Paricutin Test 2 Ch.4-8
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If you fancy yourself a geology fanatic and are up to answering specifically designed questions that gauge your knowledge on Paricutin, try out this quiz. It is a simple set of questions therefore it will be easy to answer.
- 1.
Lava flows are typically finer grained than intrusive igneous rocks. Why?
- A.
Intrusive magma is cooler because it is well insulated by the surrounding rock.
- B.
Intrusive magma flows onto the Earth's surface and cools very slowly, allowing many small mineral grains to grow.
- C.
The extrusive magma cools quickly so the mineral grains do not have time to grow.
- D.
The extrusive magma, because it is deep below the surface, cools very slowly, producing very small mineral grains.
Correct Answer
C. The extrusive magma cools quickly so the mineral grains do not have time to grow.Explanation
Lava flows are typically finer grained than intrusive igneous rocks because extrusive magma cools quickly when it reaches the Earth's surface. This rapid cooling does not allow enough time for large mineral grains to form, resulting in a finer-grained texture. In contrast, intrusive magma is insulated by the surrounding rock, which causes it to cool more slowly. The slower cooling process allows for the growth of many small mineral grains, leading to a coarser-grained texture in intrusive igneous rocks.Rate this question:
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- 2.
What does Bowen’s Reaction Series describe?
- A.
The pressures that different minerals are formed in metamorphic rocks
- B.
Which minerals are recrystallized in a sedimentary rock
- C.
The temperatures at which different minerals crystallize out of a melt
- D.
All of the above
- E.
None of the above
Correct Answer
C. The temperatures at which different minerals crystallize out of a meltExplanation
Bowen's Reaction Series describes the temperatures at which different minerals crystallize out of a melt. This series explains the order in which minerals solidify as a melt cools, starting with high-temperature minerals and ending with low-temperature minerals. It is a useful tool in understanding the formation of igneous rocks and the mineral composition of these rocks based on their cooling history. The other options mentioned, such as the pressures in metamorphic rocks or the recrystallization of minerals in sedimentary rocks, are not directly related to Bowen's Reaction Series.Rate this question:
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- 3.
Which of the following rocks is likely to have the most quartz within it and why?
- A.
Granite; intrusive rock that formed from cooling of relatively high silica magma.
- B.
Rhyolite; extrusive rock that formed from cooling of relatively low silica magma.
- C.
Diorite; intrusive rock that formed from the cooling of relatively intermediate silica magma.
- D.
Basalt; extrusive rock that formed from cooling of relatively low silica lava.
Correct Answer
A. Granite; intrusive rock that formed from cooling of relatively high silica magma.Explanation
Granite is likely to have the most quartz within it because it is an intrusive rock that formed from the cooling of relatively high silica magma. Silica is the main component of quartz, so a rock with high silica content is more likely to contain a higher amount of quartz. In contrast, the other rocks mentioned have lower silica content, which means they are less likely to have as much quartz.Rate this question:
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- 4.
What is the most important factor for whether magma cools slowly or quickly?
- A.
Temperature of the environment – lower T = slower magma cooling.
- B.
The presence or absence of volatiles (gases) – more gases = slower magma cooling.
- C.
Temperature of the environment – higher T = slower magma cooling.
- D.
Pressure of the environment – lower P = slower magma cooling.
Correct Answer
C. Temperature of the environment – higher T = slower magma cooling.Explanation
The most important factor for whether magma cools slowly or quickly is the temperature of the environment. When the temperature of the environment is higher, magma cools at a slower rate. This is because higher temperatures provide more energy to the magma, preventing it from cooling down quickly. On the other hand, lower temperatures in the environment would result in faster cooling of the magma.Rate this question:
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- 5.
Igneous rocks are produced largely by ________.
- A.
The changing of a rock from one set of minerals to another
- B.
The compaction of metamorphic rocks
- C.
The melting of sedimentary rocks
- D.
The cooling of magma
- E.
Both c and d are correct.
Correct Answer
D. The cooling of magmaExplanation
Igneous rocks are formed through the cooling of magma, which is molten rock beneath the Earth's surface. As the magma cools, it solidifies and forms igneous rocks. This process can occur both beneath the Earth's surface, forming intrusive igneous rocks, or on the surface, forming extrusive igneous rocks. The other options mentioned, such as the changing of minerals in a rock, the compaction of metamorphic rocks, or the melting of sedimentary rocks, are not directly related to the formation of igneous rocks.Rate this question:
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- 6.
Glassy igneous rocks form when the magma ________.
- A.
Cools so fast that mineral grains cannot crystallize and grow
- B.
Cools so slowly that only one mineral is formed
- C.
Is a rhyolitic type
- D.
