Ultimate Exam On Liver! Trivia Quiz

Central upper abdominal pain is a characteristic symptom of acute pancreatitis. Acute pancreatitis is inflammation of the pancreas, which can be caused by various factors such as gallstones, alcohol consumption, or certain medications. The pain is typically severe and may radiate to the back. Other symptoms of acute pancreatitis may include nausea, vomiting, fever, and abdominal tenderness. Crohn's disease, diverticulitis, and PID may cause abdominal pain, but they are not specifically associated with central upper abdominal pain.

Hepatomegaly is the term used to describe the enlargement of the liver. It is a medical condition where the liver becomes larger than its normal size. This can be caused by various factors such as liver diseases, alcohol abuse, certain medications, or infections. Hepatomegaly can be detected through physical examination, imaging tests, or blood tests. Treatment for hepatomegaly involves addressing the underlying cause and may include lifestyle changes, medications, or in severe cases, surgery.

The liver lobule is the basic functional unit of the liver. It is a small, hexagonal-shaped structure that consists of hepatocytes (liver cells) arranged in a radial pattern around a central vein. The lobule is responsible for performing various functions of the liver, such as detoxification, metabolism, and synthesis of proteins. The hepatocytes within the lobule work together to process and filter blood, produce bile, and carry out other essential liver functions. Therefore, the liver lobule is the fundamental building block that allows the liver to carry out its vital role in maintaining overall health and homeostasis.

BUN (Blood Urea Nitrogen) is a laboratory test that evaluates kidney function, not liver function. The liver function is typically assessed using tests such as ALT (Alanine Aminotransferase), AST (Aspartate Aminotransferase), and ALP (Alkaline Phosphatase). These tests measure the levels of enzymes produced by the liver and can indicate liver damage or disease. BUN, on the other hand, measures the amount of urea nitrogen in the blood, which is a waste product filtered by the kidneys. Therefore, BUN is not suitable for evaluating liver function.

In a patient presenting with acute abdominal pain, useful clinical history and symptoms that the sonographer should be aware of include past history, previous diagnostic examinations and pertinent laboratory findings, age, and present condition. However, weight is not typically considered as a relevant factor in assessing the cause of acute abdominal pain.

The correct answer is 75. The portal system is responsible for supplying approximately 75% of the blood to the liver. This system carries nutrient-rich blood from the digestive organs, such as the stomach and intestines, to the liver for processing and detoxification. The remaining 25% of the liver's blood supply comes from the hepatic artery, which carries oxygen-rich blood from the heart.

The liver is anatomically divided into four lobes: the right lobe, left lobe, caudate lobe, and quadrate lobe. The right lobe is the largest lobe and is located on the right side of the liver. The left lobe is located on the left side of the liver. The caudate lobe is a smaller lobe located on the posterior surface of the liver. The quadrate lobe is a small lobe located on the undersurface of the liver. These divisions help in understanding the structure and function of the liver.

The fibrous capsule that surrounds the liver is called Glisson. It is located within the abdominal cavity.

The fibrous connective tissue that surrounds the portal veins usually provides a bright echogenic pattern, making them easily identifiable. The hepatic artery and hepatic veins may also be surrounded by fibrous connective tissue, but it is the portal veins that are typically identified first due to their distinct echogenic appearance. The aorta is not typically surrounded by fibrous connective tissue and does not exhibit the same bright echogenic pattern as the portal veins.

The gain settings should be adjusted to display the normal liver as a medium shade of gray because this ensures optimal visualization of the liver tissue. If the gain settings are too high, the liver will appear too bright and may obscure any abnormalities or subtle differences in tissue texture. On the other hand, if the gain settings are too low, the liver will appear too dark and details may be missed. Therefore, setting the gain to display the liver as a medium shade of gray allows for accurate interpretation of the ultrasound image.

The word "costal" is associated with ribs. This term refers to anything related to the ribs, such as the costal cartilage or the intercostal muscles. It is commonly used in medical terminology to describe structures or conditions involving the ribs. The other options, such as gallbladder, biliary system, and liver, are not anatomically associated with the term "costal".

The liver has four lobes: the right lobe, left lobe, caudate lobe, and quadrate lobe. These lobes are responsible for various functions such as filtering blood, producing bile, storing vitamins and minerals, and metabolizing drugs and toxins. Each lobe has its own blood supply and is made up of smaller lobules. Therefore, the correct answer is 4.

The portal triad is a structure found in the liver that consists of the portal vein, bile duct, and hepatic artery. These three structures work together to supply the liver with blood and nutrients, as well as to remove waste products. The aorta, on the other hand, is a major artery that carries oxygenated blood from the heart to the rest of the body, and is not part of the portal triad.

The liver has the capacity to enlarge and store approximately 200-400 mL of blood as a blood reservoir. This means that it can hold a significant amount of blood, which can be released into the circulatory system when needed. This ability allows the liver to regulate blood volume and maintain a stable blood supply throughout the body.

