Venil's Pathology Finals Review Questions 1

type I: hay fever, allergic rhinitis, hives, anaphylactic shock
type II: hemolytic disease of the newborn, Grave's disease, Goodpasture syndrome
type III: SLE, serum sickness, Arthus reaction
type IV: tuberculin reaction, contact dermatitis

Myxedema is more common in women.

Choice A: mutliple fractures even with small trauma
choice C: avascular necrosis of the femur
choice D: avascualr necrosis of the tibial tubercle

Nuclear pyknosis represents irreversible cellular injury in renal tubular changes revealed by kidney biopsy. Pyknosis is the condensation and shrinking of the cell nucleus, which is a sign of irreversible damage and cell death. This change indicates severe injury to the renal tubular cells and suggests that the cells are beyond repair. Fatty change, formation of myelin figures, and swelling of organelles may indicate reversible cellular injury or early stages of damage.

Cryptococcus neoformans is a fungus that can cause lung infection, which can eventually spread to the central nervous system (CNS). It is known for its characteristic encapsulated appearance, which can be observed through India ink preparations. This encapsulation helps protect the fungus from the host's immune system. Cryptococcus neoformans is an opportunistic pathogen that primarily affects immunocompromised individuals, such as those with HIV/AIDS. It can cause a range of symptoms, including pneumonia, meningitis, and encephalitis. Treatment typically involves antifungal medications.

A: hypospadias
B: Phimosis
D: Balanitis

an embryo is present in a partial h-mole, not in a complete mole.

Chediak-Higashi Syndrome is the correct answer because it is an autosomal recessive defect in neutrophils that is characterized by albinism, cranial, and peripheral neuropathy. This syndrome is a rare genetic disorder that affects the immune system and causes abnormalities in the function and structure of certain cells, including neutrophils. These abnormalities lead to recurrent infections, abnormal pigmentation of the skin and hair, and neurological problems.

choice A: accumulation of glucocerebroside
choice B: accumulation of heparan and dermatan sulfate
choice D: accumulation of glycogen

Menetrier's disease, also known as giant hypertrophic gastritis, is a rare condition characterized by the enlargement of the stomach lining. It is caused by an overgrowth of mucus-producing cells in the stomach, leading to excessive production of gastric acid and protein loss. Symptoms include abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, weight loss, and swelling in the legs. Menetrier's disease is typically diagnosed through an endoscopy and biopsy. Treatment options include medications to reduce stomach acid production and in severe cases, surgery may be necessary to remove the affected portion of the stomach.

Primary Biliary Cirrhosis is due to an autoimmune cause. (+) anti-mitochondrial antibodies.
Described in choice B is secondary biliary cirrhosis.

Polio virus is the correct answer because it is known to cause an encephalitis that specifically targets the anterior horn cells of the spinal cord, resulting in their degeneration and necrosis. This virus primarily affects the motor neurons, leading to muscle weakness, paralysis, and potentially permanent disability. Other options like cytomegalovirus, arboviruses, and rabies do not specifically target the anterior horn cells of the spinal cord in the same way that polio virus does.

The Philadelphia chromosome is a genetic abnormality that is typically found in chronic myeloid leukemia (CML). It is characterized by the presence of a remnant of chromosome 22, known as the Philadelphia chromosome, with the addition of a small segment of chromosome 9. This abnormality leads to the production of an abnormal protein that causes the overgrowth of white blood cells in the bone marrow, leading to the development of CML.

The most common valve involved in carcinoid syndrome is the tricuspid valve.

bcl-2: inhibits apoptosis
p53: facilitates apoptosis
bax: also facilitates apoptosis

bcr-abl: found in chronic myelogenous leukemia

Choice A: purple-red area on the face/neck
choice B: vascular pedunculated lesion often developing after trauma
choice C: hemangiomas in the eyes, meninges causing seizure, retinal detachment, MR

Psoriasis is a chronic, inflammatory condition that is characterized by erythematous papules and plaques with characteristic silvery scaling. The lesions in psoriasis are sharply demarcated, meaning that they have clear boundaries. This distinguishes psoriasis from other conditions such as pemphigus vulgaris, erythema multiforme, and lichen planus, which may have different clinical presentations and do not typically exhibit the same silvery scaling and sharply demarcated lesions.

Meningioma is a CNS tumor that is characterized by a whorled pattern of concentrically arranged spindle cells and laminated calcified psammoma bodies. Psammoma bodies are small, round collections of calcium that are commonly found in meningiomas. This characteristic histological appearance helps differentiate meningioma from other CNS tumors such as oligodendroglioma, ependymoma, and glioblastoma multiforme.

BPH is more common in the periurethral and transitional zones. Peripheral zone is usual site for prostatic adenocarcinoma.

Endometriosis is a condition where the tissue that normally lines the uterus grows outside of it. The most common site for endometriosis is the ovary. This is because the tissue can implant and grow on the surface of the ovaries, causing pain and potentially leading to the formation of cysts. It is important to note that endometriosis can also affect other areas such as the fallopian tubes, rectum, and round ligament, but the ovary is the most commonly affected site.

Choice A refers to thrombus of venous origin.

What is described is Phyllodes tumor. Paget's disease is the eczematoid lesion/tumor in nipples & areola.

vWD and Bernard-Soulier disease are defects in platelet adhedsion.
Glanzmann Thrombasthenia is a defect in platelet aggregation.

A: MEN 1: 3 ps --> pituitary, parathyroid, pancreas
C: pheochromocytoma, medullary carcinoma of the thyroid, neuromas/ganglioneuromas
D: gastrinoma

Choice A: Anthracosis
Choice B: Coal Worker's Pneumoconiosis
Choice C: Asbestosis

hematuria is the most common sign.

it is an X-linked recessive inheritance.

A granulosa cell tumor is an estrogen-secreting tumor that commonly presents with precocious puberty. This tumor arises from the granulosa cells of the ovary and can cause an increase in estrogen levels, leading to early development of secondary sexual characteristics. It is a type of sex cord-stromal tumor and is the most common type of ovarian tumor associated with precocious puberty. Thecoma, fibroma, and Sertoli-Leydig cell tumors are other types of ovarian tumors but are not typically associated with precocious puberty.

This disease affects small to medium-sized vessels.

Gardner: polyps + osteomas + soft tissue tumors
Peutz-Jegher: polyps + melanomatic accumulations in the lips, hands, genitalia
FAP: numerous polyps, 100% malignant potential