Cools at an extremely high temperature
Correct Answer
A. Cools so fast that mineral grains cannot crystallize and growExplanation
Glassy igneous rocks form when the magma cools so fast that mineral grains cannot crystallize and grow. This rapid cooling prevents the atoms in the magma from arranging themselves into an ordered crystalline structure, resulting in an amorphous, glass-like texture. Without sufficient time for crystal growth, the magma solidifies into a glassy rock. This process commonly occurs when magma is rapidly quenched by water or air, such as during volcanic eruptions or when magma is quickly injected into cooler rocks.Rate this question:
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- 7.
Which of the following igneous rocks exhibit aphanitic texture?
- A.
Granite; gabbro
- B.
Rhyolite, gabbro
- C.
Andesite; rhyolite
- D.
Basalt; diorite
Correct Answer
C. Andesite; rhyoliteExplanation
Andesite and rhyolite are the igneous rocks that exhibit aphanitic texture. Aphanitic texture refers to fine-grained rocks that have crystals too small to be seen with the naked eye. Andesite and rhyolite both cool relatively quickly on or near the Earth's surface, which prevents large crystals from forming. This rapid cooling results in a fine-grained texture. Granite, gabbro, basalt, and diorite, on the other hand, are examples of rocks with phaneritic texture, which means they have visible crystals due to slower cooling deep within the Earth's crust.Rate this question:
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- 8.
What do pumice and obsidian have in common?
- A.
Basaltic composition
- B.
Phaneritic texture
- C.
Ultramafic compostion
- D.
Glassy texture
Correct Answer
D. Glassy textureExplanation
Pumice and obsidian both have a glassy texture. This means that they have a smooth and shiny appearance, similar to glass. The glassy texture is formed when the molten lava cools rapidly, preventing the formation of any crystalline structures. As a result, both pumice and obsidian have an amorphous structure, which gives them their characteristic glass-like texture.Rate this question:
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- 9.
Why would a plume of solid silicate rock rising slowly from deep in the mantle begin melting as it neared the base of the lithosphere?
- A.
The rock heats up and expands at lower pressures, causing it to liquefy.
- B.
Temperatures remain high as lowered pressures decrease melting temperatures.
- C.
The lowered pressures cause rapid heat loss accompanied by melting.
- D.
None of the above.
Correct Answer
B. Temperatures remain high as lowered pressures decrease melting temperatures.Explanation
As the solid silicate rock rises from deep in the mantle to the base of the lithosphere, it experiences a decrease in pressure. This decrease in pressure lowers the melting temperature of the rock, allowing it to begin melting. However, the temperatures remain high due to the heat generated from the mantle. Therefore, the combination of lowered pressures and high temperatures causes the rock to melt as it nears the base of the lithosphere.Rate this question:
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- 10.
Why do magmas rise toward Earth's surface?
- A.
Magmas are more viscous than solid rocks in the crust and upper mantle.
- B.
Most magmas are richer in silica than most crustal and upper mantle rocks.
- C.
Magmas are mainly liquid and contain dissolved fluids and gases such as water; most are less dense than the adjacent solid rock.
- D.
All of the above.
Correct Answer
C. Magmas are mainly liquid and contain dissolved fluids and gases such as water; most are less dense than the adjacent solid rock.Explanation
Magmas rise toward Earth's surface because they are mainly liquid and contain dissolved fluids and gases such as water. Additionally, most magmas are less dense than the adjacent solid rock. This buoyancy causes the magmas to ascend towards the surface, where they can erupt as volcanic activity. The other options, such as magmas being more viscous than solid rocks and richer in silica, do not directly explain the upward movement of magmas.Rate this question:
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- 11.
_______ magma is the most abundant type erupted at oceanic spreading centers.
- A.
Pegmatitic
- B.
Basaltic
- C.
Rhyolitic
- D.
Granitic
Correct Answer
B. BasalticExplanation
Basaltic magma is the most abundant type erupted at oceanic spreading centers. This is because oceanic spreading centers are characterized by the upwelling of hot mantle material, which is rich in iron and magnesium. Basaltic magma, which has a low silica content and high iron and magnesium content, is derived from this mantle material and is therefore the most common type of magma erupted at oceanic spreading centers.Rate this question:
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- 12.
What volcanic events formed Crater Lake, OR? When did it happen?
- A.
The crater of a large, extinct cinder cone filled with water; 5 million years ago
- B.
Caldera collapse followed major ash and pyroclastic-flow eruptions; 6,000 years ago
- C.
Landslides and volcanic mudflows dammed the Mazama River; 500 years ago
- D.
A powerful explosion blew away the top of a stratovolcano: 10 million years ago
Correct Answer
B. Caldera collapse followed major ash and pyroclastic-flow eruptions; 6,000 years agoExplanation
Crater Lake, OR was formed by a caldera collapse, which was followed by major ash and pyroclastic-flow eruptions. This event occurred approximately 6,000 years ago.Rate this question:
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- 13.