The liver is divided into eight segments based on its blood supply and anatomical structure. Each segment has its own blood vessels and bile ducts, allowing for independent surgical resection if necessary. This segmentation is important for surgical planning and treatment of liver diseases.

The hepatic artery supplies approximately 25% of the blood to the liver. The liver receives blood from both the hepatic artery and the portal vein. The hepatic artery carries oxygenated blood from the heart to the liver, while the portal vein carries nutrient-rich blood from the digestive organs to the liver. This dual blood supply ensures that the liver receives both oxygen and nutrients necessary for its functions.

The ligamentum venosum separates the left lobe from the caudate lobe. The ligamentum venosum is a fibrous band that is a remnant of the fetal ductus venosus. It runs along the inferior border of the liver and connects the left branch of the portal vein to the inferior vena cava. It acts as a landmark and helps to define the boundaries between the left lobe and the caudate lobe of the liver.

The hepatic artery branches off the celiac axis and supplies the liver with oxygenated blood. The celiac axis is a major branch of the abdominal aorta, which supplies blood to various abdominal organs. The hepatic artery specifically delivers oxygen-rich blood to the liver, ensuring that the liver receives the necessary nutrients and oxygen for its metabolic functions. The portal vein, on the other hand, carries nutrient-rich blood from the digestive organs to the liver for processing, while the hepatic vein drains deoxygenated blood from the liver back to the heart.

As portal venous flow to the liver decreases, hepatic arterial flow increases. This is because the liver needs a constant supply of blood to function properly, and when the portal venous flow decreases, the liver compensates by increasing the flow through the hepatic artery. This ensures that the liver continues to receive enough oxygen and nutrients to carry out its metabolic functions.

Hemopoiesis refers to the process of producing new blood cells in the body, specifically in the bone marrow. This process involves the differentiation and maturation of stem cells into various types of blood cells, including red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. Hemopoiesis is essential for maintaining a healthy blood supply and ensuring proper functioning of the immune system.

On a supine longitudinal section, the organ that should be visualized posterior to the left hepatic lobe and anterior to the splenic artery and vein is the pancreas. The pancreas is located deep in the abdomen, behind the stomach and in front of the spine. In this specific section, it is positioned between the left hepatic lobe and the splenic artery and vein.

Nuclear medicine would be selected to determine the physiological function of the liver because it uses radioactive tracers to create images of the organ and detect any abnormalities or diseases. This imaging modality allows for the evaluation of liver function, such as blood flow, metabolism, and the uptake and excretion of substances. It provides valuable information about the liver's overall health and can help diagnose conditions like liver cancer, cirrhosis, and hepatitis.

On a longitudinal image, the major vessel that courses posterior to the left lobe and is to the left of the midline is the Aorta.

The correct answer is the Hepatic artery. The hepatic artery is responsible for supplying oxygenated blood to the liver. It carries oxygen-rich blood from the heart to the liver, ensuring that the liver receives the necessary oxygen for its metabolic functions. The other options, such as the portal vein, hepatic veins, and hepatoduodenal artery, do not supply oxygenated blood to the liver.

The location and distribution of intraperitoneal fluid are influenced by patient position, viscosity of the fluid, and personnel adhesions. Respiration, however, does not affect the location and distribution of intraperitoneal fluid.

The costal margin is a structure that sometimes obstructs the view of the lateral aspect of the right liver lobe. This is because the costal margin is the lower border of the ribcage and can partially cover the liver, making it challenging to visualize the liver from a lateral perspective.

The right portal vein separates the right hepatic anterior and posterior segments of the liver.

An elevated AFP (alpha-fetoprotein) is a tumor marker commonly associated with hepatocellular carcinoma, a type of liver cancer. Therefore, when receiving an order for an abdominal sonogram with an indication of an elevated AFP, the pathology that the healthcare professional would be looking for is hepatocellular carcinoma.

The normal liver length along the right surface is 15-17 cm. This measurement is within the range of typical liver lengths and is considered to be within the normal range.

The correct answer is the portal vein. The portal vein is responsible for supplying nutrient-rich blood to the liver. It collects blood from the digestive organs, such as the stomach and intestines, and carries it to the liver for processing and detoxification. This blood contains nutrients that have been absorbed from the digestive system, allowing the liver to perform its various functions, including metabolism and storage of nutrients. The other options listed, such as the aorta, IVC, and hepatic artery, do not specifically supply the liver with blood that is rich in nutrients.

The correct answer is Portal vein. The portal vein is formed by the junction of the splenic and superior mesenteric veins. It is responsible for carrying blood from the gastrointestinal tract and spleen to the liver.

Reidel's lobe is a condition where the right lobe of the liver extends further into the abdominal cavity than usual. This can be visualized on sonography as a normal echo pattern of the right lobe but with an extended appearance. In this case, the elevated bilirubin levels and presence of gallbladder calculi and dilated hepatic ducts suggest an underlying liver or biliary pathology. Reidel's lobe is a benign condition and is not associated with neoplasm, abscess, or metastases.

