.
Olanzapine/Zyprexa - used in Tx of acute bipolar mania, schizophrenia, psychotic disorders
23.
Antipsychotic agents often have ADEs. Which of the following is not an ADE?
Correct Answer
E. All of the abover are possible ADEs
Explanation
Antipsychotic agents often have adverse drug events (ADEs), which refer to negative side effects that can occur when taking the medication. The given answer states that all of the options listed (altered blood glucose levels, hypotension, weight gain, sedation and anticholinergic effects) are possible ADEs. This means that all of these side effects can potentially occur when taking antipsychotic agents.
24.
Drugs for affective Disorders are used to treat typical and atypical depression as well as bipolar disorder. The goal is to identify medications that will decrease the symptoms without causing significant ADEs or undesirable long-term effects.
Correct Answer
A. True
Explanation
The statement is true because drugs for affective disorders, such as typical and atypical depression as well as bipolar disorder, are indeed used to decrease the symptoms associated with these conditions. The goal of these medications is to find a balance where they effectively treat the symptoms without causing significant adverse drug events (ADEs) or undesirable long-term effects.
25.
This medication is used for the Tx of agitation in acute bipolar mania, schizophrenia, and psychotic disorders. Ocular side effects include amblyopia, conjunctivitis, glaucoma, eye hemorrhage.
Correct Answer
B. Olanzapine/Zyprexa
Explanation
Haloperidol/Haldol - Psychotic disorders, Tourette's syndrome - Blurred vision
Ranitidine/Zantac - Tx for GERD, PUD, dyspepsia and other GI conditions
Esomeprazole/Nexium - ( PPI); Tx for GERD, prevention and Tx of ulcers; blurred vision and conjunctivitis
26.
Select the proton pump inhibitors can interact with ampicillins (decrease ampicillin absoprtion).
Correct Answer(s)
A. Omeprazole
C. Lanoprazole
Explanation
Olsalazine/Dipentum - Used in the Tx of inflammatory bowel syndrome, ulcerative colitis, Crohns disease, rare reports of blurred vision
Escitalopram/Lexapro - SSRI Tx for affective disorders; blurred vision, nystagmus and vision abnormalities
Aripiprazole/Abilify - Tx for schizophreniaand dementia associated associated psychosis
27.
This drug is used in the Tx of psychiatric disorders and causes blurred vision, corneal and lenticular changes, epithelial keratopathy and pigmentary retinopathy.
Correct Answer
A. pHenothiazines
Explanation
Atomoxetine/Strattera - Tx for ADD,narcolepsy: Mydriasis
Phenobarbital/Luminal - Tx tonic-clonic and some absence seizures and febrile seizures
Lamotrigine/Lamictal - Tx for epilepsy and maintenance therapy of bipolar disorder. Ocular side effect: nystagmus, vision changes, amblyopia
28.
Which of the following proton pump inhibitors can interact with amoxicillin and clarithromycin thus increasing esomeprazole levels? This particular drug can also cause blurred vision and conjunctivitis
Correct Answer
B. Esomeprazole/Nexium
Explanation
Omeprazole/Prilosec - interacts with ampicillins to decrease ampicillin absorption
Oxazepam/Serax - Tx cot anxiety and ETOH withdrawal, blurry vision (can reverse effects of benzodiasepines with Flumazemil/Romazicon)
Olanzapine/Zyprexa - Tx for agitation in acute bipolar mania, schizophrenia, psychotic disorders; OSE: Amblyopia, conjunctivitis, GLC, eye hemorrhage
29.
Which of the following statements is false regarding antacids?
Correct Answer
B. Both magnesium and aluminum containing antacids will cause constipation when used as a single active ingredient.
Explanation
The statement that is false regarding antacids is that both magnesium and aluminum containing antacids will cause constipation when used as a single active ingredient. In reality, magnesium containing antacids, such as Magnesium hydroxide/Milk of Magnesia, often cause diarrhea when used as a single active ingredient.
30.
Which Serotoni-Norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibitors (SNRIs) has ocular side effects that include blurred vision, vision abnormalities, cataracts, mydriasis and eye hemorrhaging?
Correct Answer
D. Venlafaxin/Effexor
Explanation
Sertraline/Zoloft - this is a SSRI - vision abnormalities, cataracts, blindness, oculogyric crisis, optic neuritis
Diazepam/Valium - Tx of epileptic seizures, sedation, muscle relaxant, , anxiety, ETOH withdrawal; BLUR
Carbamazepine/Tegretol - Epilepsy, Trigeminal neuralgia, bipolar, neuropathic pain from shingles; blur and diplopia