The Columbia Plateau in Washington and Oregon is_______.
- A.
A thick stack of welded-tuff layers
- B.
A field of large stratovolcanoes
- C.
A flood basalt plateau
- D.
A caldera filled with rhyolitic lava flows
Correct Answer
C. A flood basalt plateauExplanation
The Columbia Plateau in Washington and Oregon is a flood basalt plateau. This means that it was formed by repeated volcanic eruptions that deposited layers of basaltic lava over a large area. The lava flows were extensive and covered a significant portion of the landscape, creating a flat and elevated plateau. This type of volcanic activity is commonly associated with hotspot volcanism, where a stationary mantle plume causes repeated eruptions over a long period of time. The Columbia Plateau is a prime example of this type of volcanic activity and is characterized by its extensive basaltic lava flows.Rate this question:
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- 14.
The 1991 Pinatubo eruption in the Philippines caused brilliantly colored sunrises and sunsets to be seen for the next few years. What caused this phenomenon?
- A.
The eruption added large amounts of carbon dioxide to the atmosphere.
- B.
The eruptive cloud destroyed parts of the Earth's protective ozone layer.
- C.
Radioactive atoms blown into the atmosphere glowed red as they decayed.
- D.
Sulfur dioxide and other erupted gases formed aerosols in the stratosphere.
Correct Answer
D. Sulfur dioxide and other erupted gases formed aerosols in the stratospHere.Explanation
The correct answer is that sulfur dioxide and other erupted gases formed aerosols in the stratosphere. During the Pinatubo eruption, large amounts of sulfur dioxide were released into the atmosphere. These sulfur dioxide gases reacted with water vapor and other chemicals to form tiny particles called aerosols. These aerosols were then distributed throughout the stratosphere by wind patterns. When sunlight passed through the stratosphere, it interacted with the aerosols, scattering and filtering the light. This scattering of light caused the stunning and vibrant colors in sunrises and sunsets that were observed for several years after the eruption.Rate this question:
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- 15.
A_______ is a intrusive, igneous rock body that is tabular and concordant.
- A.
Dike
- B.
Stock
- C.
Batholith
- D.
Sill
Correct Answer
D. SillExplanation
A sill is an intrusive, igneous rock body that is tabular and concordant. It is formed when magma is injected between layers of existing rock and solidifies horizontally. Sills are usually parallel to the layers of surrounding rock and do not cut across them. This distinguishes them from dikes, which are similar intrusive rock bodies but are discordant, cutting across the layers of existing rock. Sills are often found in areas of volcanic activity and can be seen exposed in cliffs or mountainsides.Rate this question:
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- 16.
Which type of basaltic lava has a fairly smooth, unfragmented ropey surface?
- A.
Aa
- B.
Scoria
- C.
Pahoehoe
- D.
Pegmatitic
Correct Answer
C. PahoehoeExplanation
Pahoehoe is a type of basaltic lava that has a fairly smooth, unfragmented, and ropey surface. This type of lava flows slowly and forms a smooth, undulating surface as it cools and solidifies. The lava's low viscosity allows it to flow easily, creating a characteristic ropy texture. Pahoehoe lava flows are commonly found in volcanic areas such as Hawaii and Iceland.Rate this question:
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- 17.
Which are the four most important physical processes of mechanical weathering?
- A.
Frost wedging, exfoliation, biological activity, dissolution
- B.
Exfoliation, thermal expansion, biological activity, hydrolysis
- C.
Exfoliation, frost wedging, expansion, hydrolysis
- D.
Frost wedging, unloading expansion, thermal expansion, biological activity
Correct Answer
D. Frost wedging, unloading expansion, thermal expansion, biological activityExplanation
The correct answer is frost wedging, unloading expansion, thermal expansion, biological activity. Frost wedging is the process where water freezes and expands in cracks, causing them to widen. Unloading expansion occurs when overlying pressure on rocks is removed, causing them to expand and crack. Thermal expansion is the process where rocks expand and contract due to temperature changes, leading to cracking. Biological activity involves the actions of plants and animals that can break apart rocks through root growth, burrowing, or other activities. These four processes are important in mechanical weathering as they contribute to the physical breakdown of rocks.Rate this question:
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- 18.
Which best describes the “soil profile” and its relevance to weathering?
- A.
Soil-forming processes occur from the bottom-up. This causes vertical variations in soil composition, texture, structure, and color.
- B.
Soil-forming processes occur from top-down. This causes vertical variations in soil composition, texture, structure, and color.
- C.
Soil-forming processes occur in single layers at a time. This causes each layer to appear differently in composition, texture, structure, and color.