The right branch of the vessel, which is the portal vein, bifurcates into the anterior and posterior branches. This means that the portal vein splits into two smaller branches, one going towards the anterior side and the other towards the posterior side. Therefore, the correct answer is Portal vein.

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Clinical signs of hepatic vein obstruction are characterized by hepatomegaly, ascites, and pain. Shrunken liver is not a characteristic clinical sign of hepatic vein obstruction.

In addition to a central portal vein branch and hepatic artery, each of the eight segments described by Couinard contains bile ducts. Bile ducts are responsible for carrying bile, a substance produced by the liver, to the gallbladder and small intestine for digestion. The presence of bile ducts in each segment is important for the proper functioning of the liver and the digestive system as a whole.

The relationship between the amount of AST in the blood and the number of cells damaged as well as the time interval between injury and test is a direct proportion. This means that as the number of cells damaged and the time interval increase, the amount of AST in the blood also increases. There is a direct correlation between these variables, indicating that the more cells are damaged and the longer the time since the injury, the higher the amount of AST in the blood.

The correct answer is Pancreas, liver, kidney. This is because the pancreas is typically the most hyperechoic (brighter) compared to the liver and kidney. The liver is usually less hyperechoic than the pancreas but more hyperechoic than the kidney. The kidney is typically the least hyperechoic (darker) compared to the pancreas and liver. Therefore, the normal echo amplitude relationship, starting with the most hyperechoic and progressing to the least hyperechoic, is Pancreas, liver, kidney.

The normal blood flow pattern in the MPV is described as "Phasic." This means that the blood flow in the MPV is not continuous but rather occurs in a pulsatile manner. This pulsatile flow is characteristic of the normal functioning of the MPV and is important for the proper circulation of blood in the body.

The correct answer is "Hepatic veins decrease in caliber as they course toward the diaphragm." This statement is false because hepatic veins actually increase in caliber as they course toward the diaphragm.

The liver performs various functions in the body, including the formation of bile, production of clotting factors, and storage of vitamins A, B12, and D. However, the liver does not directly produce digestive enzymes amylase and lipase. These enzymes are primarily produced by the pancreas and are involved in the breakdown of carbohydrates and fats, respectively.

The falciform ligament attaches the liver to the anterior abdominal wall. It is a thin, crescent-shaped ligament that separates the left and right lobes of the liver and attaches the liver to the anterior abdominal wall and diaphragm. It is composed of two layers of peritoneum and contains the ligamentum teres, which is a remnant of the fetal umbilical vein. The falciform ligament helps to stabilize the liver and maintain its position within the abdominal cavity.

After birth, the ductus venosus, which is a blood vessel that connects the umbilical vein to the inferior vena cava, closes and becomes the Ligamentum Venosum. The left umbilical vein, which carries oxygenated blood from the placenta to the fetus, also closes and becomes the Ligamentum teres. These changes occur as part of the normal development and adaptation of the circulatory system in the newborn.

When venous obstruction occurs within the liver or an extrahepatic portal veins, the condition that exists is portal hypertension. This refers to an increase in blood pressure within the portal vein system, which carries blood from the gastrointestinal tract, spleen, and pancreas to the liver. The obstruction can be caused by various factors such as liver cirrhosis, blood clots, or tumors. Portal hypertension can lead to complications such as variceal bleeding, ascites, and hepatic encephalopathy.

Medial and lateral

The hepatic veins are both interlobar and intersegmental. They are interlobar because they run between the lobes of the liver, connecting the lobes together. They are also intersegmental because they run between the liver segments, which are functional units of the liver. The portal vein, bile duct, and hepatic arteries are not interlobar or intersegmental structures.

The adult liver is considered enlarged after the Anteroposterior diameter exceeds 15 cm. This measurement is used to determine if the liver is larger than normal, which could be indicative of various liver diseases or conditions. A liver enlargement of 15 cm or more suggests that there may be an underlying issue that needs to be further investigated and treated.

Hepatoma is not a diffuse liver disease because it refers to a specific type of liver cancer, also known as hepatocellular carcinoma. Diffuse liver diseases, on the other hand, involve widespread damage or inflammation throughout the liver, such as fatty infiltration, cirrhosis, and hepatitis.

Hepatic veins are distinguished from the portal venous system by the fact that they can be seen draining into the IVC (inferior vena cava). The portal venous system, on the other hand, carries blood from the digestive organs to the liver. This differentiation is important in understanding the flow of blood within the liver and its circulation throughout the body.

The hepatic vein is interlobar in location. It is located between the liver lobes and carries deoxygenated blood from the liver to the inferior vena cava. The hepatic artery, portal vein, and biliary duct are all located within the liver but are not specifically interlobar in location.