- D.
Soil-forming processes occur laterally in the same layer, so different vertical profiles allows geologists to determine that variation from place to place.
Correct Answer
B. Soil-forming processes occur from top-down. This causes vertical variations in soil composition, texture, structure, and color.Explanation
The correct answer is that soil-forming processes occur from top-down, which causes vertical variations in soil composition, texture, structure, and color. This means that the processes that form soil start at the top and work their way down, resulting in different layers with varying characteristics. The vertical variations in soil properties are important because they can provide information about the weathering processes that have occurred over time. By studying the different layers of soil, geologists can determine how the soil has been affected by weathering and other environmental factors.Rate this question:
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- 19.
Why is the humus layer typically thicker in a cool, temperate, forest soil than in a tropical rainforest soil?
- A.
Less humus is produced in the tropical rainforest because the B horizon is so poorly developed.
- B.
Less humus is produced in the cool, temperate forest but the rate of decay and oxidation is slower than in a tropical rainforest.
- C.
More humus is produced in the tropical rainforest, but it is quickly washed away by the heavy rains.
- D.
In a tropical rainforest, the forest-floor litter is often burned during the dry season.
Correct Answer
B. Less humus is produced in the cool, temperate forest but the rate of decay and oxidation is slower than in a tropical rainforest.Explanation
In a cool, temperate forest soil, the humus layer is typically thicker because although less humus is produced compared to a tropical rainforest, the rate of decay and oxidation is slower. This means that the organic matter in the soil takes longer to break down, leading to a buildup of humus over time. In contrast, in a tropical rainforest, more humus may be produced, but it is quickly washed away by the heavy rains, preventing a significant accumulation of humus in the soil.Rate this question:
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- 20.
In terrain with steep hill slopes, which crop and cultivation technique will minimize soil erosion?
- A.
Corn; rows trending straight down the slope, frequent cultivation.
- B.
Apples; land between the trees is planted in grass and not cultivated.
- C.
Winter wheat; after the harvest, the field is plowed and left idle until next fall.
- D.
Beans; rows are spaced wider than on a level field.
Correct Answer
B. Apples; land between the trees is planted in grass and not cultivated.Explanation
Planting grass between the apple trees and not cultivating it helps to minimize soil erosion in terrain with steep hill slopes. The grass acts as a protective cover, reducing the impact of rainfall and preventing the soil from being washed away. Cultivating the land between the trees would disturb the soil and make it more prone to erosion. By keeping the land planted in grass, the soil is held in place, reducing erosion and preserving its fertility.Rate this question:
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- 21.
In the Rocky Mountain region of the United States, north-facing slopes (downhill direction is toward the north) are typically more moist and heavily forested than south-facing slopes. Why?
- A.
North-facing slopes receive more sunlight in the summer; snow melts faster and more soil moisture is available for the trees.
- B.
South-facing slopes receive more moisture and sunlight; rock weathering is slower.
- C.
North-facing slopes receive about the same amount of precipitation as south-facing slopes; less moisture evaporates from north-facing slopes.
- D.
South-facing slopes receive less moisture, yet rock weathering is faster.
Correct Answer
C. North-facing slopes receive about the same amount of precipitation as south-facing slopes; less moisture evaporates from north-facing slopes.Explanation
North-facing slopes receive about the same amount of precipitation as south-facing slopes, but less moisture evaporates from north-facing slopes. This means that the moisture on north-facing slopes is retained for a longer period of time, resulting in a higher level of soil moisture. Additionally, the lack of direct sunlight on north-facing slopes leads to slower evaporation, further contributing to the moist environment. These conditions are favorable for the growth of forests, explaining why north-facing slopes in the Rocky Mountain region are typically more moist and heavily forested than south-facing slopes.Rate this question:
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- 22.
Which statement concerning mechanical weathering is NOT true?
- A.
Reduces the grain sizes of rock particles
- B.
Allows for faster rates of chemical weathering
- C.
Is important in the formation of talus slopes
- D.
Involves a change in the mineral composition of the weathered material
Correct Answer
D. Involves a change in the mineral composition of the weathered materialExplanation
Mechanical weathering refers to the physical breakdown of rocks into smaller fragments without any change in their chemical composition. It does not involve a change in the mineral composition of the weathered material. The other statements are true. Mechanical weathering reduces the grain sizes of rock particles, which in turn allows for faster rates of chemical weathering. It is also important in the formation of talus slopes, which are created by the accumulation of rock debris at the base of a slope due to gravity.Rate this question:
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- 23.
Which is the greater erosive force: wind or water?
- A.
Always wind
- B.
Always water
- C.
Usually wind unless there have been very heavy rainstorms in the area
- D.
Usually water unless it is very dry in the region
- E.
Both are approximately equal in terms of power globally.
Correct Answer
D. Usually water unless it is very dry in the regionExplanation
Water is usually the greater erosive force unless it is very dry in the region. This is because water has the ability to carve out canyons, create valleys, and shape the landscape through processes such as erosion and deposition. It can wear away rocks and sediments over time, leading to the formation of various landforms. However, in regions with very little rainfall or drought conditions, wind can become a more dominant erosive force as it can cause abrasion and transport loose particles, leading to the formation of features like sand dunes.Rate this question:
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- 24.
A sedimentary facies is the sedimentary rock’s ________.
- A.
Crystal structure of each grain
- B.
Temperature at which it was formed
- C.
Environment of deposition
- D.
Method of turning into a metamorphic rock
Correct Answer
C. Environment of depositionExplanation
A sedimentary facies refers to the characteristics and features of sedimentary rocks that are indicative of the environment in which they were deposited. It includes the sediment type, grain size, sedimentary structures, and fossils present in the rock. By studying the sedimentary facies, geologists can understand the conditions and processes that occurred during the deposition of the rock, such as the presence of water, wind, or ice, and the energy levels of the environment. This information is crucial for interpreting past environments and reconstructing Earth's history.Rate this question:
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- 25.
Which of the following sedimentary rocks would you expect to have originally been deposited by fast-moving streams?
- A.
Mudstone
- B.
Oolitic limestone
- C.
Graywacke
- D.
Conglomerate
Correct Answer
D. ConglomerateExplanation
Conglomerate is the correct answer because it is a type of sedimentary rock that consists of rounded gravel-sized particles called clasts. These clasts are typically cemented together by a matrix of finer particles. Conglomerate forms in environments with fast-moving streams or rivers, where the force of the water is strong enough to transport and deposit larger particles. Therefore, conglomerate is indicative of deposition by fast-moving streams.Rate this question:
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- 26.
________ is the most common type of chemical sedimentary rock.
- A.
Limestone
- B.
Sandstone
- C.
Chert
- D.
Phosphate rock
Correct Answer
A. LimestoneExplanation
Limestone is the most common type of chemical sedimentary rock because it is formed from the accumulation of the remains of marine organisms such as coral, shells, and algae. These organisms contain calcium carbonate, which precipitates out of the water and forms limestone over time. Limestone is widely found in various parts of the world and is used for construction, as a raw material in cement production, and in the manufacturing of lime and other industrial products.Rate this question:
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- 27.
Which are sedimentary rocks?
- A.
Shale and slate
- B.
Granite and limestone
- C.
Schist and sandstone
- D.
Conglomerate and mudstone
- E.
Phyllite and siltstone
Correct Answer
D. Conglomerate and mudstoneExplanation
Conglomerate and mudstone are sedimentary rocks because they are formed from the accumulation and compaction of sediments. Conglomerate is composed of rounded pebbles, cobbles, and boulders that have been cemented together, while mudstone is made up of fine-grained sediment particles, such as silt and clay, that have been compacted over time. Both rocks are examples of sedimentary rocks that have undergone the processes of lithification, which involve the transformation of loose sediments into solid rock through pressure and cementation.Rate this question:
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- 28.
How do you classify sedimentary rocks?
- A.
Grain size and cooling rate
- B.
Color and amount of silica
- C.
Texture and grain size
- D.
Texture and composition
- E.
None of the above
Correct Answer
C. Texture and grain sizeExplanation
Sedimentary rocks are classified based on their texture and grain size. Texture refers to the arrangement and size of the grains within the rock, while grain size refers to the size of the individual grains. These characteristics provide information about the conditions under which the rock was formed, such as the energy of the environment and the distance of transport. By examining the texture and grain size, geologists can determine the type and origin of the sedimentary rock.Rate this question:
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- 29.
Oolitic limestone is most likely to form in what type of depositional environment?
- A.
Quiet, muddy lagoons and bays
- B.
Shallow, clear marine waters with vigorous current activity
- C.
Deep marine waters below most wave action
- D.
Acidic, organic-rich waters in freshwater swamps and bogs
Correct Answer
B. Shallow, clear marine waters with vigorous current activityExplanation
Oolitic limestone is a type of limestone composed of small spherical grains called ooids. These ooids are formed by the precipitation of calcium carbonate in shallow, clear marine waters with vigorous current activity. The vigorous currents help to constantly agitate and roll the ooids, allowing them to grow layer by layer and form the oolitic limestone. In deeper marine waters, there is less wave action and current activity, making it less likely for oolitic limestone to form. The other options, such as quiet muddy lagoons and bays or acidic freshwater swamps and bogs, do not provide the necessary conditions for the formation of oolitic limestone.Rate this question:
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- 30.
Which sedimentary rock consists of clay and fine silt size particles?
- A.
Sandstone
- B.
Shale
- C.
Conglomerate
- D.
Breccia
Correct Answer
B. ShaleExplanation
Shale is the correct answer because it is a sedimentary rock that is composed of clay and fine silt size particles. Shale is formed from the compaction and cementation of these small particles over time. It has a fine-grained texture and is often characterized by its ability to split into thin layers.Rate this question:
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- 31.
Which of the following sedimentary features can each be used to determine paleocurrent directions?
- A.
Fossils and mudcracks
- B.
Ripple marks and cross-stratification
- C.
Grain size sorting and ripple marks
- D.
Mudcracks and ripple marks
Correct Answer
B. Ripple marks and cross-stratificationExplanation
Ripple marks and cross-stratification can be used to determine paleocurrent directions because they are both sedimentary features that provide clues about the direction of ancient currents. Ripple marks are formed by the movement of water or wind, and their orientation can indicate the direction of the current. Cross-stratification refers to layers of sediment that are inclined or tilted, and the direction of the inclination can also indicate the direction of the current that deposited the sediment. Therefore, by studying these features, scientists can infer the paleocurrent directions and gain insights into past environmental conditions.Rate this question:
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- 32.
In which setting would regional metamorphism be most likely?
- A.
At shallow depths below an oceanic ridge or rift zone
- B.
At shallow depths along major transform faults in the continental crust
- C.
At great depths in the crust where two continents are colliding
- D.
At shallow depths beneath the seafloor where water pressures are immense
Correct Answer
C. At great depths in the crust where two continents are collidingExplanation
Regional metamorphism occurs when large areas of rock are subjected to high temperatures and pressures over long periods of time. This process is commonly associated with the collision of two continental plates, where the intense compression and deformation of rock layers result in the formation of mountains and the development of regional metamorphic rocks. Therefore, the setting where regional metamorphism would be most likely is at great depths in the crust where two continents are colliding.Rate this question:
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- 33.
Why does “an increase in” minerals that did not exist in the “parent rock” form during metamorphism of a rock (e.g., garnet in schist)?
- A.
No T and P conditions cause spontaneous weathering and destruction of the rock’s minerals, giving way to new ones
- B.
An increase in T and P conditions cause a change in the stability in the rock’s minerals
- C.
Similar” T and P conditions cause no change in the stability in the rock’s minerals
- D.
Any of these
Correct Answer
B. An increase in T and P conditions cause a change in the stability in the rock’s mineralsExplanation
An increase in temperature and pressure conditions can cause a change in the stability of minerals in the rock. This change in stability can lead to the formation of new minerals that did not exist in the parent rock during metamorphism. The increased temperature and pressure conditions can alter the chemical composition and structure of the minerals, leading to the formation of new minerals such as garnet in schist.Rate this question:
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- 34.
During metamorphism, what is the major effect of chemically active fluids?
- A.
Increase the pressures in deeply buried, regional-metamorphic zones
- B.
Aid in the movement of dissolved silicate constituents and facilitate growth of the mineral grains
- C.
Prevent partial melting so solid rocks can undergo very high temperature regional metamorphism
- D.
Facilitate the formation of schistosity and gneissic banding in hornfels and slates
Correct Answer
B. Aid in the movement of dissolved silicate constituents and facilitate growth of the mineral grainsExplanation
Chemically active fluids during metamorphism aid in the movement of dissolved silicate constituents and facilitate the growth of mineral grains. These fluids contain dissolved ions and molecules that can migrate through the rock, allowing for the rearrangement and recrystallization of minerals. This process helps in the formation of new minerals and the growth of existing ones, leading to the development of distinct textures and structures in metamorphic rocks.Rate this question:
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- 35.
Which response best represents the conditions of contact metamorphism?
- A.
High pressure, deep burial, and temperatures raised by the Earth’s internal heat
- B.
Low pressures, shallow burial, and heat supplied by a nearby magma body
- C.
Heat generated by shearing and mechanical movements along faults
- D.
Shallow depths, temperatures, and pressures so high that the rock partially melts
Correct Answer
B. Low pressures, shallow burial, and heat supplied by a nearby magma bodyExplanation
The correct answer is "Low pressures, shallow burial, and heat supplied by a nearby magma body." Contact metamorphism occurs when rocks come into contact with a nearby magma body. The heat from the magma body raises the temperature of the surrounding rocks, but the pressures are relatively low due to the shallow burial depth. This process does not involve shearing or fault movements, and the rocks do not melt completely.Rate this question:
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- 36.
Which response lists the rocks in increasing grade of metamorphism?
- A.
Schist, slate, phyllite, gneiss
- B.
Phyllite, gneiss, slate, schist
- C.
Gneiss, slate, schist, phyllite
- D.
Slate, phyllite, schist, gneiss
Correct Answer
D. Slate, pHyllite, schist, gneissExplanation
The correct answer is "Slate, phyllite, schist, gneiss." This order represents an increasing grade of metamorphism, with slate being the least metamorphosed and gneiss being the most metamorphosed.Rate this question:
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- 37.
If you knew the metamorphic facies of a metamorphic rock (example: Zeolite), what can you deduce about the rock?
- A.
Pressure and temperature of formation
- B.
What minerals it has
- C.
Where in the Earth you could expect to find it
- D.
All of the above
Correct Answer
A. Pressure and temperature of formationExplanation
If you know the metamorphic facies of a metamorphic rock, such as Zeolite, you can deduce the pressure and temperature conditions under which the rock formed. The metamorphic facies is a classification system that relates to specific pressure and temperature ranges. Therefore, knowing the facies allows you to determine the pressure and temperature conditions that were present during the rock's formation.Rate this question:
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- 38.
A________ forms at very high pressures and moderately low temperatures associated with subduction of oceanic crust and sediments.
- A.
Biotite marble
- B.
Blueschist
- C.
Migmatite
- D.
Mylonite
Correct Answer
B. BlueschistExplanation
Blueschist forms at high pressures and relatively low temperatures during the subduction of oceanic crust and sediments. This metamorphic rock is characterized by its blue color, which is caused by the presence of the mineral glaucophane. The high pressure and low temperature conditions of subduction zones cause the mineral assemblage in the rock to change, resulting in the formation of blueschist. This rock type is commonly found in regions where tectonic plates converge and oceanic crust is being subducted beneath continental crust.Rate this question:
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- 39.
What term describes the zone of contact metamorphism surrounding an intrusive magma body?
- A.
Aureole
- B.
Oracle
- C.
Auricle
- D.
Aura
Correct Answer
A. AureoleExplanation
The term that describes the zone of contact metamorphism surrounding an intrusive magma body is "aureole." This term is commonly used in geology to refer to the area where the surrounding rocks are altered and metamorphosed due to the heat and fluids released by the intrusive magma body. The aureole is typically characterized by the formation of new minerals and changes in the texture and composition of the rocks.Rate this question:
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- 40.
Frost wedging is the major weathering process contributing to the formation of which regolith material?
- A.
Mature pedalfers
- B.
Talus slopes
- C.
C soil horizons
- D.
Tropical laterites
Correct Answer
B. Talus slopesExplanation
Frost wedging is a weathering process that occurs when water freezes and expands in cracks and crevices of rocks, causing them to break apart. This process is particularly effective in regions with freezing and thawing cycles, such as mountainous areas. Talus slopes are formed by the accumulation of broken rock fragments at the base of steep slopes or cliffs, which are often the result of frost wedging. Therefore, talus slopes are the regolith material that is most likely formed by the major weathering process of frost wedging.Rate this question:
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- 41.
What two factors speed up rates of chemical reaction and weathering in rocks and soils?
- A.
Low temps; very dry
- B.
Warm temps; vert moist
- C.
Low temps; very moist
- D.
High temps; very dry
Correct Answer
B. Warm temps; vert moistExplanation
Warm temperatures and very moist conditions can speed up rates of chemical reactions and weathering in rocks and soils. Higher temperatures increase the kinetic energy of molecules, leading to faster reaction rates. Moisture provides the necessary medium for chemical reactions to occur and facilitates the breakdown of rocks and minerals. Together, warm temperatures and high moisture levels create optimal conditions for chemical reactions and weathering processes to occur at an accelerated rate.Rate this question:
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- 42.
Which of the following best describes sets of fractures in relatively fresh bedrock, such as granite, that are roughly parallel to the land surface?
- A.
Hydrolytic failures
- B.
Columnar joints
- C.
Thermal
- D.
Sheeting fractures
Correct Answer
D. Sheeting fracturesExplanation
Sheeting fractures best describe sets of fractures in relatively fresh bedrock, such as granite, that are roughly parallel to the land surface. Sheeting fractures occur due to the release of confining pressure on the rock surface, causing it to expand and crack parallel to the surface. These fractures often result in the formation of curved or domed rock slabs, resembling the layers of an onion.Rate this question:
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- 43.
Assuming that water filling a crack in a rock undergoes cycles of freezing and melting. Which of the following statements is true?
- A.
Water expands as it melts, causing the crack walls to be pushed apart
- B.
Water expands as it freezes, causing the crack walls to be pushed apart
- C.
Water shrinks as it melts, causing the crack walls to be pulled closer together
- D.
Water shrinks as it freezes, causing the crack walls to be drawn closer together
Correct Answer
B. Water expands as it freezes, causing the crack walls to be pushed apartExplanation
Water expands as it freezes because the molecules in water arrange themselves in a hexagonal lattice structure when frozen, which takes up more space than when they are in a liquid state. This expansion exerts pressure on the crack walls, causing them to be pushed apart.Rate this question:
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- 44.
____, a common mineral found in igneous rocks, is the most abundant mineral in detrital sedimentary rocks.
- A.
Biotite
- B.
Calcite
- C.
Quartz
- D.
Orthoclase
Correct Answer
C. QuartzExplanation
Quartz is the correct answer because it is a common mineral found in igneous rocks and is also the most abundant mineral in detrital sedimentary rocks. This means that quartz is frequently weathered and eroded from igneous rocks and then transported and deposited as sediment, making it the dominant mineral in detrital sedimentary rocks. Biotite, calcite, and orthoclase are also minerals found in igneous rocks, but they are not as abundant in detrital sedimentary rocks as quartz.Rate this question:
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- 45.
Detrital grains of which minerals are extremely rare in detrital sediments? Why?
- A.
Clays; they are rare in soils and regoliths
- B.
Quartz; it is very hard and soluble
- C.
Feldspar; they occur only in granites
- D.
Calcites; it is soft and relatively soluble
Correct Answer
D. Calcites; it is soft and relatively solubleExplanation
Calcite minerals are extremely rare in detrital sediments because they are soft and relatively soluble. Being soft makes them more prone to weathering and erosion, causing them to break down into smaller particles and dissolve more easily. As a result, calcite grains are less likely to survive the transport and deposition processes that form detrital sediments. This is why they are rarely found in detrital sediments compared to other minerals like clays, quartz, and feldspar.Rate this question:
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- 46.
What platy, parallel, mineral grains are the most visual aspect of foliated metamorphic rocks?
- A.
Micas
- B.
Quartz
- C.
Carbonates
- D.
Feldspar
Correct Answer
A. MicasExplanation
Micas are the most visual aspect of foliated metamorphic rocks because they form thin, platy, parallel mineral grains that are easily visible to the naked eye. These mineral grains give foliated rocks their characteristic layered or banded appearance. Micas, such as biotite and muscovite, have a sheet-like structure that allows them to easily separate into thin, flexible sheets. This property makes them ideal for forming the flat, parallel grains that give foliated rocks their distinct texture.Rate this question:
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- 47.
____ forms from the metamorphism of limestone or dolostone
- A.
Quartzite
- B.
Marble
- C.
Migmatite
- D.
Amphibolite
Correct Answer
B. MarbleExplanation
Marble forms from the metamorphism of limestone or dolostone. During metamorphism, the heat and pressure cause the minerals in the limestone or dolostone to recrystallize, resulting in the formation of marble. Marble is a metamorphic rock that is characterized by its smooth and polished appearance, and it is commonly used in construction and sculpture due to its aesthetic qualities.Rate this question:
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- 48.
___ is characterized by segregation of light-and dark-colored minerals into thin layers or bands.
- A.
Granitic gneiss
- B.
Slate
- C.
Garnet hornfels
- D.
Quartzite
Correct Answer
A. Granitic gneissExplanation
Granitic gneiss is characterized by segregation of light-and dark-colored minerals into thin layers or bands. This means that the rock contains alternating layers or bands of light-colored minerals (such as quartz and feldspar) and dark-colored minerals (such as biotite and amphibole). This layering or banding is a result of the rock undergoing intense heat and pressure during its formation, causing the minerals to separate and align themselves in distinct layers. This characteristic is commonly observed in granitic gneiss and helps to distinguish it from other rocks such as slate, garnet hornfels, and quartzite.Rate this question:
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- 49.
An Unconformity is a buried -
- A.
Fault or fracture with older rocks above and younger rocks below
- B.
Surface of erosion with older strata above and younger strata below
- C.
Fault or fracture with younger strata above and older strata below
- D.
Surface of erosion separating younger strata above from older strata below
Correct Answer
D. Surface of erosion separating younger strata above from older strata belowExplanation
An unconformity is a surface of erosion that separates younger strata (rock layers) above from older strata below. This means that there was a period of erosion and non-deposition between the formation of the older and younger rocks.Rate this question:
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- 50.
The radioactive isotopes Uranium-238, Uranium-235, and Thorium-232 eventually decay to different, stable, daughter isotopes of -
- A.
Lead
- B.
Aragon
- C.
Iron
- D.
Strontium
Correct Answer
A. LeadExplanation
The radioactive isotopes Uranium-238, Uranium-235, and Thorium-232 decay over time and transform into different, stable daughter isotopes. In this case, the correct answer is lead.Rate this question:
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